56th  Congress,  j 

SENATE. 

1  Document 

2d  Session.  J 

1  No.  232. 

REPORT 


for  the  United  States 


TO  THE 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION, 
PARIS,  1900. 


Volume  I. 


February  28,  1901. — Read,  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Printing, 
and  ordered  to  be  printed. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1901, 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  President  McKinley  transmitting  report  to  Congress .  5 

Letter  of  Commissioner-General  transmitting  report  to  President  McKinley  . .  7 

Letter  of  committee  on  final  report  transmitting  same  to  Commissioner-General  9 

Preliminary  Chapter . A .  11 

Commissioner-General’s  narrative .  27 

Appendixes .  81 

Report  of  the  assistant  commissioner-general .  115 

Report  of  the  secretary  and  disbursing  agent .  137 

Appendix .  161 

Report  of  the  Lafayette  monument  commission .  167 

Report  of  the  architect .  195 

Report  of  the  superintendent  of  the  United  States  postal  station  . . .  209 

Report  of  the  custodian  of  the  national  pavilion .  215 

Report  of  the  director  of  Sports .  223 

Report  of  the  captain  of  the  guard .  239 

Report  on  Cuba  and  Hawaii .  245 

Report  of  the  department  of  exploitation . .  287 

Report  of  the  editor  and  statistician. . .  301 

Report  of  the  trustee  to  the  commissioner-general .  315 

Report  of  the  department  of  customs . .  331 

Report  of  the  department  of  affairs .  353 


3 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


February  25, 1901. 

To  the  President: 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  the  report  of  the  participation 
of  the  United  States  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900,  which  is  provided 
for  by  the  act  of  Congress  dated  July  1, 1898.  The  French  Exposition 
authorities  have  not  yet  issued  the  official  list  of  awards,  which  should 

be  incorporated.  # 

The  entire  report  will  approximate  5,500  typewritten  pages,  in  addi¬ 
tion  to  maps,  plans,  drawings,  and  illustrations,  which,  when  printed, 
will  not  exceed  two-thirds  the  number  of  pages  allowed  by  law.  It  is 
without  precedent  that  within  four  months  after  the  close  of  an  expo¬ 
sition  a  final  report  thereof  should  be  required. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  your  obedient  servant, 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Chicago,  February  25,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  Your  committee  on  final  report  has  the  honor  to  submit 
the  results  of  its  labor.  There  is  herewith  presented  to  you  the  com¬ 
plete  indexed  copy  for  six  volumes,  with  illustrations,  plans,  etc. 

Your  intimate  relationship  to  the  task  your  committee  has  completed 
renders  it  unnecessary  to  advise  you  of  the  difficulties  that  have  been 
overcome.  The  extension  of  the  time  for  closing  the  Exposition  and 
the  necessity  that  all  of  the  heads  of  departments  should  personally 
supervise  the  dismantling  and  reshipment  of  the  exhibits,  have  reduced 
the  time  allotted  for  the  preparation  of  this  material  to  less  than  sixty 
days,  and  in  some  instances  to  a  still  more  limited  period. 

It  is  unfortunate,  for  the  report  as  a  literary  product,  that  the  act  of 
Congress  compelled  the  work  to  be  done  so  hurriedly,  but  we  feel  sure 
that  with  your  knowledge  of  the  circumstances,  your  approval  will 
not  be  withheld. 

We  have  the  honor  to  be,  respectfullv  vours, 

F.  J.  Y.  Skiff, 

J.  H.  Gore, 

Alexander  S.  Capehart, 

Committee  on  Final  Report  of  the  Commissioner-  General. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General ,  United  States  Commission , 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of 1900. 

9 


EDITOR’S  PREFACE. 


The  duties  and  privileges  of  the  editor  have  been  confined  as  well  as 
limited  almost  exclusively  to  a  compilation  of  the  contributions  into 
a  publication  that  would  present  a  logical  sequence  in  the  general 
arrangement  of  its  parts  and  the  gathering  and  incorporating  of  dates, 
names,  statistics,  and  similar  important  data  not  accessible  at  the  time 
to  those  whose  duty  it  was  to  make  reports  to  the  Commissioner- 
General. 

Reference  to  the  six  volumes  of  this  report  will  show  that — 

Volume  I  contains  the  legislation  of  the  Republic  of  France  and  the 
United  States  upon  the  subject  of  the  Exposition,  a  synopsis  of  the 
reports  of  the  special  United  States  commissioners,  the  narrative  of 
the  Commissioner-General,  the  reports  of  the  assistant  commissioner- 
general,  the  secretary  and  disbursing  agent,  and  those  members  of  the 
Commissioner-General’s  staff  who  were  not  directly  identified  with 
the  exhibit  departments  or  the  department  of  awards  and  international 
congresses; 

Volumes  II,  III,  and  IV  contain  the  reports  of  the  director  in  chief 
of  the  exhibit  departments,  the  reports  of  the  directors  and  experts  of 
the  exhibit  departments,  and  the  catalogue  of  all  United  States  exhibits 
and  exhibitors,  arranged  alphabetically  by  groups  and  classes; 

Volume  V  contains  the  rep.ort  of  the  juror  in  chief  and  the  director 
of  the  organization  of  international  congresses,  names  and  addresses 
of  United  States  exhibitors  receiving  awards  and  the  grade  thereof, 
and  the  reports  of  United  States  jurors,  arranged  by  classes;  and 

Volume  VI  contains  the  reports  of  the  United  States  delegates  to 
the  scientific,  industrial,  professional,  and  other  international  con¬ 
gresses  held  in  Paris  during  the  period  of  the  Exposition. 

The  act  of  Congress  providing  for  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Exposition  required  the  report  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  to  be  delivered  to  the  President  u  within  four  months  after 
the  close  of  the  Exposition.”  This  limit  of  time,  legalty  imposed  upon 
those  whose  duty  it  was  to  prepare  and  submit  reports,  required  these 
reports  to  be  compiled  and  written  during  a  period  when  exhibits 
must  be  dismantled,  packed,  shipped  from  a  foreign  country,  and 
delivered  to  their  points  of  origin,  and  the  affairs  of  the  respective 


editor’s  preface. 


departments  brought  to  a  close,  and  this  should  constitute  a  sufficient 
justification  for  the  incompleteness  of  any  of  these  contributions. 

A  list  of  United  States  citizens  who  have  been  decorated  by  the 
Republic  of  France  for  services  rendered  that  Government  in  connec¬ 
tion  with  the  Exposition  will  be  found  on  pages  72-73,  Volume  I,  and 
page  354:,  Volume  VT. 

Alexander  S.  Capeiiart, 

Editor  Report  of  the  Commissioner- General  for  the 

United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS,  VOLUME  I. 


[Indexes  of  all  volumes  and  all  illustrations  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  Volume  VI.] 

Page. 

Alexandre  Bridge,  view  of .  48 

Champ  de  Mars  and  adjoining  sections,  bird’s-eye  view  of .  18 

Civil  engineering  and  transportation,  facade  of  palace .  102 

Cuba,  plan  installation  of  exhibits .  248 

Esplanade  des  Invalides .  58 

Exposition  grounds,  general  plan  of .  14 

Fine  arts,  entrance  to  United  States  exhibit .  112 

Fine  arts  palaces .  66 

Fountain,  electrical  and  water,  Champ  de  Mars . .  32 

Guard,  United  States .  240 

Hawaii,  plan  installation  of  exhibits .  248 

Horticultural  building,  view  in .  190 

Lafayette  coin  dollar,  receptacle  for .  172 

Lafayette  monument .  180 

Machinery  annex,  United  States,  Bois  de  Vincennes .  94 

Main  entrance,  Exposition  grounds .  24 

National  Pavilion: 

United  States . 11 

American  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris,  reception  room .  380 

Banquet  room .  386 

California  State  reception  room .  336 

Main  entrance .  228 

Massachusetts  State  reception  room .  370 

New  State  room .  310 

Opening  of,  Sousa  and  his  band .  136 

Plans  of .  196,  200,  204,  208,  212 

Reception  room .  320,  356 

Reception  and  waiting  room .  284 

Rotunda,  ground  floor . . . .  234,  254 

from  second  balcony .  264 

Waiting  room,  ground  floor .  274 

W oman’ s  room .  290 

Writing  room .  296 

National  pavilions,  River  Seine .  74 

Publishers’  building,  view  of .  154 

Salles  des  f6tes,  main  floor .  40 

Textiles,  view  in  French  section .  126 

Trocadero  section  and  palace . 84 


editor’s  preface. 


departments  brought  to  a  close,  and  this  should  constitute  a  sufficient 
justification  for  the  incompleteness  of  any  of  these  contributions. 

A  list  of  United  States  citizens  who  have  been  decorated  by  the 
Republic  of  France  for  services  rendered  that  Government  in  connec¬ 
tion  with  the  Exposition  will  be  found  on  pages  72-73,  Volume  I,  and 
page  354,  Volume  VI. 

Alexander  S.  Capehart, 

Editor  Report  of  the  Commissioner- General  for  the 

United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS,  VOLUME  I. 


[Indexes  of  all  volumes  and  all  illustrations  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  Volume  VI.] 

Page. 

Alexandre  Bridge,  view  of .  48 

Champ  de  Mars  and  adjoining  sections,  bird’s-eye  view  of .  18 

Civil  engineering  and  transportation,  facade  of  palace .  102 

Cuba,  plan  installation  of  exhibits .  248 

Esplanade  des  Invalides .  58 

Exposition  grounds,  general  plan  of .  14 

Fine  arts,  entrance  to  United  States  exhibit .  112 

Fine  arts  palaces  . . .  66 

Fountain,  electrical  and  water,  Champ  de  Mars . . .  32 

Guard,  United  States .  240 

Hawaii,  plan  installation  of  exhibits .  248 

Horticultural  building,  view  in .  190 

Lafayette  coin  dollar,  receptacle  for .  172 

Lafayette  monument .  180 

Machinery  annex,  United  States,  Bois  de  Vincennes .  94 

Main  entrance,  Exposition  grounds .  24 

National  Pavilion: 

United  States .  11 

American  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris,  reception  room .  380 

Banquet  room .  386 

California  State  reception  room .  336 

Main  entrance .  228 

Massachusetts  State  reception  room .  370 

New  State  room .  310 

Opening  of,  Sousa  and  his  band .  136 

Plans  of .  196,  200,  204,  208,  212 

Reception  room .  320,  356 

Reception  and  waiting  room .  284 

Rotunda,  ground  floor . . .  234,  254 

from  second  balcony .  264 

Waiting  room,  ground  floor .  274 

Woman’s  room .  290 

Writing  room .  296 

National  pavilions,  River  Seine .  74 

Publishers’  building,  view  of .  154 

Salles  des  f6tes,  main  floor .  40 

Textiles,  view  in  French  section .  126 

Trocadero  section  and  palace . 84 


THE  HELIOTYPE  PRINTING  CO.,  BOSTON. 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION 


PRELIMINARY  CHAPTER, 


CONTENTS. 


1.  Decree  of  the  President  of  the  French  Republic  ordaining  the  Universal  Exposi¬ 

tion  of  1900. 

2.  Invitation  of  the  French  Republic  to  the  United  States  to  become  a  contributor. 

3.  Extract  from  message  of  President  Cleveland. 

4.  Extract  from  report  of  Secretary  of  State  to  the  President. 

5.  The  acceptance  by  Congress  of  the  invitation  of  the  Republic  of  France  to  unite 

in  the  Exposition;  legislation  authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  special  com¬ 
missioner. 

6.  The  appointment  of  Moses  P.  Handy,  of  Illinois,  special  commissioner.  His  visit 

to  Paris;  concessions  secured;  report  to  President. 

7.  Extract  from  message  of  President  McKinley  referring  to  Special  Commissioner 

Moses  P.  Handy  and  his  report. 

8.  Message  of  the  President  transmitting  the  report  of  Special  Commissioner  Handy 

to  Congress. 

9.  Appointment  of  Thomas  W.  Cridler  as  special  commissioner. 

10.  Message  of  President  McKinley  transmitting  to  Congress  the  report  of  Thomas 

W.  Cridler,  special  commissioner. 

11.  Acts  of  Congress  providing  for  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Paris 

Exposition  of  1900. 

12.  Appointment  of  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  of  Illinois,  Commissioner-General. 

13.  Appointment  of  Benjamin  D.  Woodward,  of  New  York,  assistant  commissioner- 

general. 

14.  Appointment  of  Frederick  Brackett,  of  Maryland,  secretary. 

15.  List  of  commissioners  appointed  to  serve  during  the  year  1900. 


DECREE  OF  JULY  13,  1892,  ORDAINING  THE  UNIVERSAL  EXPO¬ 
SITION  OF  1900. 

The  President  of  the  French  Republic,  upon  the  report  of  the  min¬ 
ister  of  commerce  and  of  industry,  decrees: 

Article  1.  An  universal  exposition  of  works  of  art  and  of  indus¬ 
trial  and  agricultural  products  will  be  opened  at  Paris  on  May  5, 1900, 
and  will  be  closed  on  October  31  following. 

Art.  2.  The  minister  of  commerce  and  of  industry  is  charged  with 
the  execution  of  this  decree. 

Done  at  Paris  July  13,  1892. 

Carnot. 

By  the  President  of  the  Republic: 

Jules  Roche, 

The  Minister  of  Commerce  and  of  Industry. 

11 


12 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


INVITATION  OF  THE  FRENCH  REPUBLIC  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 
TO  BECOME  A  CONTRIBUTOR. 

[Translation.] 

Embassy  of  the  French  Republic 

in  the  United  States, 
Washington ,  October  8 , 1895. 

Mr.  Secretary  of  State:  The  Government  of  the  French  Republic, 
desirous  to  maintain  the  tradition  which  has  established  the  term  of 
eleven  years  as  the  period  for  renewing  our  international  expositions, 
has  decided,  as  you  are  aware,  that  an  universal  exposition  of  works 
of  art  and  of  industrial  and  agricultural  products  should  take  place  in 
Paris  in  1900. 

On  the  13th  of  July,  1892,  a  Presidential  decree  announced  the  rule 
for  it.  Since  then  Parliament  has  participated  in  this  act  of  the  exec¬ 
utive  powers  by  voting  several  credits  for  preliminary  measures. 
Successive  decrees  have  organized  the  functions,  appointed  a  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  and  approved  the  regulations  for  the  future  Exposition 
as  well  as  the  classification  of  the  articles  exhibited. 

A  competition  was  established  concerning  the  provisions  for  the 
halls,  parks,  and  gardens  combined.  The  consideration  for  details, 
begun  as  a  consequence  of  this  competition,  draws  to  a  close.  A 
complete  understanding  has  been  established  between  the  Government 
and  the  municipality  of  Paris  on  the  subject  of  the  plan  to  adopt  and 
of  the  pecuniary  contribution  of  the  city,  and  the  chambers  will  soon 
be  acquainted  with  the  draft  of  law  relative  to  the  ways  and  means  of 
the  enterprise. 

It  is  already  understood  that  the  Exposition  of  1900  will  be  held 
from  the  15th  of  April  to  the  5th  of  November. 

It  will  receive  works  of  art,  agricultural  or  industrial  products,  and 
other  articles  included  in  the  classification.  All  nations  are  invited  to 
take  part  in  it. 

To  the  contemporary  exposition  will  be  added  a  retrospective  centen¬ 
nial  exposition  presenting  a  summary  of  the  progress  accomplished 
since  1800  in  the  different  branches  of  production. 

The  plans  adopted  have  essentially  the  object  of  placing  the  means 
of  production  in  intimate  contact  with  products.  Everywhere  machin¬ 
ery  and  appliances  will,  as  far  as  possible,  be  in  operation  in  sight  of 
the  public,  by  way  of  initiating  it  in  the  different  manufactures. 

Special  expositions  (historical  exposition  of  French  art,  anthropo¬ 
logical  and  ethnographic  exposition,  etc.)  for  competition  (competition 
for  agricultural  machines,  competition  for  live  animals,  etc.),  musical 
receptions,  and  congresses  will  complete  the  programme. 

The  site  for  the  Exposition  of  1900  comprises  the  Champ  de  Mars, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  13 


the  Trocadero  and  its  approaches,  the  Quai  d’Orsay,  the  Place  des 
lnvalides,  the  Quai  de  la  Conference,  the  Cours  de  la  Reine,  the 
Palais  de  l’Industrie,  and  the  neighboring  grounds.  Connections  will 
be  established  between  the  shores  of  the  Seine,  notably  by  a  bridge 
opposite  the  Hotel  des  lnvalides. 

The  declared  regulations  announce  the  very  liberal  measures  regard¬ 
ing  the  sites  occupied  free  of  cost  by  the  exhibitors  in  the  palaces  and 
general  pavilions  of  the  Exposition,  the  customs  system  to  which  the 
exhibited  articles  will  be  subjected,  and  the  protection  of  these  articles. 

Every  foreign  nation  taking  part  in  the  Exposition  ought  to  be  rep¬ 
resented  near  the  Commissioner-General  by  a  delegate  whose  care  it 
shall  be  to  deal  with  questions  interesting  to  his  countrymen.  The 
administration  of  the  Exposition  will  not  correspond  with  foreign 
exhibitors.  It  can  not  derogate  from  this  rule,  except  in  favor  of  the 
retrospective  centennial  exposition. 

In  directing  me  to  bring  this  information  to  your  knowledge,  the 
Government  of  the  Republic  entertains  the  hope  that  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  will  kindly  lend  its  official  cooperation  to  this 
work  of  international  progress,  which  can  but  draw  closer  the  ties  of 
friendship  which  unite  the  two  countries. 

I  am  happy  to  be  the  interpreter  of  these  sentiments,  and  avail 
myself  of  this  occasion  to  renew  to  you,  Mr.  Secretary  of  State,  the 
expression  of  my  most  profound  appreciation. 

J.  Patenotre. 

Hon.  Richard  Olney, 

Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  MESSAGE  OF  THE  PRESIDENT,  MR.  CLEVE¬ 
LAND,  DECEMBER  2,  1895. 

An  invitation  has  been  extended  by  France  to  the  Government  and 
people  of  the  United  States  to  participate  in  a  great  international 
exposition  at  Paris  in  1900,  as  a  suitable  commemoration  of  the  close  of 
this,  the  world’s  marvelous,  century  of  progress.  I  heartily  recommend 
its  acceptance,  together  with  such  legislation  as  will  adequately  provide 
for  a  due  representation  of  this  Government  and  its  people  on  the 
occasion. 

Grover  Cleveland. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE  TO 
THE  PRESIDENT,  DECEMBER  9,  1896. 

It  is  very  desirable  that  the  United  States  should  be  adequately  and, 
if  possible,  conspicuously  represented  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  190Q. 
According  to  all  information,  that  friendly  contest  of  the  world’s  inven¬ 
tions  and  industries  will  fitly  round  the  progressive  series  of  interna¬ 
tional  exhibitions  which  have  made  the  latter  half  of  this  century  so 


14 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


notable.  Such  generous  appropriation  as  is  needful  to  put  this  coun¬ 
try  on  a  proper  footing  thereat  is,  it  is  believed,  required  both  by  the 
dignity  of  the  United  States  and  a  true  regard  to  its  material  interests. 


THE  ACCEPTANCE  BY  CONGRESS  OF  THE  INVITATION  OF  THE 

REPUBLIC  OF  FRANCE  TO  UNITE  IN  THE  EXPOSITION— LEGIS¬ 
LATION  AUTHORIZING  THE  APPOINTMENT  OF  A  SPECIAL  COM¬ 
MISSIONER. 

The  act  of  Congress  entitled  “An  act  making  appropriations  to  sup¬ 
ply  deficiencies  in  the  appropriations  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1897,  and  for  prior  years,  and  for  other  purposes,”  approved  July 
19,  1897,  contains  the  following  provisions: 

International  Exposition  at  Paris. — That  the  invitation  of  the  Republic  of  France  to 
take  part  in  an  exposition  of  works  of  art  and  the  produce  of  manufactures  and  agri¬ 
culture  of  all  nations  to  be  held  at  Paris,  commencing  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  April, 
and  closing  on  the  fifth  day  of  November,  nineteen  hundred,  is  accepted,  and  the 
governors  of  the  several  States  and  Territories  be,  and  are  hereby,  requested  to  invite 
the  people  of  their  respective  States  and  Territories  to  make  a  proper  representation 
of  the  products  of  our  industry  and  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  country,  and  to 
take  such  further  measures  as  may  be  necessary  in  order  to  secure  to  their  respective 
States  and  Territories  the  advantages  to  be  derived  frem  this  beneficent  undertaking. 

That  the  President  shall  appoint  a  special  commissioner  to  represent  the  United 
States  in  the  proposed  exposition,  who  shall  take  all  proper  measures  to  provide  for 
the  representation  of  the  industries  and  natural  resources  of  the  United  States  by 
their  citizens  in  said  exposition,  and  shall  procure  proper  space  and  privileges  there¬ 
for,  and  shall  make  a  report  to  the  President,  to  be  submitted  to  Congress  on  the  first 
day  of  its  next  regular  session,  containing  his  proceedings  hereunder,  with  such  rec¬ 
ommendations  as  he  may  deem  proper.  For  the  compensation  of  such  special  com¬ 
missioner,  not  to  exceed  five  thousand  dollars,  and  for  all  necessary  expenses  and 
employment  attendant  thereon,  the  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  is  appropri¬ 
ated  to  continue  available  until  expended. 

THE  APPOINTMENT  OF  MOSES  P.  HANDY,  OF  ILLINOIS,  SPECIAL 

COMMISSIONER. 

HIS  VISIT  TO  PARIS - CONCESSIONS  SECURED - REPORT  TO  PRESIDENT. 

Pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the  foregoing  law,  on  the  12th  August, 
1897,  the  President  appointed  Moses  P.  Handy,  of  Chicago,  111.,  to  be 
the  special  commissioner  therein  provided  for. 

In  the  instructions  which  accompanied  Major  Handy’s  commission, 
prepared  by  John  Sherman,  Secretary  of  State,  the  following  para¬ 
graph  was  included: 

It  is  not  possible  to  give  you  detailed  or  specific  instructions  regarding  your  mission, 
the  importance  of  which  is  at  once  apparent.  Nor,  indeed,  would  it  seem  necessary 
to  enlarge  upon  the  details  of  your  work  in  this  respect,  were  it  practicable  to  do  so, 
since,  in  the  President’s  judgment,  your  extensive  experience  with  the  late  World’s 
Fair  at  Chicago  so  admirably  fits  you  for  the  duties  and  labors  you  are  now  called 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


15 


upon  to  discharge.  I  am  confident  their  magnitude  and  importance  can  not  fail  to 
impress  themselves  upon  you,  for  the  reason  that  the  ultimate  success  and  character 
of  the  representation  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  and  its  citizens  at  the 
Exposition  at  Paris  in  1900  must  in  a  large  degree  depend  upon  and  be  measured  by 
the  results  of  your  mission.  It  is  evidently  the  wish  and  intent  of  Congress  that  our 
share  in  that  great  international  competition  should  be  most  creditable  and  commen¬ 
surate  with  our  importance  as  a  nation  and  our  industrial  and  natural  resources.  No 
step  should  be  omitted  toward  the  accomplishment  of  that  laudable  result,  and  noth¬ 
ing  left  to  conjecture  that  can  be  specifically  stated.  Your  report  should  therefore 
be  comprehensive  both  as  to  its  character  and  its  recommendations,  to  the  end  that 
the  President,  the  Congress,  and  the  people  of  the  United  States  may  possess  the 
benefit  of  the  fullest  and  best  attainable  information  for  their  future  guidance. 

Major  Handy  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  without 
delay.  He  opened  offices  at  Chicago  and  at  New  York,  and  placed  in 
them  expert  assistants  instructed  to  canvass  the  exhibitors  at  Paris  in 
1889,  those  at  Chicago  in  1893,  and  the  representatives  of  organized 
trades  and  industries,  with  a  view  of  getting  information  as  to  the 
number  and  grade  of  exhibitors  who  might  need  to  be  provided  for, 
and  the  amount  of  space  they  would  desire  to  occupy. 

This  work  organized  at  home,  Major  Handy  set  out  for  Paris  on  the 
28th  of  August.  He  was  accompanied  by  Lieut.  A.  C.  Baker,  U.  S.  N., 
who  had  been  assigned  to  him  as  aid  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
and  by  Col.  Charles  Chaille-Long,  secretary  to  the  Special  Commis¬ 
sioner.  He  arrived  in  Paris  on  the  5th  of  September. 

After  a  brief  delay  his  commissionership  was  recognized  by  the  min¬ 
ister  of  foreign  affairs,  by  whom  he  was  accredited  to  the  leading 
officers  of  the  French  commission.  An  important  obstacle  to  his  suc¬ 
cess  at  once  appeared  from  the  fact  that  the  acceptance  of  the  United 
States  and  the  arrival  of  their  Special  Commissioner  had  occurred  so 
late  in  the  history  of  the  Exposition.  Other  commissioners  had  been 
much  earlier  on  the  ground,  their  contention  for  space  had  been  active, 
and  in  a  measure  had  prevailed  over  the  interests  of  nations  whose 
commissioners  were  not  yet  in  the  field.  The  Exposition  authorities 
met  the  United  States  commissioner  with  extreme  courtesy,  but  Avere 
most  disappointing  in  their  assignment  of  space.  The  first  reseiwation, 
made  before  the  advent  of  the  Special  Commissioner,  amounted  to  only 
108,676  square  feet.  By  dint  of  earnestness  and  skillful  effort  this 
allotment  was  increased  to  147,403  square  feet.  The  first  area  was  but 
little  more  than  had  been  granted  to  the  United  States  in  the  French 
Exposition  of  1889,  in  which  the  total  space  was  considerably  less  than 
in  that  of  1900.  The  later  assignment  was  but  little  more  than  had 
been  conceded  to  the  French  in  a  single  building  at  the  Chicago  Expo¬ 
sition  of  1893,  their  space  in  the  great  manufactures  building  being 
more  than  142,000  square  feet. 


16  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  assignments  made  to  Major  Handy  appear  in  the  following 
table: 

Table  showing  allotments  made  to  Special  Commissioner  Handy. 


Department. 

Groups. 

First  allot¬ 
ment. 

Second  al¬ 
lotment. 

Final  allot¬ 
ment. 

Liberal  arts . 

I  and  III 
II 

IV  and  V 
VI 

VII  and  X 
VIII 
IX 
XI 

XII  and  XV 

XIII 

XIV 
XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 

Square  feet. 
8,608 

Square  feet. 
10, 750 

Square  feet. 
10, 750 

Fine  arts . 

Machinery  and  electricity . 

37,660 
12, 912 
16, 140 

48,420 
17, 216 
20, 441 

48, 420 
17,216 
24, 748 

Transportation  and  civil  engineering . 

Agriculture  and  food  products . 

Horticulture . 

Forestry,  chase,  and  fisheries . i . 

Mines  and  mining . 

5,380 
8,608 
10, 760 
8,608 

5,380 
21,520 
12, 916 
4,301 

7,532 

21,520 

12,916 

4,301 

Manufactures . 

Do . 

Do . 

Social  economy  and  hygiene . 

Colonization . 

Army  and  Navy . 

Total . 

108, 676 

140, 944 

147, 403 

Major  Handy  was  assured,  however,  that  further  allotments  would 
by  assigned  later  in  groups,  for  which  provision  had  not  yet  been 
made.  He  also  had  positive  assurances  from  those  in  authority  that 
when  the  time  came  for  a  final  division  of  space  the  United  States 
would  be  placed,  in  all  departments,  on  a  footing  with  the  most  favored 
nation;  also  that  in  the  installation  of  every  important  department 
the  United  States  would  have  a  location  commensurate  with  the  dig¬ 
nity  and  importance  of  the  country,  and  adjoining  in  every  case  coun¬ 
tries  of  the  first  rank.  When  he  returned  to  the  United-  States  the 
Special  Commissioner  expressed  the  opinion  that  200,000  square  feet 
of  exhibiting  space  would  be  at  the  disposal  of  the  United  States,  and 
that  the  final  area  assigned  to  that  country  would  be  greater  relatively 
than  the  increased  area  at  the  command  of  the  French  Government. 

The  law  under  which  a  special  commissioner  was  appointed  made  it 
his  duty  not  only  to  make  a  report  to  the  President  of  his  proceed¬ 
ings  thereunder,  but  to  present  such  recommendations  as  he  might 
deem  proper.  In  the  discharge  of  this  part  of  his  duty  Major  Handy 
prepared  and  submitted,  under  date  of  December  1,  1897,  a  carefully 
elaborated  estimate  of  the  expenditures  which  in  his  opinion  would  be 
required  for  the  adequate  representation  of  the  United  States  at  Paris 
in  the  Exposition  of  1900,  as  follows: 

Estimate  of  expenditures  required  for  the  proper  exposition  of  the  United  States  of  America 
at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


Commissioner-General,  three  years,  at  $10,000  per  year .  $30,  000 

Assistant  commissioner  general,  three  years,  at  $6,000  per  year. . .  18,  000 

Three  commissioners,  three  years,  at  $5,000  per  year .  45,  000 

Secretary  to  Commissioner-General,  three  years,  at  $2,500  per  year .  7,  500 

Disbursing  officer,  three  years,  at  $2,500  per  year .  7, 500 

Clerks  to  disbursing  officer .  7,  500 

Nine  scientific  experts,  one  year,  $1,500  each . . .  13, 500 

Clerks  to  experts .  15, 000 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


17 


Architects,  engineers,  decorators,  section  superintendents,  skilled  labor....  $78,500 
Structural  work,  housing  of  exhibits,  flooring,  railing,  decorative  material..  75,  000 


Pavilion  for  outdoor  exhibits . .  10,  000 

Packing,  repacking,  storage,  insurance,  day  labor,  freight  and  terminal 

expenses .  80,000 

Watchmen  and  guardians .  10, 000 

Fi  emotion  and  selection  of  exhibits .  25,  000 

Government  exhibits: 

Labor .  $15,  000 

Agriculture .  50,  000 

Fisheries . 10,  000 

Education . . .  25,000 

Forestry .  15, 000 

Other  departments .  25,  000 

-  140,000 

Art  exhibit:  Expenses  of  committees,  freight,  insurance,  traveling,  etc .  20,  000 

Collection  and  installation  of  exhibits  of  social  economy  and  organized 

charities .  25,  000 

Insurance  and  care  of  loan  exhibits .  10, 000 

Advertising,  stationery,  and  printing . . . . .  8,  000 

Postage,  expressage,  and  telegrams .  3,  500 

Compiling  and  translation  of  catalogue .  10,  000 

Compiling  and  editing  of  final  report .  20,  000 

Rent,  offices  in  America,  three  years . .  15,  000 

Rent  and  clerk  hire,  Paris  office .  51,  000 

Clerk  hire,  American  offices .  48, 000 

Agent  and  expenses  at  port  of  entry .  5, 000 

Office  furniture . .  1,  000 

Jurors,  including  compensation  and  transportation .  75, 000 

World’s  Congresses  (industrial,  sociological,  etc) .  15,000 

Exhibit  of  women’s  work .  25,  000 

Miscellaneous  and  incidentals .  25, 000 


Total . .  919,000 


In  the  closing  sections  of  his  report  Major  Handy  remarks: 

Few  Americans  realize  the  preeminence  of  America.  Foreigners  know  it  less. 
Never  has  there  been  a  better  opportunity  to  show  it  to  the  world  than  is  presented 
by  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900.  The  proof  of  our  superiority  means  not  only 
the  markets  of  France  for  our  products,  but  those  of  all  Europe,  and  of  Central  and 
South  America;  for  all  Europe  and  all  the  Americas  will  attend  this  exposition.  In 
fact,  Paris  will  be  the  mecca  of  all  the  peoples  of  all  the  nations  of  1900.  A  credit¬ 
able  exhibit  will  mean  not  only  the  offering  of  proof  to  the  world  of  American 
greatness,  an  object  which  should  suffice  to  stir  the  patriotism  of  every  American 
heart,  but  will  also  be  followed  by  an  extension  of  American  export  trade,  which 
will  mean  increased  employment  for  all  engaged  in  manufacture,  agriculture,  and 
other  industries. 

Major  Handy  left  Paris  in  the  last  week  of  October,  after  a  stay  of 
nearly  two  months.  With  the  skill,  energy,  and  perseverance  which 
were  characteristic  of  the  man,  he  accomplished  in  that  brief  period 
what  had  for  many  months  occupied  the  time  and  attention  of  com¬ 
missioners  of  other  nations  who  had  come  to  Paris  on  a  similar  errand. 
On  returning  to  Chicago  about  November  1  he  gave  himself  to  the 
preparation  of  his  report,  which  was  finished  and  dated  at  Washing- 
S.  Doc.  232 - 2 


18  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

ton,  December  1,  1897.  It  soon  after  became  manifest  that  for  a 
considerable  time  his  system  had  been  undermined  by  the  ravages  of 
an  insidious  and  mortal  malady,  and  in  the  reaction  following  his 
exhaustive  labors  at  Paris  this  disease  rapidly  developed  as  virulent 
and  fatal.  He  died  on  the  8th  of  January,  1898,  at  Belair,  Md., 
whither  he  had  gone  in  the  vain  hope  of  recovery,  or  of  the  mitiga¬ 
tion  of  his  sufferings.  He  rests  with  his  fathers  in  the  family  cem¬ 
etery  at  Milton,  in  eastern  Maryland. 

This  report  was  received  and  complimented  by  the  President,  who 
made  it  a  subject  for  reference  in  his  annual  message  of  December  6, 
1897,  and  transmitted  it  without  delay  to  Congress  with  recommenda¬ 
tions,  contained  in  a  special  message  of  date  December  6,  1897. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  MESSAGE  OF  THE  PRESIDENT,  MR.  M’KIN- 

LEY,  DECEMBER  6,  1897,  REFERRING  TO  SPECIAL  COMMIS¬ 
SIONER  MOSES  P.  HANDY  AND  HIS  REPORT. 

The  acceptance  by  this  Government  of  the  invitation  of  the  Repub¬ 
lic  of  France  to  participate  in  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  at 
Paris  was  immediately  followed  by  the  appointment  of  a  special  com¬ 
missioner  to  represent  the  United  States  in  the  proposed  Exposition, 
with  special  reference  to  the  securing  of  space  for  an  adequate  exhibit 
on  behalf  of  the  United  States. 

The  special  commissioner  delay  ed  his  departure  for  Paris  long  enough 
to  ascertain  the  probable  demand  for  space  by  American  exhibitors. 
His  inquiries  developed  an  almost  unprecedented  interest  in  the  pro¬ 
posed  Exposition,  and  the  information  thus  acquired  enabled  him  to 
justify  an  application  for  a  much  larger  allotment  of  space  for  the 
American  section  than  had  been  reserved  by  the  Exposition  authori¬ 
ties.  The  result  was  particularly  gratifying,  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
the  United  States  was  one  of  the  last  countries  to  accept  the  invitation 
of  France. 

The  reception  accorded  our  special  commissioner  was  most  cordial, 
and  he  was  given  every  reasonable  assurance  that  the  United  States 
would  receive  a  consideration  commensurate  with  the  proportions  of 
our  exhibit.  The  report  of  the  special  commissioner  as  to  the  mag¬ 
nitude  and  importance  of  the  coming  Exposition  and  the  great  demand 
for  space  by  American  exhibitors,  supplies  new  arguments  for  the  lib¬ 
eral  and  judicious  appropriation  by  Congress,  to  the  end  that  an  exhibit 
fairly  representative  of  the  industries  and  resources  of  our  country 
may  be  made  in  an  Exposition  which  will  illustrate  the  world’s  prog¬ 
ress  during  the  nineteenth  century.  That  Exposition  is  intended  to 
be  the  most  important  and  comprehensive  of  the  long  series  of  inter¬ 
national  expositions,  of  which  our  own  at  Chicago  was  a  brilliant 
example,  and  it  is  desirable  that  the  United  States  should  make  a 
worthy  exhibit  of  American  genius  and  skill  and  their  unrivaled 
achievements  in  every  branch  of  industry. 


trtretmuBjj^jg 


i'iwiw 


DE  MARS  AND  ADJOINING  SECTIONS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  19 


MESSAGE  OF  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TRANS¬ 
MITTING  THE  REPORT  OF  SPECIAL  COMMISSIONER  MOSES  P. 

HANDY. 

To  the  Congress  of  the  United  States: 

The  act  of  Congress  approved  July  19,  1897,  entitled  “An  act 
making  appropriations  to  supply  deficiences  in  the  appropriations  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1897,  and  for  prior  years,  and  for  other 
purposes,”  provided  the  acceptance  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  of  the  invitation  extended  by  the  Republic  of  France  to  partici¬ 
pate  in  an  International  Exposition  to  be  held  at  Paris  from  April  15 
to  November  5, 1900,  and  authorized  the  President  to  appoint  a  special 
commissioner  with  a  view  to  securing  all  attainable  information  neces¬ 
sary  to  a  full  and  complete  understanding  by  Congress  in  regard  to  the 
participation  of  this  Government  in  that  exposition. 

Maj.  Moses  P.  Handy,  of  Chicago,  was  appointed  such  special  com¬ 
missioner,  and  I  now  inclose  his  report  giving  the  details  of  his  mission. 
It  is  a  comprehensive  and  clear  presentation  of  the  situation.  He 
recommends  that  an  appropriation  of  $919,600  be  granted,  so  that  a 
creditable  exhibit  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  may  be  made.  The 
details  of  this  report  will  show  how  this  appropriation  may  be  profit¬ 
ably  expended. 

Besides  securing  a  much  larger  amount  of  space  than  had  been 
reserved,  Major  Handy  obtained  the  gratifying  assurance  that  the 
United  States  will  be  placed  on  a  footing  with  the  most  favored  nations, 
and  “that  in  the  installation  of  every  important  department  the  United 
States  will  have  a  location  commensurate  with  the  dignity  and  impor¬ 
tance  of  the  country,  and  adjoining,  in  every  case,  countries  of  the  first 
rank.  ”  ' 

In  view  of  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  approaching  Exposi¬ 
tion,  and  of  our  standing  among  the  nations  which  will  there  be 
represented,  and  in  view,  also,  of  our  increased  population  and  acknowl¬ 
edged  progress  in  arts,  science,  and  manufactures,  I  earnestly  commend 
the  report  of  Major  Handy  to  your  consideration,  and  trust  that  a 
liberal  appropriation  may  be  made. 

Moreover,  the  magnificent  exhibit  of  the  French  Government  at 
Chicago  in  1893,  on  which  $1,000,000  was  expended,  should  be  a  strong 
incentive  to  reciprocal  liberality  on  the  part  of  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  and  suggests  to  our  citizens  the  necessity  as  well  as  the 
propriety  of  installing  at  the  Paris  Exposition  an  exhibit  on  a  par  with 
that  of  the  Government  and  the  people  of  France  at  Chicago,  and  in 
keeping  with  the  scope  and  extent  of  the  preparations  which  are  being 
made  by  nearly  all  the  important  nations  of  the  earth  for  their  proposed 
exhibits  in  that  Exposition. 

I  suggest  that  the  subject  be  given  timely  and  favorable  consideration. 

William  McKinley. 

Executive  Mansion, 

Washington ,  December  6 ,  1897. 


20  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


SPECIAL  COMMISSIONER  THOMAS  W.  CRIDLER. 

On  the  11th  day  of  January,  1898,  the  President  appointed  Thomas 
W.  Cridler,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  to  carry  on  the  work 
which  Major  Handy  had  laid  down.  Mr.  Cridler  continued  the  offices 
already  established  at  Chicago  and  New  York,  as  well  as  the  corre¬ 
spondence  begun  with  persons  throughout  the  United  States  who 
might  be  expected  to  wish  to  become  exhibitors.  Near  the  end  of 
February,  1898,  Mr.  Cridler  sailed  for  Paris,  having  with  him  Lieut. 
A.  C.  Baker  and  Mr.  Louis  M.  Hamburger.  He  arrived  on  March  4, 
and  on  March  9  was  formally  presented  by  the  ambassador  from  the 
United  States  to  M.  Hanotaux,  the  French  minister  of  foreign  affairs, 
and  by  him  to  the  officers  of  the  Exposition.  After  some  time  spent 
in  negotiation  he  procured  assignments  in  most  of  the  groups  not  pro¬ 
vided  for  in  the  allotments  obtained  by  Major  Handy. 

The  condition  of  assignments  at  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Cridler’s 
work  appears  in  the  following  table: 


Departments. 

Groups. 

First  allot¬ 
ment. 

Second  al¬ 
lotment. 

Final  allot¬ 
ment. 

T/iherfl.l  arts . 

I  and  III 
II 

IV  and  V 
VI 

VII  and  X 
VIII 
IX 
XI 

XII  and  XV 

XIII 

XIV 
XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 

Squarefeet. 
8, 608 

Squarefeet. 
10, 750 

Squarefeet. 
10,750 
21,593 
48, 420 
17,216 
24, 748 

Fine  arts . 

Machinery  and  electricity . 

Transportation  and  civil  engineering . 

Agriculture  and  food  products . 

Horticulture . 

37, 660 
12, 912 
16,140 

48, 420 
17,216 
20,441 

Forestry,  chase,  and  fisheries . 

3. 300 
7,532 

21, 520 
12, 9i6 

4.301 
4, 400 

Mines  and  mining . 

Manufactures . 

5,380 
8,608 
10,  760 
8,608 

5,380 
21,520 
12, 9i6 
4,301 

Do . . . 

Do . 

Social  economy  and  hygiene . 

Colonization . . . . 

Army  and  Navy . 

3,300 

Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

108,676 

140, 944 

179, 996 

| 

During  the  conferences  with  Mr.  Cridler  the  fact  that  the  Bois  de 
Vincennes  might  be  made  to  serve  as  an  annex  to  the  Exposition  area 
developed  into  prominence,  it  being  especialty  regarded  as  available 
as  an  arena  for  athletic  sports.  Mr.  Hamburger,  who  accompanied 
Mr.  Cridler,  did  so  as  a  special  commissioner  representing  the  Ama¬ 
teur  Athletic  Union  of  the  United  States.  His  mission  is  credited  as 
having  a  largely  beneficial  influence  in  the  establishment  of  the  series 
of  athletic  contests  which  formed  so  important  a  part  of  the  collateral 
attractions  of  the  Exposition  of  1900. 

From  the  report  of  Mr.  Cridler  it  appears  that  at  one  time  the  man¬ 
agers  of  the  Exposition  made  overtures  to  ascertain  whether  electrical 
companies  in  the  United  States  might  have  the  disposition,  having  the 
motive  power,  to  undertake  to  furnish  all  the  electro-motive  force, 
whether  for  mechanical  uses  or  for  purposes  of  illumination,  which 


INTERNATIONAL  universal  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  21 

the  Exposition  might  require.  Investigation  showed  that  several 
companies  took  the  matter  under  careful  consideration,  but  found  the 
terms  and  conditions  not  such  as  would  warrant  an  undertaking  of 
so  much  importance  at  such  a  distance  from  their  usual  base  of 
operations. 

Mr.  Cridler  returned  to  the  United  States  in  May,  and  on  June  14 
made  his  report  to  the  President,  who  at  once  referred  it  to  Congress 
as  the  subject  of  a  special  message. 


MESSAGE  OF  THE  PRESIDENT,  MR.  M’KINLEY,  TRANSMITTING 
TO  CONGRESS  THE  REPORT  OF  MR.  THOMAS  W.  CRIDLER, 
SPECIAL  COMMISSIONER. 

To  the  Congress  of  the  United  States: 

1  transmit  herewith  (having  reference  to  S.  Doc.  No.  4,  Fifty-fifth 
Congress,  second  session)  a  report  made  by  Thomas  W.  Cridler,  Third 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  whom,  upon  the  death  of  Maj.  Moses  P. 
Handy,  I  designated  to  continue  the  work  as  special  commissioner 
under  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  19,  1897,  in  relation  to  the 
acceptance  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  of  the  invitation 
of  France  to  participate  in  the  International  Exposition  to  be  held  at 
Paris  from  April  15  to  November  5,  1900. 

I  cordially  renew  my  recommendations  that  a  liberal  appropriation 
may  be  immediately  granted. 

William  McKinley. 

Executive  Mansion, 

Washington ,  June  7J,  1898. 


ACTS  OF  CONGRESS  PROVIDING  FOR  THE  PARTICIPATION  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THE  PARIS  EXPOSITION  OF  1900. 

The  matter  of  providing  for  participation  in  the  Exposition  was 
now  immediately  taken  up  by  Congress,  and  the  following  enactment 
authorizing  same  made  by  that  body: 

ACT  OF  CONGRESS. 

Paris  Exposition:  The  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Sen¬ 
ate,  shall  appoint  a  Commissioner-General  to  represent  the  United  States  at  the 
Exposition  to  be  held  in  Paris,  France,  commencing  April  fifteenth  and  closing 
November  fifth,  nineteen  hundred,  and,  under  the  general  direction  of  the  President, 
to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  in  reference  to  the  contributions  from  the 
United  States,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  President,  and  to  control  the  expendi¬ 
tures  incident  to  and  necessary  for  the  proper  installation  and  exhibit  thereof;  and 
the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  also  appoint 
an  assistant  commissioner-general,  who  shall  assist  and  act  under  the  direction  of 
the  Commissioner-General,  and  shall  perform  the  duties  of  the  Commissioner-General 


22 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


in  case  of  his  death,  disability,  or  temporary  absence;  and  a  secretary,  who  shall  act 
as  disbursing  agent  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the 
Commissioner-General,  shall  render  his  accounts  quarterly  to  the  proper  accounting 
officers  of  the  Treasury,  and  shall  give  bond  in  such  sum  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  require.  The  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  shall  also  appoint  twelve  commissioners,  who  shall  be  subject  to  the  direc¬ 
tion  and  control  of  the  Commissioner-General  and  perform  from  time  to  time  such 
service  as  he  shall  require.  The  Commissioner-General  shall  employ  such  number 
of  experts  as  may  be  needed,  having  special  attainments  in  regard  to  the  subjects  of 
the  group  or  groups  in  said  exposition  to  which  they  may  be  assigned,  respectively, 
and  he  may  employ  from  time  to  time  such  other  experts  as  he  may  deem  necessary 
in  the  preparation  and  installation  of  such  exhibits.  The  Commissioner-General 
shall  be  paid  a  salary  of  eight  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  the  assistant  commissioner- 
general  a  salary  of  six  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  and  the  secretary  a  salary  of  four 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars  per  annum;’  which  said  sums  shall  be  in  lieu  of  all  per¬ 
sonal  expenses  other  than  actual  traveling  expenses  while  engaged  in  exposition  work; 
and  the  terms  of  service  of  the  Commissioner-General,  assistant  commissioner-general, 
and  secretary  shall  not  exceed  three  years.  The  commissioners  herein  provided  for 
shall  serve  during  the  entire  calendar  year  nineteen  hundred,  and  they  shall  be  paid 
for  such  service  three  thousand  dollars  each,  which  payments  shall  be  in  full  for  all 
compensation  and  personal  and  traveling  expenses.  The  necessary  expenses  herein 
authorized,  and  expenses  for  the  proper  installation  and  care  of  exhibits,  together 
with  all  other  expenses  that  may  be  authorized  by  the  Commissioner-General  incident 
to  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  said  Exposition,  are  hereby  limited  to  the 
sum  of  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  including  not  exceeding 
eighty-five  thousand  dollars  for  clerk  hire  in  the  United  States  and  in  Paris.  The 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  prepare  suitable  exhibits  of  agri¬ 
cultural  products  of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States,  including  those 
mentioned  in  groups  seven,  eight,  and  ten  of  the  plan  of  said  Exposition,  and  shall 
exhibit  the  same  under  the  direction  and  control  of  the  Commissioner-General,  the 
total  expenses  of  the  said  exhibits  not  to  exceed  in  the  aggregate  seventy-five  thou¬ 
sand  dollars,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  aforesaid  sum  of  six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars;  and  reports  respecting  such  exhibits,  printed  in  the  English,  French,  and 
German  languages,  shall  accompany  such  exhibits,  as  the  Commissioner-General 
may  direct.  All  officers  and  employes  of  the  Executive  Departments  and  of  the 
Fish  Commission  and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  in  charge  of  or  responsible  for 
the  safe-keeping  of  exhibits  belonging  to  the  United  States,  may  permit  such  exhibits 
to  pass  out  of  their  possession  for  the  purpose  of  being  transported  to  and  from  and 
exhibited  at  said  Exposition  as  may  be  requested  by  the  Commissioner-General, 
whenever  authorized  to  so  do,  respectively,  by  the  heads  of  the  Departments  and 
the  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti¬ 
tution;  such  exhibits  and  articles  to  be  returned  to  the  said  respective  Departments 
to  which  they  belong  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Commissioner-General  to  report  to  the  President,  for  transmission  to  Congress  at  the 
beginning  of  each  regular  session,  a  detailed  statement  of  the  expenditures  incurred 
hereunder  during  the  twelve  months  preceding;  and  the  Commissioner-General  is 
hereby  required,  within  four  months  after  the  close  of  said  Exposition,  to  make  full 
report  of  the  results  thereof,  as  herein  required,  which  report  shall  be  prepared  and 
arranged  with  a  view  to  concise  statement  and  convenient  reference,  and  when 
printed  shall  not  exceed  six  volumes  octavo,  containing  an  average  of  not  exceeding 
one  thousand  pages.  Toward  the  expenses  herein  authorized,  incident  to  the  par¬ 
ticipation  of  the  United  States  in  said  Exposition,  there  is  hereby  appropriated  the 
sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately  available  and  to  remain 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


23 


available  until  expended,  of  which  amount  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  may 
be  used  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  the  preparation  of  the  agricultural  exhibit 
herein  provided  for. 

William  McKinley. 

Washington,  July  1,  1898. 

By  the  President: 

William  R.  Day, 

Secretary  of  State. 

On  March  3, 1899,  the  following  additional  act  of  authorization  was 


ACT  OF  CONGRESS. 

Paris  Exposition:  For  each  and  every  purpose  named  in  the  paragraph  in  the  sun¬ 
dry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight, 
under  the  heading  “  Paris  Exposition,”  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  of 
which  amount  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  dollars  may  be  used  for 
clerk  hire  in  the  United  States  and  in  Paris,  and  the  limit  of  appropriations  provided 
for  in  the  provisions  of  said  paragraph  shall  be  extended  three  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  or  to  nine  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  in  all,  said  appropriation  to  be 
available  until  expended :  Provided ,  That  of  said  latter  sum  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars  shall  be  for  the  exhibits  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  provided 
for  in  said  paragraphs. 

For  the  construction  of  necessary  buildings  in  connection  with  said  exposition, 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately  available.  For  pay  of  jurors, 
sixty  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  to  be  available  until 
expended;  and  the  sums  herein  and  heretofore  appropriated  on  account  of  the  Paris 
Exposition  shall  be  in  full  of  all  appropriations  to  be  made  on  account  of  said  Expo¬ 
sition  by  Congress,  and  no  deficiency  shall  be  created  therein. 

Approved,  March  3,  1899. 

February  9,  1900: 

Paris  Exposition:  For  each  and  every  purpose  named  in  the  paragraph  in  the 
sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight, 
under  the  heading  “  Paris  Exposition,”  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars,  of  which  amount  not  exceeding  ninety-six  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  may  be  expended  for  buildings  and  appurtenances,  including  fire  protection, 
pier  landings,  approaches,  and  other  constructions;  not  exceeding  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  may  be  expended  for  an  exhibit  of  negro  education  and  industry;  and  not 
exceeding  twenty  thousand  dollars  may  be  used  for  contingent  expenses  of  the 
Commissioner-General,  to  be  expended  in  his  discretion  and  audited  on  his  certifi¬ 
cate;  and  the  limit  of  the  appropriations  provided  for  in  said  paragraph,  as  amended 
by  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  March  third,  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety-nine,  is  hereby  extended  to  one  million  one  hundred  and  nineteen  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars;  the  appropriation  hereby  made  to  be  available  until  expended: 
Provided ,  That  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  is  authorized  and  directed  to  allow  such 
patent  models  as  have  been  previously  exhibited  at  any  international  exposition,  as 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  select,  to  be  transported  to  and  from  and  exhibited 
at  said  Exposition,  in  the  custody  of  an  employee  of  the  Patent  Office  duly  designated 
for  that  purpose  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents;  such  models  to  be  returned  to 
the  Patent  Office  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition;  but  no  models  shall  be  removed 
concerning  which  litigation  is  now  pending. 

For  six  additional  Commissioners,  to  be  appointed  as  provided  by  the  sundry  civil 
appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  who  shall 
perform  the  duties  and  be  subject  to  the  limitations  prescribed  therein,  at  three  thou¬ 
sand  dollars  each,«eighteen  thousand  dollars. 

Approved,  February  9,  1900. 


24  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


THE  APPOINTMENT  OF  FERDINAND  W.  PECK,  OF  ILLINOIS, 
COMMISSIONER-GENERAL. 

On  July  22,  1898,  the  President  sent  information  by  telegraph  that 
he  had  appointed  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  of  Chicago,  Ill.,  to  be  Commis¬ 
sioner-General  to  the  International  Universal  Exposition  at  Paris,  to 
be  held  in  the  year  1900.  The  Senate  not  being  in  session,  an  ad 
interim  commission  was  issued  on  the  28th  of  July.  A  commission 
approved  by  the  Senate  was  issued  to  Mr.  Peck  on  the  25th  day  of 
December,  1898.  The  documents  follow: 

[Telegram.] 

Executive  Mansion,  Washington ,  D.  C. ,  22. 
Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Chicago ,  III. : 

I  have  this  day  appointed  you  Commissioner-General  to  the  Paris 
Exposition. 

William  McKinley. 

Note. — The  month  is  not  stated  on  this  message,  but  it  was  received 
on  July  22,  1898. 

COPY  OF  COMMISSION  TO  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL  FERDINAND  W.  PECK. 

William  McKinley,  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to 

all  who  shall  see  these  presents,  greeting: 

Know  ye,  that  reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the  integrity 
and  ability  of  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  of  Illinois,  I  do  appoint  him  to 
be  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States  to  the  International 
Exposition  to  be  held  in  Paris  in  the  year  1900,  and  do  authorize  and 
empower  him  to  execute  and  fulfill  the  duties  of  that  office  according 
to  law  and  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  office,  with  all  the  powers, 
privileges,  and  emoluments  thereunto  of  right  appertaining  unto  him, 
the  said  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  until  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  and  no  longer,  subject  to  the  conditions 
prescribed  by  law. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  caused  these  letters  to  be  made  patent 
and  the  seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  hereunto  affixed. 

Given  under  my  hand,  at  the  city  of  Washington,  the  twenty-eighth 
day  of  July,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-eight,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America 
the  one  hundred  and  twenty-third. 

[seal.]  William  McKinley. 

By  the  President: 

William  R.  Day, 

Secretary  of  State. 


ENTRANCE  TO  EXPOSITION  GROUNDS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  25 

William  McKinley,  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to 

all  who  shall  see  these  presents,  greeting: 

Know  ye,  that,  imposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the  integrity 
and  ability  of  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  of  Illinois,  I  have  nominated  and, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  do  appoint  him 
Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States  to  the  International  Expo¬ 
sition  to  be  held  in  Paris  in  the  year  one  thousand  nine  hundred;  and 
do  authorize  and  empower  him  to  execute  and  fulfill  the  duties  of  that 
office  according  to  law,  and  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  office,  with  all 
the  powers,  privileges,  and  emoluments  thereunto  of  right  appertain¬ 
ing  unto  him,  the  said  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  subject  to  the  conditions 
prescribed  by  law. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  caused  these  letters  to  be  made  patent 
and  the  seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  affixed. 

Given  under  my  hand,  at  the  city  of  Washington,  the  fifteenth  day 
of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-eight,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America 
the  one  hundred  and  twenty-third. 

[seal.]  William  McKinley. 

By  the  President* 

John  Hay, 

Secretary  of  State. 

THE  APPOINTMENT  OF  BENJAMIN  DURYEA  WOODWARD,  OF  NEW 
YORK,  ASSISTANT  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL. 

William  McKinley,  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to 

all  who  shall  see  these  presents,  greeting: 

Know  ye,  that,  reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the  integrity 
and  ability  of  Benjamin  Duryea  Woodward,  of  New  York,  I  have 
nominated  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  do 
appoint  him  assistant  commissioner-general  of  the  United  States  to 
the  International  Exposition  to  be  held  at  Paris  in  the  year  nineteen 
hundred,  and  do  authorize  and  empower  him  to  execute  and  fulfill  the 
duties  of  that  office  according  to  law,  and  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said 
office,  with  all  the  powers,  privileges,  and  emoluments  thereunto  of 
right  appertaining  unto  him,  the  said  Benjamin  Duryea  Woodward, 
subject  to  the  conditions  prescribed  by  law. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  caused  these  letters  to  be  made  patent 
and  the  seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  hereunto  affixed. 

Given  under  my  hand,  at  the  city  of  Washington,  the  fifteenth  day 
of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-eight,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America 
the  one  hundred  and  twenty-third. 

[seal.]  William  McKinley. 

By  the  President: 

John  Hay, 

Secretary  of  State. 


26  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


THE  APPOINTMENT  OF  FREDERICK  BRACKETT,  OF  MARYLAND, 

SECRETARY. 

William  McKinley,  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to 
all  who  shall  see  these  presents,  greeting: 

Know  ye,  that,  reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the  integrity 
and  ability  of  Frederick  Brackett,  of  Maryland,  I  have  nominated 
and,  b}r  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  do  appoint 
him  secretary  of  the  Commission  of  the  United  States  to  the  Paris 
Exposition  to  be  held  in  the  year  one  thousand  nine  hundred,  and  do 
authorize  and  empower  him  to  execute  and  fulfill  the  duties  of  that 
office  according  to  law,  and  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  office,  with  all 
the  powers,  privileges,  and  emoluments  thereunto  of  right  appertain¬ 
ing  unto  him,  the  s&id  Frederick  Brackett,  subject  to  the  conditions 
prescribed  by  law. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  caused  these  letters  to  be  made  patent 
and  the  seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  hereunto  affixed. 

Given  under  my  hand,  at  the  city  of  Washington,  the  fifteenth  day 
of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-eight,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America 
the  one  hundred  and  twenty-third. 

[seal.]  William  McKinley. 

By  the  President: 

John  Hay, 

Secretary  of  State. 

COMMISSIONERS  APPOINTED  TO  SERVE  DURING  THE  YEAR  1900. 


Bertha  Honore  Palmer,  Illinois. 
Brutus  J.  Clay,  Kentucky. 
Charles  A.  Collier,  Georgia. 
Michael  H.  DeYoung,  California. 
William  L.  Elkins,  Pennsylvania. 
Ogden  H.  Fethers,  Wisconsin. 
Peter  Jansen,  Nebraska. 

Calvin  Manning,  Iowa. 

Franklin  Murphy,  New  Jersey. 
Henry  A.  Parr,  Maryland. 


Henry  M.  Putney,  New  Hamp¬ 
shire. 

Alvin  H.  Sanders,  Illinois. 

Louis  Stern,  New  York. 

William  G.  Thompson,  Michigan. 
William  M.  Thornton,  Virginia. 
Arthur  E.  Valois,  New  York. 
Thomas  F.  Walsh,  Colorado. 
James  Allison,  Kansas. 

Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  New  York. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL  FOR  THE  UNITED 
STATES  TO  THE  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION, 
PARIS,  1900.  _ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Organization — Original  negotiations — Visit  to  Paris  necessary — Arrival  in  Paris — 
Importance  of  the  United  States  stated — Increase  of  space;  site  for  National 
Pavilion — Site  for  Lafayette  Monument — Return  to  United  States— Completion 
of  organization  of  staff — Brief  review  of  collecting,  shipping,  and  installing 
exhibits — Areas  for  exhibits — Space  occupied  by  the  United  States  at  previous 
expositions — Collective  exhibits  necessitated — Obstacles  to  progress — Prosperity 
made  desirable  exhibitors  indifferent — Cooperation  of  commercial  organizations — 
Finances — Aid  offered  by  States — State  commissioners — Transfer  of  the  exhibits  to 
Paris — Shipping  and  customs  directions — Consignment  of  commercial  exhibits — 
Service  of  the  cruiser  Prairie — Insurance — Visit  of  Commissioner-General  to 
Paris — Shipment  of  exhibits — Individual  exhibits — Passage  of  exhibits  into 
France — Confusion  confronting  installation  of  exhibits — Catalogues — Comparative 
number  of  exhibits  from  the  United  States  at  foreign  expositions — Opening  of  Ex¬ 
position — Installation  of  exhibits  and  decorations — The  exhibits — Exposition 
groups — Exhibit  area  available  for  various  groups — Retrospective  expositions — 
Special  buildings — Corn  Kitchen — Publishers’  Building — Sports  and  Athletics — 
Life-saving  apparatus  exhibit — Sunday  closing — Suggested  boat  and  tram  to  Vin¬ 
cennes — Brief  history  of  the  monument — Celebration  of  the  Fourth  of  July — 
Return  of  exhibits — Conclusion — Decorations  proposed — Brief  review  of  Exposi¬ 
tion — Memorial  presented  to  the  F rench  administration  on  the  occasion  of  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General’ s  first  visit  to  Paris  in  connection  with  application  for 
increased  amount  of  space — Appropriations — The  assistance  which  may  be 
required  of  exhibitors  in  providing  for  the  expense  of  Exposition  and  the  man¬ 
ner  of  collecting  and  expending  funds  collected  from  such  a  service. 

KEY  AND  TITLES, TO  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

1.  General  plan  of  Exposition  Grounds,  showing  ground-floor  areas  and  location  of 

United  States  sections. 

2.  Bird’s-eye  view  of  the  Champ  de  Mars  and  adjoining  sections. 

3.  Main  entrance  to  Exposition  Grounds. 

4.  Waterfall  and  electrical  fountain,  Champ  de  Mars. 

5.  Interior  of  the  Salle  des  Fetes,  showing  temporary  floral  exhibit  on  main  floor. 

6.  View  of  Alexander  Bridge,  looking  northwest. 

7.  Esplanade  des  Invalides  section,  looking  south. 

8.  Fine  Arts  Palaces,  from  north  end  of  Alexander  Bridge. 

9.  Looking  west  on  River  Seine,  United  States  National  Pavilion  third  on  left. 

10.  Looking  west  on  River  Seine  from  Alma  Bridge. 

11.  Trocadero  Palace  from  south  end  of  Bridge  Iena. 

12.  Looking  east  on  River  Seine,  National  Pavilions  on  the  right. 

13.  Front  view  of  Small  Fine  Arts  Palace. 

14.  Palace  of  Marine  Navigation. 

15.  Palace  of  Forestry,  Fisheries,  and  the  Chase. 


27 


28 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


To  the  President: 

In  conformity  with  the  requirements  of  the  act  of  Congress  making 
appropriations  for  sundry  civil  expenses  of  the  Government  for  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1899,  and  for  other  purposes,  approved 
July  1,  1898,  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the 
work  of  the  Commissioner-General  for  the  United  States  to  the 
Universal  Exposition  held  in  Paris,  France,  in  the  year  1900. 

Notification  of  the  appointment  of  the  Commissioner-General  was 
received  on  July  22,  1898,  and  the  duties  of  the  office  were  at  once 
assumed  and  exercised  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  acts 
authorizing  the  appointment. 

On  August  18, 1898,  Frederick  Brackett,  of  Baltimore,  was  appointed 
secretary  and  disbursing  agent,  and  on  September  2,  1898,  Benjamin 
D.  Woodward,  of  New  York,  was  appointed  assistant  commissioner- 
general.  Early  in  1900  the  following  nineteen  commissioners  were 
appointed  by  the  President  under  the  acts  of  Congress  to  serve  during 
the  year  1900: 


Bertha  Honore  Palmer 
Mrs.  Daniel  Manning. . 

James  Allison . 

Brutus  J.  Clay . 

Charles  A.  Collier . 

Michael  H.  de  Young. . 

William  L.  Elkins . 

Ogden  H.  Fethers . 

Peter  Jansen . 

Calvin  Manning . 

Franklin  Murphy . 

Henry  A.  Parr . 

Henry  M.  Putney . 

Alvin  H.  Sanders . 

Louis  Stern . 

William  G.  Thompson. 
William  M.  Thornton  . 

Arthur  E.  Valois . 

Thomas  F.  Walsh . 


.Illinois. 

.New  York. 

,  Kansas. 
Kentucky. 

.  Georgia. 

California. 

Pennsylvania. 

.Wisconsin. 

Nebraska. 

Iowa. 

New  Jersey. 
Maryland. 

New  Hampshire. 
.  Illinois. 

.New  York. 

Michigan. 

Virginia. 

New  York. 
Colorado. 


The  first  step  taken  by  the  Commissioner-General  preparatory  to 
the  discharge  of  his  duties,  after  receiving  the  oath  of  office  on  July 
28,  1898,  was  to  confer  with  the  President  and  the  officials  of  the 
Administration  of  the  National  Government  at  Washington  as  to  the 
full  nature  of  the  appointment  and  the  task  of  the  Commission. 
The  important  phases  of  the  work  to  be  performed  and  certain  details 
of  administration  were  carefully  discussed  at  these  meetings  and  much 
necessary  information  and  many  valuable  suggestions  were  received. 


ORGANIZATION — INSUFFICIENT  SPACE  AT  EXPOSITION. 


The  duty  of  the  Commissioner-General  was  to  create  an  exposition 
of  the  arts  and  i  ndustries  of  the  U nited  States  of  America.  A  scheme 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  29 


of  organization  was  therefore  immediately  necessary,  adapted  to  carry 
into  effect  plans  as  they  should  be  formulated,  for  the  prosecution  of 
this  important  work. 

Offices  were  promptly  opened  in  Chicago  and  New  York,  and  later 
in  Paris. 

An  obstacle  to  progress  immediately  presented  itself,  however,  in 
the  lack  of  space  for  exhibits  and  the  absence  of  important  informa¬ 
tion  from  the  Exposition  authorities  as  to  how  to  proceed  in  connec¬ 
tion  with  such  allotments  as  had  been  made. 

ORIGINAL  NEGOTIATIONS. 

The  invitation  of  France  to  participate  in  the  universal  Exposition 
of  1900  set  forth  that  there  would  be  received,  for  competitive  display 
in  the  exhibition,  works  of  art  and  the  products  of  industry  and  agri¬ 
culture  from  all  nations.  The  details  of  the  invitation  (which,  together 
with  other  initial  documents  and  records  of  preliminary  negotiation 
concerning  the  Exposition,  is  presented  in  a  chapter  accompanying 
this  report)  related  that  the  plans  adopted  in  connection  with  the  Expo¬ 
sition  had,  “essentially,  the  object  of  placing  the  means  of  production 
in  intimate  contact  with  products;”  that  the  site  secured  for  the  Expo¬ 
sition  included  the  “Champ  de  Mars,”  a  broad  rectangular  area 
extending  from  the  Ecole  Militaire  to  the  Seine,  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Paris,  the  extension  of  this  stretch  of  territory  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river  which  contained  the  Trocadero  building  and 
which  was  known  as  the  “Trocadero,”  with  its  approaches;  also  the 
“Quai  d’Orsay,”  the  “Quai  de  la  Conference,”  and  the  “Cours  de  la 
Reine,”  handsome  stretches  of  thoroughfare  along  either  side  of  the 
Seine  connecting  the  “Champ  de  Mars”  and  the  “ Trocadero ”  with 
the  “Place  des  Invalides”  and  the  grounds  of  the  old  Palais  de  Fln- 
dustrie,  located  about  a  mile  up  the  river  to  the  east,  and,  finally, 
these  two  last- mentioned  considerable  areas  which  faced  each  other 
upon  the  Seine,  with  certain  adjacent  territory.  In  addition,  the  invi¬ 
tation  set  forth  that  full  arrangements  had  been  made  for  financing 
the  Exposition,  that  complete  understanding  as  to  details  of  admin¬ 
istration  and  procedure  of  the  Exposition  had  been  arrived  at  between 
the  officials  of  the  French  Government  and  the  municipality  of  Paris, 
and  that  liberal  sites  free  of  charge  and  special  customs  regulations 
would  be  provided;  finally  recommending  that  a  special  commissioner 
be  appointed  by  the  Government  to  represent  the  United  States  and 
superintend  its  participation,  as  the  Exposition  authorities  could  not 
undertake  to  negotiate  with  individual  exhibitors. 

In  the  acceptance  of  this  invitation  which  followed,  Congress  pro¬ 
vided  for  the  appointment  of  a  special  commissioner,  who  should  be 
charged  with  the  duty  of  conveying  to  the  French  authorities  the 
acceptance  which  it  ordered  in  response  to  the  formal  invitation  of 


30  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

the  French  Government,  and  of  ascertaining  the  nature  and  extent  of 
the  provisions  as  to  the  space  and  facilities  for  exhibition  which  the 
Exposition  authorities  would  be  able  to  assign  to  the  United  States. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  approved  July  19, 
1897,  President  McKinley  appointed  Maj.  Moses  P.  Handy,  of  Illinois, 
as  such  special  commissioner.  Major  Handy  went  to  Paris  and  per¬ 
formed  his  mission  there,  returned  to  the  United  States,  and  on 
December  1,  1897,  made  to  Congress,  through  the  President,  a  report 
of  his  proceedings  and  recommendations.  Almost  immediately  there¬ 
upon  he  fell  suddenly  ill,  and  on  the  8th  of  January,  1898,  passed 
away. 

Hon.  Thomas  W.  Cridler,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  was 
appointed  to  continue  the  work  left  unfinished  by  Major  Handy. 
Mr.  Cridler  went  to  Paris,  obtained  such  information  and  additional 
privileges  as  were  at  the  time  of  his  visit  available,  and,  returning, 
reported  the  details  and  results  of  his  service,  through  the  President, 
to  Congress. 

The  excellent  work  done  by  both  these  special  commissioners  formed 
a  groundwork  of  great  value  to  the  Commissioner-General  and  is 
recorded  in  a  special  chapter  which  accompanies  this  report. 

Nevertheless  it  was  imperative  that  the  situation  in  Paris  should  be 
more  definitely  and  conclusively  known.  In  addition,  the  interest 
manifested  in  the  coming  exposition,  as  evidenced  by  the  applications 
for  space  coming  in  reply  to  a  circular  sent  to  all  manufacturers  in  the 
United  States,  indicated  that  the  greatest  amount  of  space  obtainable 
would  be  necessary  in  all  departments. 

VISIT  TO  PARIS  NECESSARY. 

That  these  demands  might  be  more  nearly  met,  and  that  corre¬ 
spondents  desiring  to  exhibit  might  begin  preparations  at  the  earliest 
moment,  it  was  essential  to  obtain  at  once  definite  allotments  in  all 
sections,  to  have  them  placed  at  the  maximum  amount  of  area,  and  to 
secure  detailed  plans  and  elevations  for  every  department.  To  obtain 
all  this,  to  secure  special  allotments  of  ground  upon  which  to  erect  a 
National  Pavilion  and  certain  other  buildings  which  circumstances 
demanded  for  the  United  States,  and  to  secure  proper  interpretations 
of  the  regulations  and  the  classification  of  the  Exposition,  it  became 
necessary  that  the  Commissioner- General  should  place  himself  in  direct 
personal  communication  with  the  French  authorities. 

Accordingly  it  was  decided  to  visit  Paris  at  once,  and  passage  was 
taken  on  the  steamship  Touraine  of  the  French  line  sailing  from  New 
York  to  Havre  on  September  3,  1898,  for  the  Commissioner-General, 
the  assistant  commissioner-general,  and  a  needed  staff  of  experts  and 
aids.  From  these  appointments  were  made  at  a  later  period  as  from 
time  to  time  fitness  for  the  duties  required  was  demonstrated. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  31 


ARRIVAL  IN  PARIS. — INCREASE  OF  SPACE  DENIED. 

The  Commissioner-General  arrived  in  Paris  on  September  11,  1898, 
and  the  first  items  in  his  mission  were  made  known  without  delay  to 
the  authorities  of  the  Exposition  in  a  demand  for  additional  space, 
supported  by  the  efforts  of  the  ambassador  from  the  United  States, 
Gen.  Horace  Porter.  The  proposal  was  met  by  an  official,  definite, 
and  gracious  refusal.  The  chief  exhibiting  areas  of  the  Exposition 
were  confined  to  the  Champ  de  Mars  and  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides, 
these  sections  being  only  very  slightly  supplemented  by  adjoining 
areas  which  were  to  be  given  up  largely  to  ornamental  and  variety 
effects.  The  Director-General  replied  that  final  allotments  of  these 
areas  had  been  made  to  all  the  nations  which  were  to  participate  in 
the  Exposition,  that  the  United  States  had  received  its  proper  propor¬ 
tion,  that  a  grant  of  more  area  was  absolutely  impossible,  and  that  no 
readjustment  of  space  within  or  outside  of  buildings  could  be  made; 
that  the  subject  was  absolutely  closed;  also  that  we  were  too  late  in 
applying  for  a  site  for  a  National  Building,  as  the  entire  area  that  could 
be  devoted  to  foreign  pavilions,  which  was  upon  the  Seine,  had  been 
disposed  of  and  the  plans  of  the  buildings  of  other  nations  had  been 
submitted  and  no  readjustment  of  the  areas  could  be  made. 

This  situation  continued  for  about  a  month,  during  which  time  it 
seemed  that  no  improvement  could  be  effected,  though  much  necessary 
information  was  obtained.  All  influences  were  brought  to  bear, 
however,  and  a  never-ceasing  effort  made. 

Finally  the  arrival  of  Ambassador  Cambon  from  the  United  States, 
together  with  the  return  of  M.  Delaunay-Belleville,  Director-General 
of  the  Exposition,  in  charge  of  space  for  foreign  countries,  helped  to 
introduce  a  condition  which  made  it  possible  to  secure  many  conces¬ 
sions  for  the  United  States,  as  well  as  large  additional  exhibit  areas  and 
certain  special  facilities. 

IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  STATED. 

These  advantages  were  directly  achieved  largely  as  a  result  of  repre¬ 
sentation  made  before  prominent  officials  of  the  French  Republic  and 
of  the  Exposition  at  a  dinner  given  in  honor  of  the  United  States 
Commission  by  the  American  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris. 

On  this  occasion  emphasis  was  laid  on  the  important  place  our 
country  occupied  in  the  field  of  industry  and  commerce,  our  mineral 
and  agricultural  resources,  and  our  rapid  growth  in  wealth  and  popu¬ 
lation.  Attention  was  also  called  to  the  fact  that  the  participation  of 
the  United  States  at  the  Exposition  would  be  of  such  a  character  as  to 
give  evidence  of  the  close  relations  that  existed  between  our  country 
and  France. 

These  statements,  accompanied  by  statistics,  were  laid  before  the 
assembled  representatives  of  France  and  the  Exposition.  The  French 
press  published  the  figures  presented  and  they  were  immediately 


32  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


spread  throughout  Europe.  Within  forty-eight  hours  after  this  func¬ 
tion  the  French  Government  officially  requested  the  Exposition  author¬ 
ities  to  concede  to  the  United  States,  so  far  as  possible,  the  demands 
that  had  been  made. 

INCREASE  OF  SPACE,  SITE  FOR  NATIONAL  PAVILION,  AND  OTHER  IMPOR¬ 
TANT  CONCESSIONS  GRANTED. 

The  result  was  that  our  exhibit  area  was  shortly  increased  more 
than  40  per  cent.  Also  the  space  for  buildings  of  other  nations  were 
crowded  together,  and  .a  site  for  the  National  Building  was  awarded 
approximately  equal  in  area  and  location  to  that  granted  Great  Britain 
and  Germany,  countries  which  had  areas  among  the  largest  for  their 
buildings. 

A  site  was  obtained  for  an  agricultural  pavilion  adjacent  to  the 
Palace  of  Agriculture,  and  part  of  the  space  allotted  to  the  United 
States  in  that  palace  was  relocated  so  as  to  be  next  to  the  new  pavilion. 

An  annex  for  forestry  was  assigned  contiguous  to  the  Forestry 
Building,  and  additions  made  to  the  area  for  transportation.  Space 
was  provided  for  an  annex  for  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  and 
an  area  was  granted  for  a  special  building  for  an  exhibit  of  publishers’ 
work  and  of  printing  machinery.  This  was  known  as  the  Publishers’ 
Building,  and  proved  one  of  the  most  attractive  and  important  features 
of  the  Exposition. 

In  the  allotments  of  space  which  followed  at  the  Bois  de  Vincennes, 
it  having  been  decided  to  introduce  a  part  of  this  park  as  an  annex  to 
the  Exposition,  the  requirements  of  the  United  States  were  also  recog¬ 
nized.  Spaces  were  assigned  here  for  a  railway  exhibit;  for  a  special 
building  for  machine  tools;  for  an  automobile  exhibit;  for  bicycles; 
for  agricultural  machinery;  for  windmills;  for  an  active  exhibit  of 
well  boring,  and  for  various  other  industries  of  kindred  nature.  In 
addition — the  authorities  providing  in  this  section  of  the  Exposition, 
also,  areas  for  athletic  sports,  hremen’s  exhibits,  and  displays  requir¬ 
ing  large  spaces  for  exhibitors  and  grounds  for  large  assemblies  of 
spectators — the  United  States  received  its  full  share  of  consideration 
in  each  of  these  special  arrangements  and  divisions. 

Later,  in  the  progress  of  the  Exposition,  these  increased  allowances 
of  space  were  augmented  by  additional  concessions  in  many  depart¬ 
ments,  notably  in  the  Department  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy,  where 
the  space  allotted  was  almost  doubled. 

SITE  FOR  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT. 

During  the  visit  to  Paris  the  important  work  of  securing  a  suitable 
site  for  an  equestrian  statue  of  General  Lafayette  to  be  presented  to 
France  by  the  school  children  of  America  was  also  effected  and  with 
signal  success,  the  choicest  spot  in  Paris,  a  square  in  the  Court  of 
Louvre,  being  set  aside  for  this  significant  memorial  by  the  national 
and  city  authorities. 


WATERFALL  AND  ELECTF 


FOUNTAIN.  CHAMP  DE  MARS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


33 


RETURN  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  important  concessions  needed  and  the  information  required 
being  secured  and  other  arrangements  perfected,  passage  was  taken  for 
New  York  by  the  Commissioner-General  via  Southampton  on  Novem¬ 
ber  5.  The  offices  at  Paris,  which  had  been  opened  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  on  negotiations  with  the  French  authorities,  were  continued 
and  made  permanent  for  the  term  of  the  Exposition,  and  left  in  charge 
of  Assistant  Commissioner-General  Woodward. 

During  the  absence  abroad  the  necessary  preliminary  arrangements 
had  been  in  progress  in  the  United  States  for  developing  a  general 
plan  for  the  distribution  of  space  to  exhibitors  and  for  the  collection 
and  installation  of  exhibits.  It  was  particularly  necessary,  owing  to 
the  short  period  of  time  available,  that  the  former  work  be  done  at  the 
earliest  possible  moment  after  the  assignments  were  definitely  made 
known  by  the  Exposition  authorities  and  the  plans  and  elevations  of 
the  United  States  sections  were  received.  This  work  was  now  pushed 
with  zeal,  in  addition  to  that  of  definitely  interesting  representative 
industries.  A  pamphlet  of  general  information  for  prospective  exhib¬ 
itors  and  the  public,  prepared  from  data  secured  in  Paris,  was  imme¬ 
diately  issued  and  given  wide  circulation.  The  pamphlet  contained 
the  classification  of  the  Exposition  in  full,  together  with  details  con¬ 
cerning  its  financial  condition,  the  admission  and  protection  of  exhibits, 
the  system  and  nature  of  awards,  concessions,  etc. 

COMPLETION  OF  ORGANIZATION  OF  STAFF. 

Directly  after  returning  to  Chicago  the  organization  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General’s  staff  was  completed.  Its  principal  divisions,  those  of 
transportation,  machinery,  and  electricity,  mining  and  metallurgy,  and 
general  survey  of  exhibits  and  affairs,  has  already  been  indicated.  The 
remaining  departments  were  established  in  accordance  with  the  classi¬ 
fication  of  exhibits  determined  by  the  French  authorities. 

This  classification  provided  for  the  arrangement  of  exhibits  in  eight¬ 
een  groups.  For  reasons  of  efficiency  and  economy  it  was  decided 
that  these  groups  be  distributed  among  ten  chief  officers,  called  directors. 
In  some  cases  two,  or  even  three,  groups  of  the  classification  were 
assigned  to  a  single  officer.  The  resulting  departments,  arranged  in 
the  order  of  the  classification,  were  as  follows: 


Departments. 

Directors. 

Education  and  soeial  economy . 

Howard  J.  Rogers,  of  New  York. 

John  B.  Cauldwell,  of  New  York. 

Alexander  S.  Capehart,  of  Ohio. 

Francis  E.  Drake,  of  Ohio. 

Willard  A.  Smith,  of  Illinois. 

Charles  Richards  Dodge,  of  District  of  Columbia. 
Tarleton  H.  Bean,  of  District  of  Columbia. 

Fine  arts . 

Liberal  arts  and  chemical  industries . 

Machinery  and  electricity . 

Transportation,  military  and  naval  exhibits . 

Agriculture,  horticulture,  and  foods . 

Forestry  ana  fisheries . 

Mining  and  metallurgy . 

Frederick  J.V.  Skiff,  of  Illinois. 

John  H.  McGibbons,  of  Iowa. 

M.  H.  Hulbert,  of  New  York. 

Textile  industries  (acting  director) . 

Furniture  and  various  industries . 

S.  Doc.  232 - 3 


34 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


In  addition  to  the  directors  of  exhibit  departments,  Mr.  John  Getz 
was  made  director  of  decoration,  to  have  general  supervision  of  facades, 
kiosks,  and  other  structures  provided  in  a  general  way  for  the  display 
of  exhibits  at  the  Exposition,  and  Mr.  Louis  M.  Howland,  a  special 
customs  agent  already  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  Treasury  in 
Paris,  was  made  director  of  customs,  with  instructions  to  collect  all  i 
possible  information  relating  to  the  duties  and  customs  of  France,  to 
instruct  as  to  the  packing  of  exhibits  and  other  material  in  such  a  way 
as  to  be  most  convenient  for  passing  the  entry  ports,  and  to  supervise 
generally  all  matters  involving  the  questions  of  customs,  duties,  ware¬ 
housing,  and  transportation  from  the  seaboard  to  the  Exposition 
inclosure  in  Paris. 

Mr.  F.  J.  Y.  Skiff,  selected  as  chief  of  the  department  of  mining 
and  metallurgy,  had  previously  been  made  director  in  chief  of  exhibit 
departments,  with  the  duty  of  exercising  a  survey  over  the  work  of 
all  of  the  exhibit  departments,  and  Mr.  Paul  Blackmar,  of  Chicago, 
had  been  appointed  director  of  affairs.  To  the  department  of  affairs 
was  intrusted  the  details  of  the  organization  of  the  offices  of  the  Com¬ 
mission,  together  with  a  comprehensive  control  of  business  affairs  and 
corresponding  details  of  administration. 

Mr.  John  H.  McGibbons,  director  of  textiles,  had  also  been  named 
and  served  as  director  of  exploitation. 

Assistant  directors  of  the  various  departments  were  selected  from 
time  to  time  as  the  need  for  such  services  developed.  Later  in  the 
progress  of  the  Exposition,  when  it  was  decided  by  the  French  authori¬ 
ties  to  introduce  a  competition  in  athletics  as  a  feature  of  the  exhi¬ 
bition,  a  director  of  athletics  was  appointed  by  the  Commissioner- 
General  in  the  person  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding,  of  Chicago  and  New 
York. 

Additional  headquarters  were  established  at  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  Washington  and  at  the  capitol  in  Albany,  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  providing  individual  directors  convenient  points  for  the  con¬ 
centration  of  their  special  exhibits. 

BRIEF  REVIEW  OF  COLLECTING,  SHIPPING,  AND  INSTALLING  EXHIBITS. 

The  valuable  record  of  the  work  of  collecting  and  preparing  the 
exhibits  of  the  United  States  for  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900  and  of 
their  transfer  across  the  ocean  and  installment  in  the  Exposition  at  the 
French  capital  will  appear  in  the  detailed  accounts  of  the  directors 
of  the  different  departments  who  were  in  charge  of  and  personally 
directed  the  work,  and  whose  reports,  together  with  those  of  the 
experts  of  their  departments,  will  contain  the  real  history  and  wisdom 
of  the  Exposition  and  the  United  States’  participation  in  the  same. 
All  that  may  be  attempted  here  is  a  statement  in  a  general  way  of 
what  was  done,  together  with  a  cursory  review  of  the  Exposition,  with 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


35 


particular  reference  to  such  of  its  salient  features  as  might  be  regarded 
as  object  lessons  in  progress  or  suggestions  for  succeeding  expositions. 

In  the  beginning,  and  before  recording  anything  of  our  own  endeav¬ 
ors,  direct  acknowledgment  must  be  made  of  the  very  valuable  service 
which  was  performed  by  Special  Commissioners  Handy  and  Cridler  in 
establishing  the  basis  and  preparing  the  way  for  the  work  of  the  Com¬ 
mission.  This  work  was  prompt  and  complete  so  far  as  it  could  go 
and  as  productive  as  the  time  and  conditions  would  allow.  The  death 
of  Major  Handy  so  directly  after  his  return  from  his  mission  to  Paris 
and  the  preparation  of  his  report  was  unfortunate  and  deplorable  in 
the  highest  degree  and  inflicted  a  loss  upon  the  United  States  Commis¬ 
sion  as  well  as  upon  the  country  which  was  distinctly  felt  and  which 
the  univer sal  press  was  quick  to  recognize  and  record.  Too  much  can 
not  be  said  of  the  high  character  and  excellent  capacity  of  Major 
Handy,  and  particularly  of  his  skill  in  journalistic  and  exposition 
work.  In  an  accompanying  chapter  containing  a  report  of  Major 
Handy’s  work  may  be  seen  what  valuable  results  were  achieved  by  him 
during  the  few  months  of  his  presence  in  Paris. 

By  the  efforts  of  Special  Commissioner  Cridler,  who  succeeded  Major 
Handy,  the  concessions  already  made  were  in  many  instances  added  to 
and  the  conditions  generally  improved. 

The  achievements  of  both  of  these  commissioners  formed  a  most 
valuable  foundation  for  the  work  of  the  Commissioner-General. 


AREAS  FOR  EXHIBITS. 


The  Anal  allotment  of  exhibiting  area  awarded  to  the  United  States 
by  the  Exposition  authorities  as  a  result  of  the  negotiations  of  Special 
Commissioners  Handy  and  Cridler  embraced  179,996  square  feet  of 
ground  floor  space,  which  was  located  in  various  sections  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion,  but  chiefly  in  the  Champ  de  Mars  and  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides, 
and  was  apportioned  in  groups,  according  to  the  report  of  Commis¬ 
sioner  Cridler,  as  follows: 


Table  of  final  allotment  of  space  made  to  Special  Commissioner  Cridler. 


Departments: 

Liberal  arts  (including  education) 

Fine  arts . 

Machinery  and  electricity . 

Transportation  and  civil  engineering 

Agriculture  and  food  products . 

Horticulture . 

Forestry,  chase,  and  fisheries . 

Mines  and  mining . 

Manufactures . 

Do . 

Do . 

Social  economy  and  hygiene . 

Colonization . 

Army  and  Navy . 


Square  feet. 

.  -  10,  750 
21,593 
-  48, 420 

.  17, 216 

.  24, 748 


3,  300 
7,  532 

21,  520 
12,  916 

4,  301 
4,  400 


3,  300 


179,  996 


Total 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


36 


SPACE  FINALLY  ALLOTTED  THE  UNITED  STATES  AT  THE  PARIS 
EXPOSITION  OF  1900. 

As  a  result  of  the  representations  made  by  the  Commissioner- 
General  during  his  visit  to  Paris  and  succeeding  operations,  the 
foregoing  total  assignment  of  area  was  increased  to  337,000  square 
feet. 


SPACE  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES  AT  PARIS  EXPOSITION  OF  1889. 


At  the  International  Exposition  of  1889  in  Paris  the  United  States 
occupied  113,300  square  feet  of  area,  which  was  apportioned  for  exhib¬ 
its  as  follows: 


Square  feet. 


Fine  arts,  upper  floor . 

Liberal  arts,  upper  floor . 

Industrial  arts,  ground  floor . 

Machinery  hall: 

Ground  floor . 

Gallery . 

Railway  section,  ground  floor . 

Agricultural  galleries . 

W.  A.  Wood,  agricultural  machines 


7,800 
6,  600 
37, 000 


34, 900 
5,  325 

-  40,225 

.  3, 250 

.  17, 350 

.  1,075 


Total 


113,  300 


SPACE  OCCUPIED  AT  ANTWERP  AND  BRUSSELS  EXPOSITIONS. 

No  official  report  has  been  made  of  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Antwerp  Exposition  of  1894  or  the  Brussels  Exposition 
of  1897;  but  the  spaces  occupied  by  the  United  States  at  those  expo¬ 
sitions  were  comparatively  small,  being  approximately  100  by  300  and 
100  by  200  feet,  respectively. 

COLLECTIVE  EXHIBITS  NECESSITATED. 

The  duty  of  the  Commissioner-General  was  to  secure  and  arrange 
for  display  from  the  United  States  upon  these  spaces,  the  best  and 
most  typical  representation  possible  in  each  group  and  class  of  the 
Exposition. 

The  organization  of  the  Universal  Exposition,  as  announced  specific¬ 
ally  in  its  official  documents  of  instruction,  provided  for  a  comparative 
display  of  the  products,  natural  and  artificial,  of  the  nations  of  the 
world,  to  be  arranged  in  classified  groups,  the  exhibits  of  each  nation 
in  every  class  to  be  set  down  by  the  side  of  those  of  all  other  nations, 
thereby  better  to  insure  comparison  and  an  intelligent  verdict  as  to 
merit  by  the  direct  and  practical  contrast  thus  secured. 

The  methods  of  the  French  authorities,  imposed  upon  them  by  this 
condition  and  by  the  limited  areas  at  their  disposal  (areas  which  had 
been  enlarged  to  the  last  possible  degree  of  expansion)  were  methods 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  37 


of  selection  and  concentration.  Throughout  France,  and  equally  in 
other  European  countries,  committees  of  selection  had  been  appointed 
and  to  them  had  been  given  authority  to  decide  upon  the  acceptance 
of  exhibits  offered.  European  exhibitors  had  to  submit  to  an  exami¬ 
nation  for  admission  before  they  would  be  permitted  to  appear  in  sub¬ 
sequent  and  final  ordeal  before  a  jury  of  awards. 

Of  necessity  a  like  duty  of  selection  devolved  upon  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General  for  the  United  States  and  his  staff  of  expert  assistants. 
It  had  become  immediately  apparent  that  it  would  be  impossible  to 
find  a  place  for  every  citizen  of  the  United  States  who  desired  to  make 
an  exhibit;  that,  on  the  contrary,  it  would  be  necessar}^  to  select, 
arrange,  and  present  the  exhibits  in  each  class  or  group  in  a  strictly 
collective  order.  This  the  limitations  of  space  as  well  as  the  regula¬ 
tions  of  the  Exposition  demanded.  It  would  be  necessary,  therefore, 
to  use  careful  discrimination  in  order  to  secure  the  best  presentation 
of  the  skill,  the  industry,  the  genius,  and  the  achievement  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  considered  as  a  whole.  The  intelligent  and  con¬ 
scientious  discharge  of  this  duty  of  selection  was  recognized  by  all  to 
be  imperative  though  its  execution  produced,  as  in  its  nature  it  must, 
some  slight  disaffection  in  the  minds  of  certain  applicants  whose  appli¬ 
cation  of  their  own  merits  did  not,  unfortunately,  harmonize  with  the 
judgment  of  those  who  were  compelled  to  make  selection. 

OBSTACLES  TO  PROGRESS. 

To  secure  the  representative  character  of  exhibits,  it  was  necessary 
to  enlist  the  attention  of  a  large  variety  and  a  superior  class  of  inter¬ 
ests.  A  number  of  obstacles  stood  for  a  time  in  the  way  of  attaining 
this  end.  During  the  beginning  of  the  work  the  country  was  involved 
in  the  war  with  Spain,  and  this  condition,  together  with  the  attitude 
of  France,  reported  and  believed  to  be  favorable  to  Spain,  was  not  con¬ 
ducive  to  the  best  of  success  or  progress.  To  this  attainment  was 
shortly  added  the  Fashoda  incident,  which,  according  to  the  press, 
threatened  serious  complications  between  France  and  England,  and, 
later,  the  wide  agitation  and  extraordinary  sensations  of  the  Dreyfus 
trial,  together  with  the  rumors  and  predictions  of  instability  and  the 
possible  disintegration  of  the  French  Government,  which  accompanied 
and  succeeded  it,  and,  finally,  the  reports,  industriously  disseminated 
and  persistently  reiterated,  of  delays  and  stoppages  in  the  progress  of 
the  Exposition — strikes,  misunderstandings,  etc. — and  decided  uncer¬ 
tainty  as  to  the  time  of  the  Exposition’s  final  completion,  or  its 
completion  at  all. 

These  conditions,  though  in  many  cases  without  foundation  for 
existence,  and  in  most  cases  seriously  unjust  to  France,  were  neverthe¬ 
less,  during  the  time  of  the  entire  work  of  the  Commission,  pronounced 
and  very  embarrassing,  as  it  will  be  remembered  that  the  feeling  in 


38  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


connection  with  thv  Dreyfus  trial  and  the  war  with  Spain  went  so  far 
as  to  threaten  boycotts  throughout  the  United  States  against  the  Expo¬ 
sition  in  France. 

PROSPERITY  MADE  DESIRABLE  EXHIBITORS  INDIFFERENT. 

The  chief  obstacle,  however,  in  the  way  of  the  expeditious  accom¬ 
plishment  of  the  commission’s  work  presented  itself  in  the  shape  of 
commercial  prosperity. 

The  years  1898  and  1899  will  be  remembered  as  a  period  of  remark¬ 
able  prosperity  in  the  history  of  the  United  States.  Manufacturers 
of  almost  every  specialty  were  crowded  with  business.  Particularly 
was  this  true  of  the  more  important  concerns,  many  of  which  had  no 
desire  to  extend  their  fields  of  trade,  especially  in  the  face  of  European 
competition.  The  majority  of  them  were  indisposed  to  turn  aside 
from  the  exacting  requirements  of  a  well-organized  and  increasing 
business  to  undertake  the  labor  of  preparing,  forwarding,  and  install¬ 
ing  an  exhibit  in  a  foreign  land. 

Other  difficulties  were,  of  course,  met  in  the  progress  of  the  work. 
The  detail  of  direct  obstacles  and  complications  which  present  them¬ 
selves  in  the  execution  of  such  an  extensive,  diversified,  and  important 
business  as  the  preparation  of  an  exhibit  for  an  international  exposi¬ 
tion  to  properly  represent  a  country  of  the  magnitude  and  importance 
of  the  United  States  are  numerous  and  varied.  Besides  the  circum¬ 
stances  which  have  been  recorded  in  connection  with  the  peculiar 
organization  of  the  Exposition,  the  condition  of  public  feeling,  and  the 
prevalence  of  sufficient  demand  for  products  among  the  leading  indus¬ 
trial  concerns,  which  had  to  be  met  or  overcome  by  the  efforts  of  the 
Commission,  new  difficulties  and  complexities  constant^  developed, 
as  will  be  found  in  the  accounts  of  the  various  directors;  and  the 
obstacles  were  in  many  cases  individual^  formidable,  involving  much 
delay  and  material  expenditure. 

PROGRESS  EFFECTED - COOPERATION  OF  COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL 

ORGANIZATIONS. 

The  work  was  carried  industriously  forward,  however,  and  steady 
progress  was  made.  The  directors  in  all  of  the  departments  applied 
themselves  with  a  zeal  and  perseverance  that,  unrelenting  in  the  face 
of  much  opposition,  should  be  described  as  most  commendable.  The 
several  months  of  the  fall  and  winter  of  1898-99  were  given  over  to 
an  aggressive  campaign  of  investigation  and  solicitation,  by  corre¬ 
spondence  and  visitation  of  prospective  exhibitors,  which,  as  was  inev¬ 
itable,  became  visibly  productive  of  results.  To  stimulate  the  needed 
large  and  desirable  class  of  interests  special  effort  was  made.  It  was 
felt  that  this  element  might  be  prevailed  upon  for  patriotic  reasons,  if 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  39 

not  for  business  considerations,  to  contribute  to  the  national  under¬ 
taking  represented  in  the  work  of  the  Commission.  To  this  end  it  was 
decided  to  send  members  of  the  staff  or  other  accredited  agents  to 
important  centers  in  the  United  States  where  they  might  enlist  the 
interest  and  aid  of  commercial  and  manufacturing  organizations  and 
other  public  bodies,  and  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  greatest  pro¬ 
ducers  and  manufacturers.  The  work  of  these  special  messengers 
was  most  satisfactory  and  successful.  Meetings  were  held  by  manu¬ 
facturing  associations  all  over  the  United  States  in  order  to  receive 
them.  Before  these  assemblies  the  representations  of  the  Commission 
were  made  and  received  with  favor.  Leading  concerns  in  the  respective 
industries  pledged  their  support  and  gave  assurance  that  they  would 
collectively  make  the  best  exhibits  possible.  Many  of  the  important 
associations  appointed  special  exposition  committees  in  aid  of  the  work 
of  the  Commissioner-General.  Among  the  interests  taking  action  were 
organizations  such  as  the  following: 

The  National  Association  of  Wool  Manufacturers. 

The  New  England  Cotton  Manufacturers’  Association. 

The  Silk  Association  of  America. 

The  National  Manufacturers’  Association. 

The  American  Pulp  and  Paper  Association. 

The  National  Association  of  Agricultural  Implements  and  Vehicle  Manufacturers. 

The  Carriage  Builders’  National  Association  of  America. 

The  Proprietary  Association  of  America. 

The  National  Wholesale  Druggists’  Association. 

The  National  Paint,  Oil,  and  Varnish  Association. 

The  Louisiana  Sugar  Planters’  Association. 

The  American  Maize  Propaganda,  and  many  others. 

The  aid  rendered  by  these  associations  and  their  committees  was 
invaluable.  Each  organization  entered  into  the  work  of  securing  and 
preparing  exhibits  with  truly  patriotic  spirit  and  national  energy. 
Indeed,  it  may  be  said  here,  that  the  success  achieved  by  the  United 
States  exhibit  at  Paris  in  1900  was  largely  due  to  this  and  similar  coop¬ 
erations.  Before  the  new  year  arrived  a  number  of  representative 
displays  had  been  pledged  or  secured  and  provided  for  in  many  of  the 
departments. 

The  Commissioner-General  visited  many  of  the  leading  cities,  includ¬ 
ing  New  York,  Boston,  Providence,  Philadelphia,  Washington,  Cincin¬ 
nati,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Omaha,  and  Denver,  and  addressed  gatherings 
at  these  points  on  the  subject  of  the  Exposition  and  the  important 
opportunities  offered  for  our  manufacturers,  It  is  believed  that  much 
interest  was  thereby  aroused. 


FINANCES. 

By  an  act  approved  July  1,  1898,  Congress  appropriated  $200,000 
toward  expenses  incident  to  the  proper  installation  and  care  of  exhibits 


40 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1900.  After  appeals  to  the  appropriation 
committees  of  both  the  House  and  Senate,  Congress,  by  an  act  approved 
March  3,  1899,  appropriated  the  additional  amount  of  $1,010,000,  and 
again,  by  an  act  approved  February  9,  1900,  Congress  made  a  further 
appropriation  of  $187,500,  bringing  the  sum  total  of  appropriations  to 
the  amount  of  $1,397,500. 

Details  as  to  expenditures  will  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  secre¬ 
tary  and  disbursing  agent. 

Copies  of  the  acts  covering  the  appropriations  and  of  the  text  and 
the  applications  for  them  will  be  found  in  a  special  chapter  under  the 
head  of  appropriations  which  is  embraced  in  the  appendix  to  this 
report. 

It  is  suggested  by  some  of  the  larger  exhibitors  that  they  would  be 
willing  to  bear  certain  expenses  of  housing,  as  well  as  of  installing, 
their  exhibits,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  these  exhibits  were  to  be  wholly 
of  a  commercial  nature,  and  that  they  would  individually  profit  by 
making  an  advantageous  display  in  the  Exposition.  The  collective 
system  of  exhibits  which  had  been  adopted  in  accordance  with  the 
regulations  of  the  Exposition,  and  which  would  require  an  equitable 
sharing  of  expenses  by  each  exhibitor  concerned,  made  some  such 
action  necessary,  and  particularly  in  view  of  this  fact,  after  careful 
consideration,  it  was  decided  to  adopt  the  proposed  arrangement.  A 
special  agent  for  the  care  and  disbursement  of  these  funds  was 
appointed  upon  the  commendation  of  the  contributors,  and  a  most 
serviceable  amount  was  secured,  a  material  aid  being  thus  provided  in 
the  work  of  the  Commission. 

As  this  arrangement  was  somewhat  of  an  innovation  in  conven¬ 
tional  exposition  methods,  and  as  collective  exhibits  will  undoubted^ 
become  a  permanent  and  more  prominent  feature  of  future  exhibi¬ 
tions,  it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  make  these  matters  the  subject 
of  a  separate  chapter,  which  will  be  embraced  in  an  appendix  to  this 
report,  and  in  which  full  details  will  be  found  and  the  nature  and  value 
of  the  cooperation  afforded  properly  recorded  and  acknowledged. 

A  special  report  covering  this  subject  in  its  direct  financial  phase 
will  also  be  made  by  the  custodian  of  this  fund,  and  found  in  the  proper 
order  hereafter  following. 

AID  AFFORDED  BY  STATES. 

Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  regulations  of  the  Exposition  it  was 
impossible  to  offer  to  individual  States  the  opportunity  to  participate 
as  such  in  the  United  States  exhibit.  The  aid  of  each  of  the  State 
governments  was,  however,  invited  in  preparing  the  general  display 
and  in  taking  part  in  the  national  participation,  and  in  many  cases 
hearty  cooperation  was  offered  and  accepted. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  41 


SITUATION  CONCERNING  STATE  REPRESENTATION. 

During  the  early  part  of  1899  many  of  the  individual  States  having 
made  known  to  the  Commissioner-General  their  desire  to  have  State 
exhibits,  making  applications  for  many  thousands  of  square  feet  for 
the  purpose  of  properly  presenting  the  particular  industries  of  their 
States,  the  matter  was  taken  up  especially  with  the  French  authorities. 
After  much  solicitation  and  extensive  correspondence  the  following 
final  ruling  was  received: 

Paris,  June  10,  1899. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

United  States  Commissioner- General  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900, 

Auditorium  Building,  Chicago. 

Hear  Sir:  I  beg  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  cable,  in  date  of  June  7,  read¬ 
ing:  “Ask  Delaunay  Belleville  if  possible  secure  about  20,000  square  feet  Vincennes 
for  New  York  and  California  State  buildings  with  attractive  exhibits.  Answer 
promptly.” 

I  communicated  your  cable  at  once  in  writing  to  Delaunay  Belleville  and  after  my 
interview  with  him  this  morning  cabled  you  as  follows:  “Delaunay  Belleville  refuses 
State  buildings  because  Exposition  international,  not  interstate.”  He  told  me  he 
could  write  me  officially  refusing  the  request  on  the  ground  of  lack  of  space  if  we  saw 
fit  to  accept  the  explanation  in  this  spirit.  The  real  reason,  however,  he  indicated  to 
me,  stating  that  after  due  conference  with  the  Commissioner-General  it  seemed 
absolutely  inadvisable  to  allow  separate  States  or  provinces  or  even  cities  of  any 
country  to  make  a  separate  exhibit  of  their  own.  Such  an  action  would  lead  to  general 
“hodge-podge,”  as  he  put  it,  by  disturbing  completely  the  general  classification  of 
the  Exposition.  If,  however,  you  can  write  me  at  further  length  upon  this  matter, 
stating  that  California,  for  instance,  wished  to  make  nothing  but  a  horticultural  dis¬ 
play,  there  may  be  some  chance  of  ground  being  allotted  upon  these  conditions. 
Mr.  Delaunay  Belleville  was  not  willing  to  have  exhibited  in  any  one  building  a  med¬ 
ley  of  exhibits  which  should  really  find  their  place  in  the  various  groups  throughout 
the  Exposition  grounds. 

Very  truly,  yours,  B.  D.  Woodward, 

Assistant  Commissioner- General. 

In  accordance  with  this  situation  the  following  letter  was  sent  to 
States’  representatives,  making  application  for  space  and  privileges 
for  individual  representation: 

Dear  Sir:  Your  favor  of - regarding  the  relation  which  the  various  States 

will  bear  to  this  Commission  is  received.  The  different  States  as  States  have  no 
official  status  in  the  United  States  exhibit,  nor  is  it  possible  to  assign  exhibit  space 
to  any  State  on  which  to  make  its  own  exhibit. 

Individual  exhibitors  applying  from  every  State  will  receive  equal  consideration 
and  will  be  accepted  or  rejected  according  to  the  importance,  value,  desirability,  etc., 
of  their  exhibit,  and  without  reference  to  their  locality.  Credit  will  be  given  for 
each  exhibit  to  the  individual  exhibitor  and  to  the  locality  from  which  it  comes,  but 
exhibits  from  any  one  State  will  not  be  grouped  under  that  State,  but  will  appear  in 
the  various  classes  in  which  they  belong,  labeled,  however,  as  to  the  exhibitor  and 
locality. 

It  is  the  intention  of  this  Commission  to  recognize  in  every  possible  way  the  State 
commissions  which  shall  be  appointed  and  to  provide  them  with  every  facility  in 
our  power. 


42  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  best  way  for  the  State  commission  and  the  State  appropriations  to  aid  in  the 
conduct  of  the  work  is  by  aiding  their  own  individual  exhibitors,  or  such  of  them  as 
are  not  able  to  do  so,  to  pay  the  somewhat  large  expenses  of  freight,  installation,  and 
other  costs  of  representation  at  Paris.  This  would  open  to  each  State  a  very  large 
legitimate,  and  efficient  field  for  the  use  of  effort  and  money. 

Whatever  promotion  or  exploitation  the  Commission  feels  called  upon  to  carry  on 
will  be  conducted  by  or  directed  from  these  headquarters. 

Very  truly,  yours, 


Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 


STATE  COMMISSIONS. 


Commissions  were  appointed  by  the  governors  of  various  States 
and  in  certain  instances  appropriations  were  made  by  the  legislatures 
for  the  purpose  of  financially  aiding  in  making  their  State  represen¬ 
tation. 

Bills  were  passed  in  the  following  States  providing  for  State  com¬ 
missions: 

California,  3  commissioners;  Colorado,  6  commissioners;  Idaho,  5 
commissioners;  Illinois,  1  commissioner  and  15  associates;  Massachu¬ 
setts,  8  commissioners;  Mississippi,  3  commissioners;  New  Hampshire, 
2  commissioners;  Nevada,  3  commissioners;  New  York,  2  commission¬ 
ers  from  each  judicial  district;  North  Carolina,  1  commissioner;  Ore¬ 
gon,  6  commissioners;  Pennsylvania,  30  commissioners;  Wyoming,  7 
commissioners. 

The  following  States  made  appropriations  for  their  exposition  work: 


California .  $130,  000 

New  York .  65, 000 

Massachusetts .  50,000 

New  Hampshire .  2,000 

Colorado .  250 


Total .  247, 250 

The  appropriation  from  New  York  State  was  divided  as  follows: 

For  commissioners .  $5, 000 

Expense  of  commission  not  to  exceed .  40, 000 

Education .  10,  000 

Lafayette  memorial  fund .  10, 000 


The  appropriations  of  the  other  commissions  were  not  specifically 
divided.  In  all  cases,  however,  they  enabled  the  commissioners  to 
expend  sums  to  assist,  as  suggested  by  the  Commissioner-General,  in 
the  proper  representation  of  theii*  State  in  certain  particular  lines. 
For  instance,  the  California  State  commission  made  an  especial  effort 
to  see  that  the  oranges,  apples,  and  other  fruits  and  the  wines  of  Cali¬ 
fornia  were  properly  presented  to  the  people  who  visited  the  Exposi¬ 
tion.  This  commission  established  special  prominent  headquarters 
in  Paris  outside  the  Exposition  grounds  on  the  Place  de  l’Opera  and 
did  much  to  spread  the  reputation  of  its  State. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  43 

Particular  thanks  are  due  to  the  untiring  efforts  of  the  California, 
New  York,  and  Massachusetts  State  commissions  in  aiding  in  the  suc¬ 
cessful  conduct  of  many  of  the  functions  at  the  Exposition  and  also 
for  special  entertainments  to  visiting  Americans  given  by  the  commis¬ 
sions  individually.  These  three  last  commissions,  California,  New 
York,  and  Massachusetts,  established  and  maintained  State  headquar¬ 
ters  in  the  United  States  National  Pavilion  and  performed  especial 
service  in  aiding  the  Commissioner-General  to  entertain  Americans 
visiting  the  Exposition. 

In  addition,  contributions  were  made  by  the  State  horticultural 
societies  of  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Maine,  Missouri, 
Nebraska,  and  Virginia,  which  added  much  to  the  prominence  and 
qualit}^  of  the  representation  from  the  United  States,  and  similar 
cooperation  of  other  State  institutions  was  received  and  was  of  great 
value  to  the  work  of  the  Commission.  Particularly  should  this  be  said 
of  the  generous  assistance  received  from  the  departments  of  public 
instruction  of  nearty  all  the  States  of  the  Union.  The  Commissioner- 
General  wishes  to  record  his  thanks  to  the  different  State  commissions 
for  the  valuable  aid  thus  afforded. 

TRANSFER  OF  THE  EXHIBITS  TO  PARIS. 

The  promotion  of  exhibits  having  been  well  established,  applica¬ 
tions  for  space  having  been  considered,  and  corresponding  assign¬ 
ments  issued  and  accepted,  it  became  necessary  to  issue  explicit 
instructions  as  to  the  methods  of  packing,  invoicing,  marking,  and 
forwarding  same  to  Paris. 

SHIPPING  AND  CUSTOMS  DIRECTIONS  FOR  EXHIBITS. 

The  Exposition  authorities  had  issued  (in  French)  extensive  instruc¬ 
tions  regarding  the  transportation  of  exhibits,  including  the  details  of 
procedure  necessary  for  their  passage  through  the  customs  offices  at 
the  receiving  ports  into  France  and  at  Paris,  which  instructions  were 
accompanied  by  specimens  of  the  declaration  blanks  necessary  for  the 
passage  of  goods  through  the  customs  ports  and  of  labels  to  be  placed 
upon  the  packages  which  would  direct  them  to  the  proper  section  and 
space  upon  the  Exposition  grounds.  These  instructions,  in  full  detail, 
both  as  to  the  shipping  regulations  and  customs  requirements,  were 
transmitted  to  exhibitors  with  the  information  that  prompt  action 
would  be  imperative  in  the  forwarding  of  exhibits  in  order  to  fore¬ 
stall  as  far  as  possible  the  delay  and  confusion  that  is  inevitable  in 
the  assembling  and  arrangement  of  all  great  expositions. 

CONSIGNMENT  OF  COMMERCIAL  EXHIBITS  SIMPLE. 

As  concerned  the  consignment  merely  of  purely  commercial  exhib¬ 
its,  comparatively  little  difficulty  was  experienced.  W  hen  the  exhibitor 
followed  carefully  the  explicit  instructions  given  to  him  he  had  only 


44  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


to  commit  his  wares  to  the  care  of  some  forwarding  company  selected 
by  himself,  with  whom  he  was  free  to  contract  upon  terms  which  were 
satisfactoiy,  which  carrier  would  agree  to  deliver  the  goods  in  the 
inclosure  of  the  Exposition  and  into  the  hands  of  competent  parties 
who  were  authorized  to  receive  them,  deposit  them  upon  the  space 
assigned,  and,  if  need  be,  erect  cases  and  complete  their  installation. 

SHIPMENT  OF  COLLECTIVE  EXHIBITS. 

For  a  large  portion  of  the  exhibits,  however,  such  method  of  pro¬ 
cedure  was  not  practicable.  Collective,  illustrative,  noncommercial 
exhibits,  found  in  almost  every  group  and  forming  the  entire  composi¬ 
tion  of  others,  had  to  be  assembled  at  centers  specially  indicated, 
arranged,  classified,  packed,  and  forwarded  under  the  special  care  of 
the  expert  officers  of  the  departments. 

Their  proper  transfer  across  the  sea  presented  a  difficult  problem. 
It  was  desirable  to  have  them  sent  all  together  or  at  least  in  such  shape 
that  the  groups  might  not  be  divided.  It  would  not  be  possible  to  do 
this  by  an}^  of  the  ordinary  lines  of  transportation.  A  special  means 
had  to  be  employed. 

Early  in  the  development  of  our  plans  the  idea  occurred  to  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General  that  the  Government  of  the  United  States  might 
with  propriety  undertake  the  transportation  of  exhibits  which  had 
been  collected  at  its  charge,  and  thereby  facilitate  their  delivery  and 
installment  at  the  Exposition.  The  nation,  lately  emerged  from  an 
active  and  successful  war,  was  in  possession  of  a  considerable  number 
of  roomy  and  swift  transports  no  longer  serving  under  the  stress  of 
former  emergency,  and  one  of  them,  he  felt,  might  be  spared  for  service 
of  such  public  benefit.  It  was  found  that  a  precedent  existed  in  the 
fact  that,  in  preparing  for  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1899,  Gen.  W.  B. 
Franklin,  then  Commissioner-General  representing  the  United  States, 
had  been  aided  by  a  Government  vessel  both  in  forwarding  and  return¬ 
ing  exhibits. 


THE  SERVICE  OF  THE  U.  S.  CRUISER  PRAIRIE. 

Accordingly  application  was  made  to  the  proper  department  of  the 
Government  for  the  assignment  of  a  vessel  suited  to  the  needs  of  the 
Commissioner-General.  This  application  was  kindty  received  and 
promptly  acted  upon.  On  June  15  information  came  to  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General  advising  that  the  Navy  Department  had  determined 
to  assign  a  vessel  for  the  purpose  named.  The  vessel  finally  provided 
was  the  U.  S.  cruiser  Prairie ,  a  ship  of  4,522  tons  register  and  20  feet 
draft,  which  had  served  in  the  late  war  with  Spain,  and  which  had 
originally  been  built  as  a  fast  freight  carrier  with  every  modern 
improvement  for  handling  and  carrying  freight. 


INTERN ATION A L  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  45 


This  vessel  made  two  trips  to  France,  one  to  the  port  of  Havre  and 
one  to  Rouen,  a  detailed  record  of  which  will  be  embraced  in  a  special 
report.  An  idea  of  the  quantity  of  exhibits  transferred  in  this  way 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  the  tonnage  of  both  trips 
approached  2,500,000  pounds.  While  this  figure  does  not  of  course 
approximate  the  total  weight  of  exhibits  sent  to  the  Exhibition  under 
the  direction  of  the  Commissioner-General,  the  service  thus  rendered 
by  the  Prairie  was  most  valuable  and  timely.  The  Commissioner- 
General  heartily  recommends  that,  in  the  case  of  future  expositions 
abroad  in  which  the  United  States  may  take  part,  such  efficient  aid  in 
the  transfer  of  exhibits  be  secured,  if  possible,  by  the  officials  in 
charge  of  the  nation’s  representation. 

INSURANCE. 

Insurance  was  secured  covering  the  special  collective  exhibits  in 
charge  of  the  Commissioner-General,  a  blanket  policy  being  executed 
to  cover  all  losses  that  might  result  from  any  cause  during  the  absence 
of  the  displays  from  the  point  of  their  original  shipment.  The  nature 
of  this  insurance  was  very  complete  in  every  respect,  the  details  of 
the  contracts  being  arranged  with  thoroughness  and  exactness  by  the 
director  of  affairs,  record  of  which  will  be  found  in  his  report.  The 
bulk  of  this  insurance  was  placed  early,  which  course  was  advisable, 
as  it  is  known  that  insurance  companies  raise  rates  on  exposition 
material  as  the  period  of  the  opening  of  an  exposition  approaches, 
having  by  that  time  alread}^  subscribed  for  numerous  risks  and  not 
being  especially  anxious  for  more. 

Special  insurance  was  also  provided  for  all  material  in  the  United 
States  exhibit  of  fine  arts,  as  the  articles  composing  this  exhibit  were 
virtually  all  loaned  by  owners  and  thus  placed  in  the  direct  care  of  the 
Commissioner-General. 

VISITS  OF  THE  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL  AND  MEMBERS  OF  HIS  STAFF 

TO  PARIS. 

During  the  development  of  the  foregoing  details  of  transportation 
of  the  United  States  exhibit  a  number  of  visits  to  Paris  by  different 
members  of  the  staff  were  found  to  be  necessary.  The  care  of  impor¬ 
tant  matters  and  the  execution  of  immediate  details  in  connection  with 
the  perfection  of  the  United  States  display  and  other  features  of  par¬ 
ticipation  in  the  Exposition  demanded  these  special  direct  missions, 
and  the  conditions  or  exigencies  of  the  situation  in  each  case  were  such 
that  only  certain  individuals  could  transact  the  business  and  secure  the 
results  desired. 

Of  this  nature  were  the  circumstances  which  necessitated  the  second 
visit  of  the  Commissioner-General  to  Paris,  on  April  12,  1899. 


46  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


SHIPMENT  OF  EXHIBITS. 

By  the  end  of  November,  1899,  the  collection  of  the  exhibits  for  the 
United  States  was  complete,  so  far  as  it  was  possible  to  provide,  and 
all  the  space  at  the  Exposition  reserved  for  the  United  States  had  been 
allotted  to  exhibitors. 

Shipment  of  material  and  exhibits,  chiefly  from  the  ports  of  Balti¬ 
more  and  New  York,  were  immediately  begun  and  soon  became  gen¬ 
eral.  The  Prairie ,  which  was  loaded  at  New  York,  Norfolk,  and 
Baltimore,  under  the  direction  of  Secretary  Brackett,  sailed  on  her  first 
trip  from  Baltimore  on  December  10, 1899,  arriving  at  Havre  Decem¬ 
ber  21,  1899.  The  vessel  landed  its  second  cargo  at  Rouen,  France, 
March  1,  1900. 

INDIVIDUAL  EXHIBITS. 

For  individual  exhibits  a  special  rate  had  been  provided  over  sev¬ 
eral  ocean  lines.  These  individual  exhibits  were  handled  largely  by 
forwarding  companies,  the  service  of  which,  as  stated,  saved  the  ship¬ 
per  the  considerable  trouble  involved  in  the  details  of  international 
consignment. 

The  arrangement  did  not,  however,  in  many  cases  secure  the  prompt 
dispatch  of  material.  The  freight  lines  were  constantly  crowded,  and 
vessel  room  for  shipments  was  uniformly  too  limited  to  meet  the 
demand.  This  condition  needed  diligent  attention  and  became  so  seri¬ 
ous  that  a  corps  of  experts  had  to  be  secured  to  aid,  in  various  ways, 
in  facilitating  the  dispatch  of  these  goods,  so  that  they  might  arrive 
within  the  Exposition  grounds  in  time.  Even  with  this,  precaution, 
however,  many  of  the  consignments  were  held  out  so  long  as  to  cause 
considerable  inconvenience  to  exhibitors  and  the  different  departments 
of  the  Commission,  some  of  the  material  not  leaving  New  York  until 
long  after  the  Exposition  had  opened. 

PASSAGE  OF  EXHIBITS  THROUGH  ENTRY  PORTS  OF  FRANCE  AND 
FORWARDING  TO  PARIS. 

Arrived  at  the  French  ports  of  entry,  all  exhibits  were  given  in 
charge  of  the  special  customs  director  appointed  and  located  in  France 
to  supervise  their  passage  under  the  necessary  formalities  of  the  French 
custom-houses,  after  which  they  were  transferred  to  railway  trains, 
moved  to  Paris,  passed  through  the  city  customs  formalities  there, 
dispatched  into  the  Exposition  inclosures,  set  in  the  space  of  exposi¬ 
tion,  and  installed.  This  work  was  attended  by  details  of  proceeding 
innumerable,  arduous,  and  intricate  in  the  extreme. 

Indeed,  so  involved,  delaying,  and  harassing  was  this  last  portion  of 
the  transfer  of  exhibits  to  the  Exposition  that  special  space  has  been 
given  the  subject  in  each  of  the  reports  of  the  directors  of  exhibit 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  47 


departments,  and  particularly  in  the  reports  of  the  director  of  affairs, 
who  exercised  a  general  supervision  over  the  details  of  transportation 
of  exhibits,  and  the  director  of  customs,  who  supervised  their  passage 
through  the  customs  ports  and  into  the  Exposition  grounds  at  Paris. 
It  will  be  seen  from  these  reports  that,  whether  exhibits  were  landed 
at  Havre  or  at  Rouen,  the  business  of  their  transfer  from  ship  to  dock 
and  from  dock  to  car,  shipment  b}T  railway  to  Paris,  placing  and 
unloading  in  the  Exposition  grounds,  as  well  as  the  passage  of  all 
exhibits  through  customs  formalities,  both  at  the  ocean  receiving  points 
and  at  Paris,  involved  a  succession  of  details,  complications,  obstacles, 
disappointments,  and  delays  formidable  in  number  as  well  as  by  nature, 
and  overcome  only  by  the  most  urgent  and  industrious  application  and 
involving  considerable  expense. 

At  Havre  and  at  Rouen  the  unloading  and  reloading  upon  the  cars 
of  the  collective  exhibits  in  charge  of  the  Commissioner-General,  as 
well  as  the  handling  of  individual  exhibits — owing  to  the  inefficient 
appliances  and  general  conveniences  available,  together  with  the  diffi¬ 
culties  (well  known)  of  working  in  a  foreign  land — constituted  a  slow, 
tedious,  expensive,  and  almost  interminable  task. 

After  this,  and  the  exhibits  well  on  the  cars,  they  were  delayed  in 
many  ways  on  their  journey  to  Paris.  In  some  cases  cars  were  lost 
temporarily — side-tracked  at  the  wrong  destination — and  agents  had  to 
be  dispatched  in  search  of  them.  Frequently,  notwithstanding  the 
strictest  instructions  to  the  contrary,  material  for  widely  separated 
sections  of  the  Exposition  were  loaded  in  the  same  car;  it  being  finally 
found  necessary,  to  correct  this  exceedingly  annoying  and  serious 
error,  to  send  a  special  staff  of  inspection  clerks  to  the  loading  points 
to  take  the  matter  definitely  in  hand. 

The  French  railway  company,  the  Chemin  de  Fer  du  Nord,  over 
which  line  all  exhibits  had  to  pass  from  seaports  to  Paris,  made  a 
special  reduced  rate  for  such  material.  However,  this  rate  was  not, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  rate  of  the  Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique 
for  the  ocean  transfer,  a  single  fixed  charge  per  ton  or  pound,  but 
provided  for  a  different  tariff  upon  each  separate  kind  of  material, 
according  to  the  French  railway  classification  of  freight.  This  sliding 
scale  of  charges  upon  different  articles  caused  some  delay  in  the  for¬ 
warding  process  and  infinite  trouble  and  not  a  little  expense  later  when 
the  bills  for  this  railway  transportation  were  rendered,  in  French  and 
after  French  methods,  in  revising,  checking,  and  verifying  the  charges, 
for  which  purpose  special  clerical  aid  had  to  be  employed. 

The  delivery  of  all  exhibits  in  Paris,  however,  and  within  the  Expo¬ 
sition  grounds,  was  gradually  effected  and  finally  with  the  permanent 
loss  of  but  few  articles,  if  there  be  excepted  those  which  had  been  con¬ 
signed  in  the  ill-fated  steamer  Pauilliac ,  which,  as  well  as  others,  was 
fully  covered  by  insurance.  The  Pauilliac  was  a  chartered  freight 


48  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

steamer  of  the  Compagnie  General  e  Transatlantique,  and  had  as  part 
of  her  cargo  some  material  for  buildings  and  exhibits  in  the  United 
States  sections,  but  most  of  the  losses  were  replaced  without  serious 
delay. 

CONFUSION  CONFRONTING  INSTALLATION  OF  EXHIBITS. 

The  delays  and  annoyances  of  forwarding  exhibits  from  Havre  and 
Rouen  to  Paris  were  but  an  indication  of  the  condition  of  confusion 
and  subsequent  vexation  which  followed  and  awaited  within  the  Expo¬ 
sition  grounds.  The  disorder  and  congestion  of  material  piled  upon 
and  scattered  over  the  exhibit  spaces  were  universal  and  extraordinary. 
The  incomplete  condition  of  the  buildings,  both  as  concerned  roofs 
and  floors,  accentuated  the  state  of  general  physical  demoralization. 
It  was  simply  impossible  to  make  any  headway  in  the  installation  of 
the  exhibits.  Material  had  to  be  moved  and  removed  to  make  way 
for  the  slow  progress  of  the  structure  of  the  Exposition.  The 
arrangements  for  the  delivery  of  the  material  for  the  exhibits  within 
the  grounds  were  very  defective  and  added  to  the  other  incumbrances. 
No  real  work  on  the  installation  of  exhibits  could  be  done  in  the  case 
of  many  spaces  until  days  after  the  Exposition  was  declared  open. 

At  Vincennes  this  condition  was  even  further  accentuated.  In  the 
inclosure  of  this  recently  improvised  annex  of  the  Exposition  disorder 
and  disorganization  continued  until  long  after  the  Exposition  proper 
had  opened.  A  lack  of  facilities  for  the  delivery  of  material  by  rail 
within  the  annex  grounds  or  anywhere  near  them  made  the  work  here 
particularly  annoying  and  arduous.  Besides  this,  Vincennes,  was  6 
miles  from  the  main  sections  of  the  Exposition.  This  demanded  a 
division  of  forces  and  a  resulting  increase  in  staff,  but  with  all  the 
difficulties  involved,  which  were  greater  in  the  case  of  our  country 
than  the  other  nations,  the  exhibit  sections  of  the  United  States  were 
installed  at  an  earlier  date  and  showed  greater  progress  during  the 
installing  period  than  those  of  any  other  nation,  which  was  recognized 
by  the  French  authorities  and  was  a  matter  of  commendable  pride  to 
the  members  of  the  Commission  and  staff. 

CATALOGUE. 

According  to  the  regulations  of  the  Exposition,  the  Commissioner- 
General  was  required  to  prepare  a  complete  catalogue  of  the  exhibitors 
from  the  United  States  for  insertion  in  the  French  Official  Catalogue. 
All  matter  for  this  catalogue  was  to  be  delivered  in  Paris  to  the  Expo¬ 
sition  authorities  not  later  than  the  1st  of  March,  1900.  The  entries 
of  exhibitors  were  to  be  made  by  classes,  the  exhibitors  from  France 
to  be  recorded  first,  which  would  be  followed  by  those  from  the  French 
colonies  and  dependencies;  after  that  to  appear  the  exhibitors  of 
nations  foreign  to  France,  each  following  in  alphabetic  order. 

At  the  earliest  possible  moment  the  work  of  securing  and  assembling 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  49 


these  entries  began  and  proceeded  with  all  dispatch,  as  recorded  in  the 
special  report  upon  the  catalogue  made  by  the  editor  and  statistician, 
who  was  appointed  especially  to  execute  this  and  similar  documentary 
work.  The  necessary  data  was  promptly  collected,  edited,  arranged, 
and  put  into  convenient  form  for  presentation  at  Paris,  and  when 
completed,  time  pressing,  was  forwarded  there  by  special  messenger, 
where  it  was  accepted  by  the  Exposition  authorities,  translated,  and 
with  corrections  up  to  the  last  available  moment,  inserted  in  the  Official 
General  Catalogue  of  the  Exposition. 

In  addition  to  this  record  of  exhibitors  from  the  United  States  in 
the  General  Catalogue  of  the  Exposition,  the  Commissioner- General, 
taking  advantage  of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  Exposition  regu¬ 
lations,  published  a  further  list,  in  revised  form  and  more  compre¬ 
hensive  in  extent,  in  a  special  catalogue  for  the  United  States  exhibits 
alone.  This  catalogue  was  issued  in  the  shape  of  one  small  volume  of 
490  pages  and  an  index  of  70  pages,  and  was  published  in  three  separate 
editions,  English,  French,  and  German.  An  edition  in  Russian  was 
at  one  time  proposed,  but  was  abandoned.  In  these  catalogues  a 
collective  exhibit  was  treated  as  a  single  entry,  even  when  a  list  of 
participants  was  appended. 

The  French  Official  General  Catalogue,  in  20  volumes,  was  issued, 
volume  by  volume,  during  the  months  of  April  and  May.  The  special 
editions  of  the  catalogue  of  the  United  States  exhibitors  were  printed 
in  June — that  in  French  in  Lille,  France;  those  in  English  and  German 
in  Chicago,  in  the  United  States. 

The  number  of  entries  from  the  United  States  in  the  French  Official 
Catalogue  was  6,358;  in  the  special  catalogues  in  English  and  German, 
6,540;  in  the  special  catalogue  in  French  (the  latest  issue),  6,581 — a 
much  larger  number  than  those  of  any  other  nation.  Adding  to  the 
last  catalogue,  the  number  of  participants  in  collective  exhibits  from 
the  United  States  appears  to  have  been,  according  to  the  records,  7,091. 
This  number  exceeds,  by  a  small  amount,  the  number  promised  in  the 
Commissioner-General’s  report  to  the  President  in  1899. 

The  fluctuation  in  the  number  of  entries  shown  in  the  different  edi¬ 
tions  of  the  catalogue  will  be  readily  understood  when  it  is  remembered 
that  the  several  issues  were  published  in  succession  and  that  each  one 
presented  the  status  of  exhibits  at  the  time  of  its  preparation,  the  list 
being  constantly  subject  to  modification  by  withdrawals  and  additions 
of  exhibits. 

The  number  of  exhibits  from  the  United  States  at  the  three  promi¬ 
nent  previous  international  expositions  was  as  follows: 

Comparative  number  of  United  States  exhibits  in  foreign  expositions  since  1873. 


At  the  exposition  at  Vienna,  1873: 

The  whole  number  of  exhibitors .  55, 492 

From  the  United  States .  654 


S.  Doc.  232 - 4 


50 


INTERN ATIOMAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


At  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1878: 

French  exhibitors .  25,872 

Foreign  exhibitors . . .  26, 963 


Total . . .  52,835 

From  the  United  States . . .  1,  203 


At  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1889: 

French  exhibitors . . . .  33, 937 

Foreign . . . . . . .  27,  785 


Total . .  61,722 

From  the  United  States . *. .  1,  676 


OPENING  OF  THE  EXPOSITION. 

The  Exposition  was  opened  April  Id,  1900,  by  President  Loubet,  of 
France,  in  the  presence  of  a  great  concourse  of  people  from  all  nations. 
The  ceremony,  which  was  conducted  in  the  Salle  de  Fetes,  the  mag¬ 
nificent  assembly  hall  of  the  Exposition,  was  accompanied  by  impress¬ 
ive  detail  and  a  great  civil  and  military  pageant.  There  were  present, 
taking  part  in  the  exercises,  besides  President  Loubet,  the  officers  of 
the  French  Government,  the  full  personnel  of  the  diplomatic  corps 
present  in  Paris,  the  Commissioner-General  and  other  officials  of  the 
Exposition,  the  Commissioners-General  of  all  exhibiting  nations,  and 
man}^  distinguished  guests.  Telegrams  of  congratulations  and  good 
wishes  were  received  from  the  heads  of  participating  governments, 
including  the  following  message  from  President  McKinley,  which 
was  read  upon  the  occasion  and  received  with  expressions  of  great 
satisfaction : 

Washington,  April  14,  1900. 

The  President  op  the  French  Republic, 

Paris: 

In  the  name  of  the  American  people  and  on  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  I  congratulate  the  Government  of  the  Republic  and  the  French  Nation  on  this 
conspicuous  inauguration  of  a  great  enterprise,  whose  beneficent  mission  is  to  draw 
closer  the  ties  of  intercourse  that  joins  all  countries  to  their  mutual  advantage. 

William  McKinley. 

After  the  formal  opening  the  President  made  a  visit  through  the 
grounds  to  the  various  parts  of  the  Exposition,  accompanied  by  his 
staff  and  the  official  guests. 

Prominent  among  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  who  took  part 
in  the  opening  exercises  were,  besides  the  Commissioner- General  and 
his  staff,  the  Hon.  Horace  Porter,  ambassador  to  France;  Hon.  J.  K. 
Gowdy,  consul-general  for  the  United  States  to  France;  Bertha  Honore 
Palmer,  and  the  Messrs.  A.  E.  Valois,  Louis  Stern,  A.  H.  Saunders, 
and  O.  H.  Fethers,  United  States  Commissioners  to  the  Paris  Expo¬ 
sition,  a  number  of  distinguished  Americans  resident  in  Paris  and 
temporarily  present  visiting  the  Exposition. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


51 


In  stating  his  impressions  at  the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  the 
United  States  ambassador,  General  Porter,  said: 

The  effect  of  the  Exposition,  in  which  all  the  important  nations  of  the  world  are 
participating,  will  undoubtedly  be  an  increase  of  commerce  between  the  countries 
and  a  better  understanding  between  the  peoples. 

The  friendly  intercourse  of  influential  men  from  all  nations  will  certainly  do  much 
to  foster  a  nearer  peace,  to  which  all  right-minded  people  are  anxiously  looking 
forward. 

Commenting  upon  the  manner  in  which  the  day’s  proceedings  were 
conducted,  General  Porter  stated  further: 

The  Exposition  opened  most  auspiciously.  The  programme  was  well  conceived 
and  admirably  carried  out.  The  Salle  des  Fetes  reflects  great  credit  upon  French 
art  and  French  architecture,  and  was  favorably  commented  upon.  The  speeches  of 
the  President  and  the  minister  of  commerce  were  excellent  and  exceedingly  well 
delivered.  There  were  very  favorable  comments  made  by  public  officials  upon  the 
architectural  successes  of  the  American  sections  and  the  imposing  appearance  of  the 
American  pavilion. 

The  Commissioner-General,  in  an  interview  for  the  press  on  this 
occasion,  said: 

The  great  International  Exposition  which  France  presents  to  the  world  to-day  will 
be,  in  my  judgmeut,  all  things  considered,  the  greatest  event  of  its  kind  in  history. 
The  impressiveness  and  artistic  beauty  of  the  French  buildings  and  grounds,  as  they 
now  appear,  exceed  all  expectations,  and  can  not  be  fairly  portrayed  by  any  descrip¬ 
tion  or  illustration  on  paper  that  can  be  made  by  human  pen  or  genius. 

The  United  States  has  a  prominent  part  in  this  great  international  affair,  and  our 
number  of  exhibitors  will  exceed  that  of  any  of  the  foreign  nations.  The  representa¬ 
tive  character  of  our  exhibits  will  be  better  known  when  the  installation  on  the  part 
of  all  nations  is  sufficiently  advanced  to  permit  them  to  be  viewed  relatively. 

The  battle  between  nations  has  already  begun  in  the  struggle  with  each  other  for 
the  most  expeditious  installation.  Thus  far  the  United  States,  notwithstanding  the 
distance  and  difficulties  as  compared  with  the  other  great  nations,  is  not  behind,  and 
I  believe  there  will  be  no  more  valuable  exhibit  made  by  our  country  than  an  object 
lesson  to  the  world  of  American  promptness. 

INSTALLATION  OF  EXHIBITS  AND  DECORATIONS. 

The  installation,  in  general,  of  the  United  States  exhibits  was  attract¬ 
ive  and  practical.  The  exhibits  were  arranged  within  the  space  allotted 
to  the  different  groups  in  a  manner  securing  the  best  results  out  of  the 
areas  (floor  and  wall  space)  available.  Some  of  the  exhibits  were  most 
artistically  and  effectively  installed,  being  awarded  special  prizes  for 
excellence  in  this  respect  by  the  Exposition  authorities. 

The  wisdom  of  the  appointment  of  a  director  of  decoration  to 
cooperate  with  exhibit  departments  in  providing  proper  inclosures 
and  settings  for  the  United  States  exhibits  became  distinctly  apparent 
in  this  feature  of  the  Exposition.  The  work  of  installation,  special¬ 
ized,  as  it  had  been,  under  the  separate  directors,  was  greatly  aided  by 
the  expert  services  of  this  department,  and  the  final  result  was  as  notice¬ 
able  as  the  aid  of  the  department  had  been  prompt  and  efficient.  The 
United  States  sections  were  marked  at  once,  in  the  general  alignment 


52 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


of  exhibits  of  the  Exposition,  by  the  artistic  and  decided  manner  in 
which  they  were  separated  from  other  spaces  and  arranged  within 
special  and  attractive  inclosures.  Fayades,  colonnades,  pillars,  col¬ 
umns,  artistic  walls,  and  patriotic  features  announced  in  unmistakable 
individuality  the  presence  of  an  exhibit  from  the  United  States. 

Moreover,  besides  the  material  inclosures  and  framework  settings  of 
exhibits,  further  features  of  decoration  were  introduced,  enhancing 
the  personality  and  indicating  the  nationality  of  the  exhibit.  In  this 
latter  capacity  the  American  flag  contributed  liberal  and  attractive 
service,  it  occupying  a  prominent  part  in  the  decoration  of  the  United 
States  spaces  within  the  Exposition  grounds  and  of  the  United  States 
pavilion,  in  the  rue  des  Nations. 

Detailed  descriptions  of  the  installation,  inclosures,  and  decoration  of 
the  United  States  exhibits  will  be  made  by  the  directors  of  each  of  the 
exhibit  departments  and  the  director  of  the  department  of  decoration. 

THE  EXHIBITS. 

The  details  of  the  United  States  acceptance  of  the  invitation  of  the 
French  Government  to  participate  in  the  Universal  Exposition  of 
1900  is  recorded  in  a  preliminary  chapter  of  this  report.  How  well 
the  nation  responded  is  set  forth  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Exposition, 
and  more  emphatically,  possibly,  in  the  record  of  awards  made  to 
exhibitors  by  the  Exposition  authorities,  which  is  presented  in  the 
report  of  the  juror  in  chief  of  the  Commission. 

According  to  its  plan  of  organization,  the  departments  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition  were  arranged  in  groups  covering  defined  subjects  of  exhibits, 
as  follows: 

Group  I.  Education  and  instruction. 

II.  Works  of  art. 

III.  Appliances  and  general  processes  relating  to  literature,  science,  and  art. 

IV.  Machinery. 

V.  Electricity. 

VI.  Civil  engineering — Transportation. 

VII.  Agriculture. 

VIII.  Horticulture  and  arboriculture. 

IX.  Forestry,  hunting,  fishing,  gathering  wild  crops. 

X.  Food  stuffs. 

XI.  Mining  and  metallurgy. 

XII.  Decoration  and  furniture  of  public  buildings  and  dwellings. 

XIII.  Threads  and  yarns,  fabrics,  garments. 

XIV.  Chemical  industries. 

XV.  Diversified  industries. 

XVI.  Social  economy,  hygiene,  public  charities. 

XVII.  Colonization. 

XVIII.  Military  and  naval. 

These  groups  were  further  separated  into  classes  which  ranged  in 
progressive  order  from  1  to  121,  inclusive,  directly  through  the  entire 
organization  of  the  Exposition,  subdividing  it  into  a  second  extensive 
detail  classification. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


53 


GROUPS  OF  THE  EXPOSITION  AS  ALLOTED  IN  DEPARTMENTS  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  COMMISSION. 

As  embraced  in  the  departments  of  the  United  States  Commission 
the  arrangement  and  separation  of  the  groups  of  the  exposition  were 
as  follows: 

Education  and  social  economy  include  Group  I  (education  and  instruction);  Group 
XVI  (social  economy,  hygiene,  public  charities) . 

Fine  arts  includes  Group  II  (works  of  art) . 

Liberal  arts  and  chemical  industries  include  Group  III  (appliances  and  general 
processes  relating  to  literature,  science,  and  art) ;  Group  XIV  (chemical  industries). 

Machinery  and  electricity  include  Group  IV  (machinery);  Group  V  (electricity). 

Civil  engineering  and  transportation  include  Group  VI  (civil  engineering — trans¬ 
portation);  Group  XVIII  (military  and  naval). 

Agriculture  includes  Group  VII  (agriculture) ;  Group  VIII  (horticulture  and  arbori¬ 
culture);  Group  X  (food  stuffs). 

Forestry  and  fisheries  include  Group  IX  (forestry,  hunting,  fishing,  gathering  wild 
crops). 

Mining  and  metallurgy  include  Group  XI  (mining  and  metallurgy). 

Varied  industries  include  Group  XII  (decoration  and  furniture  of  public  build¬ 
ings  and  dwellings);  Group  XV  (diversified  industries). 

Textiles  include  Group  XIII  (threads  and  yarns,  fabrics,  garments). 

Group  XVII  of  the  Exposition,  covering  colonization,  was  omitted 
in  the  organization  of  the  United  States  Commission,  as  the  nation, 
having  no  colonies,  could  make  no  exhibition  of  this  nature. 

EXHIBIT  AREA  AVAILABLE  FOR  VARIOUS  GROUPS. 

The  net  amount  of  exhibit  area  for  each  of  the  foregoing  groups, 
after  the  necessary  allowance  for  aisles  had  been  made  and  possible 
wall  spaces  had  been  improvised  b}"  the  directors  of  the  various  exhi¬ 
bit  departments,  were,  and  were  located  in  the  Exposition,  as  follows: 

Table  of  surfaces  computed  from  record  plans. 


Group. 

Department  and  location. 

Total 
area,  in¬ 
cluding 
obliga¬ 
tory 
aisles. 

Net 

exhibit 

space. 

Circula¬ 

tion. 

Net  floor 
space 
covered. 

Wall 

space. 

I 

II 

III 

IV-V 

Education: 

First  floor . 

Fine  arts: 

Galleries  of  painting . 

Sculpture . 

Sq.  feet. 
2,824 

Sq.  feet. 
2,485 

Sq.  feet. 
1,439 

Sq.  feet. 
1,036 

Sq.  feet. 
3,263 

9,665 

2,718 

9, 665 
1,359 

8,665 

600 

1,000 

759 

13, 500 

Total . 

Liberal  arts: 

Ground  floor . 

Entresol . 

12,383 

11,024 

9,265 

1,759 

13, 500 

8,635 
1,280 
10, 536 

7, 800 
1,280 
9,720 

2.500 
600 

1.500 

5,300 

680 

8,220 

6,500 

Publishers’  Building . 

Total . 

Machinery  and  electricity: 

Ground  floor  (Champ  de  Mars) . 

Hall  of  honor  (Champ  de  Mars) . 

Long  gallery . 

Machinery  Building,  Vincennes . 

Total . 

6,500 

20, 451 

18,800 

4,600 

14, 200 

13, 000 

32, 490 
8,200 
6,431 
44,132 

23, 380 
4,320 
4,246 
42, 590 

1,460 
2, 560 
2,120 
10,496 

21, 920 
1, 760 
2, 126 
32, 094 

7,352 

650 

8,182 

9,560 

91,253 

74, 536 

16, 636 

57, 900 

20, 744 

54  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS, 


Group. 

VI 

VII-X 

IX 

XI 

XII-XV 

XIII 

XIV 

XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 


Table  of  surfaces  computed  from  record  plans — Continued. 


Department  and  location. 


Transportation  and  civil  engineering: 
Ground  floor  (Champ  de  Mars).... 

First  floor  (Champ  de  Mars) . 

Bicycle  Building,  Vincennes . 

Railroad  Building,  Vincennes . 

Automobile  Building,  Vincennes . . 

Total . * . 

Agriculture: 

Ground  floor  of  palace . 

Entresol . 

Annex,  ground  floor . 

Annex,  first  floor . 

Annex,  second  floor . 

Total . . 

Forestry: 

First  floor  of  palace . 

Annex  (Champ  de  Mars) . 

Annex,  Vincennes . 

Total . 

Mines  and  metallurgy: 

Ground  floor . 

First,  floor . 

Total . 

Varied  industries: 

Ground  floor . 

Class  74— first  floor . . 

Total . . . . 

Textiles: 

Ground  floor . 

First  floor . 

Total . 

Chemical  industries: 

Ground  floor . 

First  floor . 

Total . 

Social  economy: 

Ground  floor . 

Classes  111,112 . . 

Total . 

Colonization: 

Ground  floor . 

Total . 

Army  and  Navy: 

Ground  floor  . . . 

Total . 

National  pavilion: 

Basement . 

Ground  floor . 

First  floor . 

Seeond  floor . 

Third  floor . 

Total . 

United  States  triangle,  Vincennes: 

Incubator . 

McCormick . 

Robins  belt . 

Smith  &  Wesson . 

Windmills,  Stover . 

Windmills,  Aermotor . 

Well  drills . 

Pneumatic  tools . 

Circulation  around  buildings . 

Total . 

Grand  total . 


Total 
area,  in¬ 
cluding 
obliga¬ 
tory 
aisles. 

Net 

exhibit 

space. 

Circula¬ 

tion. 

Net  floor 
space 
covered. 

Wall 

space. 

Sq.  feet. 
10, 170 
7,553 
6, 386 
21, 760 
7,500 

Sq.  feet. 
8, 670 
5, 166 
4,992 
15, 360 
5,875 

Sq.  feet. 
1,400 
500 
3, 392 
300 
4,475 

Sq.  feet. 
7,270 
4,666 
1,600 
15, 060 
1,400 

Sq.  feet. 
2,000 
3,500 
3,200 
1,000 
364 

53,369 

40,063 

10,067 

29,996 

10,064 

19,756 
3, 560 
6,114 
6, 114 
6, 114 

14,011 

3,560 

5,351 

5,351 

5,351 

10,011 
2, 408 
1,696 
1,284 
3,241 

4,000 
1,152 
3, 655 
4,067 
2, 110 

10,200 

3,040 

2,000 

2,000 

1,500 

41,658 

33, 624 

18,640 

14,984 

18,740 

3,464 
2, 162 
27,500 

2,200 

1,935 

5,235 

980 

1,335 

2,000 

1,220 

600 

3,235 

4,322 

2,442 

1,800 

33, 126 

9,370 

4,315 

5,055 

8,564 

9,000 
2, 614 

8,262 

1,610 

4, 790 
665 

3,472 

945 

10,288 

2,520 

11,614 

9,872 

5,455 

4,417 

12,808 

24,152 

2,498 

36,032 

1,778 

1,200 

800 

14,832 

978 

26, 112 
3,000 

26,650 

17,810 

2,000 

15,810 

29, 112 

7,898 
4, 602 

6,384 

3,132 

1,900 

1,000 

4,484 
2, 132 

1,720 

700 

12,500 

9,516 

2,900 

6,616 

2,420 

2,326 

5,228 

2,000 

3,540 

550 

1,346 

1,450 

2,194 

1,456 

500 

7,554 

5,540 

1,896 

3,644 

1,956 

1, 120 
1,356 

910 

1,106 

438 

506 

472 

600 

1,500 

2,000 

2,476 

2,016 

944 

1,072 

3,500 

1,305 

870 

200 

670 

1,670 

1,305 

870 

200 

670 

1,670 

4,234 

3,504 

1,950 

1,554 

2,420 

4,234 

3,504 

j  1,950 

1,554 

2,420 

10, 168 
8, 830 
8,830 
8,830 
8, 830 

5,252 

5,728 

4,128 

4,353 

4,353 

2,240 

3,200 

1,675 

1,675 

1,675 

3,012 
2,528 
2,453 
2,678 
2, 678 

2,000 

3,662 

2,720 

2,620 

4,060 

45,488 

23,814 

10,465 

13, 349 

15,062 

1,000 

3,000 

1,500 

800 

1,000 

1,000 

3,000 

1,500 

50,682 

1,000 

3,000 

1,500 

800 

1,000 

1,000 

3,000 

1,500 

50,682 

1,000 

1,500 

1,000 

1,500 

1,500 

800 

1,000 

1,000 

3,000 

1,500 

50, 682 

63,482 

63, 482 

53, 182 

11,300 

447, 740 

336, 949 

147, 661 

189,288 

INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


55 


In  the  face  of  conditions  unfavorable  to  a  complete  compliance  with 
the  requirements  of  the  classification  in  all  its  features,  the  working 
forces  of  the  different  exhibit  departments,  mindful  of  the  limitations 
of  space  and  the  fact  that  the  exhibition  was  one  of  selection,  collected 
and  arranged  material  which  presented  a  fitting  representation  of  the 
resources  of  the  United  States  in  practically  all  of  the  121  classes,  and 
which  is  referred  to  in  detail  in  the  reports  of  the  different  exhibit 
departments. 

RETROSPECTIVE  EXPOSITION. 

The  classification  of  the  Exposition  included  provisions  for  a  retro¬ 
spective  exposition  showing  the  progress  made  by  the  world  during 
the  last  century  in  the  industrial  arts.  The  United  States  took  part 
in  this  feature  of  the  Exposition  in  a  number  of  groups  and  classes  of 
the  Exposition,  presenting  an  especially  elaborate  exhibit  of  this 
nature,  covering  the  nineteenth-century  developments  of  the  mechan¬ 
ical  and  electrical  arts.  This  display  included  illustrations  of  the 
marvelous  discoveries  and  inventions  in  electrical  possibilities  and 
appliances  made  by  Edison,  Morse,  Bell,  and  others. 

The  evolution  of  locomotive  and  ordinary  carriage  building  in  the 
United  States,  of  bridge  and  vessel  construction,  and  also  that  of 
agricultural  machinery,  typesetting  machines,  printing  presses, 
bicycles,  and  typewriters,  were  shown.  The  exhibits  were  in  each  case 
fittingly  and  attractively  installed,  more  particularly  that  which 
embraced  the  display  of  electrical  and  mechanical  progress,  which 
exhibit,  with  its  settings,  was  really  one  of  the  decorative  features  of 
the  interior  of  the  Exposition. 

SPECIAL  BUILDINGS. 

The  exigencies  of  space  requirements  and  opportunities  had  made 
necessary  the  erection  of  a  number  of  individual  buildings,  which 
were  used  to  house  and  display  special  collective  and  systematic 
exhibits.  Chief  among  these  was  the  Machinery  Building,  located  in 
the  Vincennes  Annex  and  erected  largely  at  the  expense  of  exhibitors. 
This  building,  with  its  contents,  constituted  one  of  the  important 
features  of  the  United  States  display,  and,  notwithstanding  its  remote 
location  from  the  main  and  popular  sections  of  the  Exposition,  proved, 
as  an  important  departure  in  the  direction  of  specialized  exhibits,  a 
pronounced  success.  There  were  also  erected  here  a  building  for  a 
collective  exhibit  of  bicycles  and  a  pavilion  for  the  display  of  agricul¬ 
tural  machinery  by  the  McCormick  Harvesting  Machine  Company. 

The  Agricultural  Annex,  erected  at  the  expense  of  the  Commission, 
adjoining  the  Agricultural  Palace  in  the  Champ  de  Mars,  was  also  a 
considerable  and  attractive  structure,  which,  with  its  exhibits,  consti¬ 
tuted  another  prominent  individual  feature  of  the  United  States 
representation  at  the  Exposition. 


56  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


CORN  KITCHEN. 

This  building  contained  the  American  Corn  Kitchen,  established  and 
operated  by  the  American  Maize  Propaganda,  which  unique,  active 
exhibit  was  one  of  the  chief  objects  of  interest  m  that  section  of  the 
Exposition.  In  it,  and  directly  before  the  eyes  of  the  visiting  and 
curious  cosmopolitan  public,  foods  in  all  varieties  and  degrees  of  deli¬ 
cacy  were  prepared  of  corn,  and  later  daintily  served  to  all  free  of 
charge.  The  menu  of  this  little  establishment  was  extensive  and  select, 
and  its  reputation  rapidly  spread.  It  found  patrons  among  the  most 
distinguished  visitors  to  the  Exposition,  including  high  officials  of  the 
French  Government  and  notables  of  France  and  Europe.  Indeed,  it 
shortly  became  a  popular  attraction,  and  before  the  summer  was  over 
a  visit  to  the  Exposition  was  not  considered  complete  that  did  not 
include  an  inspection  of  its  processes  and  a  sampling  of  its  products. 

Besides  containing  the  Corn  Kitchen  and  an  extensive  display  of 
agricultural  machinery  and  products,  this  building  furnished  also  a 
convenient  and  appropriate  rendezvous  for  visiting  Americans  and 
other  experts  interested  in  noting  and  studying  the  progress  made  in 
the  agricultural  methods  and  devices  of  the  world. 

A  more  detailed  record  of  these  two  buildings  will  be  found  in  the 
reports  of  the  director  of  agriculture  and  the  director  of  machinery 
and  electricity. 

THE  PUBLISHERS’  BUILDING. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  department  of  liberal  arts  and  chemical 
industries,  a  special  building  was  provided  to  contain  an  exhibit  of 
printing  and  publishing  machinery,  materials  and  processes  which  also 
constituted  a  separate  and  distinctive  feature  of  the  United  States  par¬ 
ticipation  in  the  Exposition.  In  this  exhibit  was  presented  as  its 
central  feature  the  daily  printing  and  distribution  of  a  complete 
metropolitan  newspaper,  a  special  Paris  edition  of  the  New  York  Times. 
This  exhibit  was  unique,  particularly  in  the  case  of  the  linecasting 
machines  and  the  newspaper  compound  perfecting  press  and  was  nat¬ 
urally  typically  American.  It  possibly  did  as  much  to  spread  the 
reputation  of  the  United  States  exhibit  and  United  States  enterprise 
and  progress  as  any  other  feature  of  our  entire  display.  The  building 
was  constantly  crowded,  especially  at  the  hours  during  which  the 
paper  was  being  printed,  the  manipulation  of  the  great  American  press 
being  one  of  the  real  curiosities  to  foreign  visitors  to  the  Exposition. 

A  full  report  of  this  interesting  and  effective  exhibit  will  be  made 
by  Director  Alexander  S.  Capehart,  who  had  its  selection  and  arrange¬ 
ment  in  charge. 

The  building,  after  having  its  installation  completed  by  its  director, 
was  placed  under  the  immediate  care  of  Mr.  Charles  H.  Simms, 
assistant  director  of  the  department  of  liberal  arts  and  chemical  indus¬ 
tries,  who  was  also  in  charge  of  the  courtesies  extended  to  the  press. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  57 


SPORTS  AND  ATHLETICS. 

The  regular  exhibits  in  the  arts  and  industries  of  the  United  States, 
however,  as  prominent  and  successful  in  competition  as  they  were,  were 
by  no  means  the  only  significant  features  of  the  representation  of  the 
United  States  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900.  Well  along  in  the 
development  of  the  Exposition  the  French  Administration  determined 
to  introduce  athletic  and  sporting  competitions  as  a  prominent  adjunct 
to  the  exhibition  and  sent  invitations  to  all  nations  to  take  part  in 
such  general  assemblage.  In  the  name  of  the  United  States  the 
Commissioner-General  immediately  accepted  this  invitation,  and  earty 
in  the  year  1900  appointed  a  director  of  athletics  to  prepare  for  the 
representation  of  American  athletics  and  sportsmen  in  these  interna¬ 
tional  events.  The  Olympian  games  were  also  to  be  held  in  Paris  in 
the  year  1900,  and  the  arrangement  would  give  Americans  an  oppor¬ 
tunity  to  participate  in  them. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding  was  selected  as  director  of  sports  and  athletics. 
Mr.  Spalding’s  position  in  connection  with  the  sporting  and  athletic 
world  is  well  known.  His  work  in  this  department  of  the  United  States 
Commission  was  signally  successful.  As  recorded  in  detail  in  his 
special  report  upon  the  subject,  and  most  elaborately  by  the  entire 
press  of  the  country,  the  American  participants  were  almost  universally 
victorious  in  the  athletic  competitions,  taking  first  prizes  in  18  out  of 
22  of  the  field  and  foot  events. 

Indeed,  the  percentage  of  victory  secured  by  the  Americans  in  these 
particular  events  is  not  fully  made  clear  by  this  statement  of  the  num¬ 
ber  of  first  prizes  won.  Calculated  by  points,  and  including  the  second 
and  third  prizes  secured,  the  proportion  of  success  for  the  United 
States  was  140,  as  compared  with  27  for  England,  21  for  France,  and 
6  for  Hungary,  the  competitors  next  in  line  of  success,  Germany, 
Austria,  and  Italy  not  scoring  in  the  championship  events.  The  per¬ 
formances  of  the  athletes  from  the  United  States  upon  these  occasions 
of  international  competition  (directly  following  upon  their  victories 
in  London  while  on  the  way  to  Paris)  were  most  brilliant  and  have  no 
equivalent  in  the  records  of  the  modern  world.  By  their  achieve¬ 
ments  the  position  of  the  United  States  in  athletics  was  made  preemi¬ 
nent  among  the  nations  of  the  world. 

In  rowing,  also,  the  competitors  from  the  United  States  were  vic¬ 
torious,  and  without  difficulty;  while  the  showing  made  in  the  bicycle 
races  by  the  American  experts,  as  in  the  lawn  tennis,  golf,  yachting, 
shooting,  and  other  athletics  and  sporting  events  was  most  creditable. 

Unique  among  the  competitions  in  this  departure  of  the  Exposition 
was  a  contest  arranged  to  test  the  speed  and  efficiency  of  the  fire-extin¬ 
guishing  methods  of  the  different  nations  of  the  world.  In  this  class 
of  competition  onty  one  entry  was  made  from  the  United  States.  That 
represented  the  famous  Hook  and  Ladder  Company  No.  1,  of  Kansas 


58  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


City.  This  expert  organization  won  easily  over  all  competitors,  which 
included  representatives  from  England,  France,  Germany,  Russia, 
Italy,  Spain,  Canada,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Portugal,  Algeria,  Holland, 
Luxembourg,  and  Roumania.  Indeed,  the  remarkable  performances 
of  this  extraordinary  fire-extinguishing  company  were  the  amazement 
of  the  assembled  experts  of  the  world,  and  they  were  regarded  with 
such  a  degree  of  distinction  by  the  Exposition  jury  that,  besides  award¬ 
ing  the  company  the  grand  prize  for  the  competition,  it  put  upon  it  a 
prohibition  from  competing  in  future  expositions. 

It  is  deemed  hardly  to  be  correct  to  mention  the  names  of  any  of  the 
individual  participants  in  an}^  of  the  sporting  or  athletic  events,  as  the 
endeavors  of  all  were  alike  most  earnest  and  their  performances  emi¬ 
nently  creditable.  However,  the  Commissioner-General  feels  it  proper 
to  permanently  record  his  deep  feeling  of  appreciation,  expressed  at 
different  times  and  on  different  occasions  in  Paris  during  the  year 
1900,  of  the  work  done  by  these  representatives  of  American  athletic 
sports,  of  the  records  which  they  made,  and  the  honor  the}^  achieved 
and  reflected  upon  the  United  States  and  the  United  States  Commission. 

LIFE-SAVING  APPARATUS  EXHIBIT. 

A  special  feature  of  the  United  States’  participation  in  the  Exposi¬ 
tion  not  covered  by  the  regular  classification  was  an  extensive  exhibit 
of  life-saving  apparatus.  This  display  was  gathered  and  installed 
under  the  auspices  of  the  United  States  Commission.  It  contained 
specimens  and  models  of  life-saving  devices  from  all  countries,  col¬ 
lected  in  competition  for  a  prize  of  100,000  francs  offered  for  a  prac¬ 
tical  life-saving  device  by  the  heirs  of  the  late  Anthony  Pollock,  of 
Washington,  who  was  lost  in  the  wreck  of  the  French  steamer  La 
Bourgogne  on  July  4, 1898. 

The  offerings  in  this  competition  were  numerous  and  covered  a  large 
variety  of  contrivances  sent  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Lieut.  W.  S. 
Sims  had  the  contest  in  charge.  The  display  was  located  in  the 
Marine  Building  on  the  Seine  and  was  one  of  the  unique  attractions 
of  the  Exposition.  No  award,  however,  was  made  to  any  of  the  com¬ 
petitors,  as  none  of  the  devices  was  considered  up  to  the  requirements 
of  efficiency  and  practicability  set  forth  in  the  regulations  of  the  com 
petition,  and  the  contest  is  to  be  repeated.  It  is  felt,  however,  that 
by  this  prominent  introduction  of  the  subject  to  the  public  and  to  the 
inventors  of  all  nations  an  interest  has  been  aroused  in  this  important 
subject  and  an  example  given  which  will  result  in  great  improvement 
over  present  apparatus  and  a  consequent  reduction  of  the  percentage 
of  the  losses  of  human  beings  at  sea. 

THE  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 

Outside  of  the  principal  classified  exhibits,  the  most  conspicuous 
feature  of  the  United  States  participation  in  the  Exposition,  and,  in 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  59 


the  popular  sense,  possibly  even  more  noteworthy  than  any  of  these, 
was  the  United  States  Pavilion  which  had  been  erected  on  the  Quai 
d’Orsay,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  work  of  the  Commissioner-General  there 
had  been  closely  associated  with  his  ideas  of  the  proper  representation 
of  the  United  States  at  Paris  the  erection  of  a  National  Pavilion  which 
would  serve  as  a  hospitable  and  practical  place  of  meeting  and  assem¬ 
blage  for  citizens  who  might  visit  the  Exposition  in  1900.  The  fact 
that  other  nations  would  be  prominently  identified  at  Paris  in  this 
manner,  and  that  a  special  section  of  the  Exposition  had  been  set  aside 
for  this  particular  purpose,  strengthened  the  attitude  in  this  respect, 
and  proceedings  were  inaugurated  without  delay  to  carry  out  the  plan. 

The  question  of  a  site  for  such  a  National  Pavilion  for  the  United 
States  was  raised  on  the  occasion  of  the  first  visit  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  to  Paris.  As  recorded,  however,  the  application  did  not  meet 
with  favorable  response.  The  space  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine 
between  the  bridge  of  the  Invalides  and  the  bridge  Alma  had  been 
set  aside  as  a  division  for  an  arrangement  of  national  pavilions  fronting 
upon  the  river,  the  same  to  be  accessible  upon  their  rear  fronts  by  a 
street  to  be  called  the  Rue  des  Nations.  This  space  was  limited  by  the 
circumstances,  and  all  of  it  had  been  assigned.  The  requests  of  the 
United  States  for  a  space  in  the  alignment  was  therefore  answered  by 
the  statement — of  all,  the  most  difficult  to  combat — that  it  was  impos¬ 
sible  to  grant  the  concession. 

However,  the  French  officials  expressed  their  desire  to  provide  the 
needed  area  if  any  way  could  be  devised  by  which  this  could  be  done. 
A  method  was  provided  by  crowding  together  the  spaces  already 
assigned.  The  dimensions  of  the  houses  were  not  reduced  by  this  new 
arrangement,  but  the  distances  between  them  was  lessened.  The  space 
thus  secured  for  the  United  States  was  the  third  in  the  Rue  des  Nations, 
following  the  allotments  of  Italy  and  Turkey  from  the  eastern  end  and 
followed  by  that  of  Austria.  It  was  25  meters  (82.3  feet)  square, 
separated  from  the  site  for  Turkey’s  building  by  5  meters  and  from 
Austria’s  by  10  meters.  The  area  was  equal  to  that  given  to  the  most 
favored  nations  except  Italy — England  and  Germany  having  no  more. 
It  will  be  readily  understood,  however,  that  the  introduction  of  a 
large  body  into  a  space  already  supposed  to  be  full  made  the  condi¬ 
tions  yet  more  congested.  This  fact  was  the  more  fully  realized  when 
the  erection  of  the  Turkish  Pavilion  revealed  features  which  seemed 
to  encroach  upon  the  perspective  of  the  United  States  Building.  This 
encroachment,  though  regretted  by  all  concerned,  could  not  be  pre¬ 
vented  or  entirely  overcome,  though  repeated  effort  was  made  to  this 
end. 

A  full  description  of  the  National  Pavilion,  with  plans,  elevations, 
cost  of  construction,  etc.,  appears  in  the  report  of  the  Architect,  which 
will  follow  in  the  proper  order.  It  was  opened  with  appropriate  for- 


60  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


malities  on  Saturday,  May  12,  1900,  in  the  presence  of  the  principal 
officers  of  the  French  Administration,  the  Commissioner-General  from 
the  United  States  and  his  staff,  and  a  large  concourse  of  American 
citizens. 

The  investment  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  useful  in  its  effects  in 
the  whole  equipment  established  under  the  auspices  of  the  United 
States  Commission,  the  essential  utility  of  the  building  being  that  of 
furnishing  headquarters  for  all  United  States  citizens  attending  the 
Exposition  or  temporarily  domiciled  in  Paris.  It  contained  apart¬ 
ments  for  reading,  writing,  exchange  of  visits,  a  post-office,  a  register, 
of  which  special  report  made  by  the  postmaster  in  charge  will  follow, 
an  American  restaurant — a  section  of  American  home  comfort  trans¬ 
planted,  as  it  were,  to  a  foreign  land.  Its  architecture  was  chaste, 
dignified,  and  worthy — a  reminiscence  of  the  beautiful  White  City  on 
the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  was  the  delight  of  millions  gathered 
from  all  quarters  of  the  globe. 

“One  might  remain  in  it  whenever  he  pleased  and  as  long  as  he 
pleased  in  any  one  of  its  stories  or  apartments.  He  was  taxed  for 
nothing,  was  entitled  to  all  its  profuse  public  comforts  without  embar¬ 
rassment  and  without  cost.  There  was  nothing  for  sale,  no  peddlers, 
no  fakers,  no  nuisances,”  is  a  brief  excerpt  from  one  of  the  many 
expressions  of  appreciation  recorded  in  the  press  concerning  this 
hospitable  National  Building. 

SUNDAY  CLOSING. 

During  the  progress  of  the  Exposition  a  number  of  questions  con¬ 
cerning  policy  and  administration  arose.  Chief  of  these,  and  that 
which  had  to  do  mostly  with  the  public,  involving,  as  it  did,  a  general 
principle  of  public  opinion  and  policy,  was  the  question  of  whether  or 
not  the  United  States  sections  of  the  Exposition  should  be  kept  open 
on  Sunday. 

This  question  of  the  observance  of  Sunday  byr  participants  from  the 
United  States  in  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900  arose  in  two  ways. 
Firstly,  it  was  noted  that  the  decrees  of  the  French  Government  pro¬ 
vided  that  the  Exposition  should  be  opened  on  the  15th  day  of  April. 
It  was  discovered  that  this  date  coincided  with  that  of  Easter  Sunday 
for  that  year,  a  fact  which  doubtless  had  not  been  considered  when  the 
decrees  were  promulgated.  When  the  fact  came  to  be  known  by  the 
French  authorities,  they  changed  the  date  of  opening,  placing  it  on 
Saturday,  the  llth  of  April,  thus  avoiding  a  collision  with  one  of  the 
most  noted  of  Christian  festivals.  Secondly,  as  to  the  opening  of  the 
Exposition  regularly  on  Sunday,  the  French  authorities  had  deter¬ 
mined  that  the  Exposition  should  be  opened  on  Ihosedays  in  conform¬ 
ity  with  custom  long  established  in  France  as  to  such  matters.  The 
opposition  in  the  United  States  to  such  opening  was  opened  by  a  letter 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  61 


from  the  officers  of  the  New  York  Sabbath  Committee  addressed  to  the 
Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  asking  that  the  representa¬ 
tives  of  the  United  States  “be  instructed  in  their  official  capacity  to 
recognize  the  observance  of  Sunday  by  the  closing  of  their  offices  and 
the  suspension  of  official  business  on  that  day,  in  accordance  with  the 
customs  and  laws  of  our  Federal  and  State  Governments  and  in  com¬ 
pliance  with  precedents,  at  International  Exposition  at  Paris.”  Other 
persons  in  the  United  States  formulated  similar  requests. 

Reference  was  made  to  Paris  expositions  held  in  1878  and  1881;  also, 
in  1889. 

The  letter  from  the  New  York  Sabbath  Committee  was  forwarded  to 
the  Commissioner-General  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  Hon.  John  Hay, 
with  the  following  letter: 

Department  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  February  17,  1900. 

Sir:  I  inclose  for  your  consideration  and  such  action  as  may  be  appropriate  and 
practicable  copy  of  a  letter  addressed  to  me  by  the  New  York  Sabbath  Committee, 
asking  that,  in  accordance  with  the  precedents  set  in  1878,  1881,  and  1889,  the  rep¬ 
resentatives  of  this  Government  at  the  Paris  Exposition  this  year  be  instructed,  in 
their  official  capacity,  to  pay  that  respect  to  the  observance  of  the  Christian  Sabbath 
which  is  paid  by  our  national  and  state  governments,  and  which  is  in  accordance 
with  the  laws  and  customs  of  the  American  people,  by  closing  their  bureaus  and  sus¬ 
pending  their  official  business  on  Sunday. 

The  precedents  referred  to  have  been  examined.  In  1878  the  Sabbath  Alliance  of 
Philadelphia  and  the  Sabbath  Association  of  Maryland  asked  that  during  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  that  year  the  American  department  be  closed  on  Sundays.  Mr.  Evarts 
replied  that  the  question  was  necessarily  determinable,  not  by  the  Department  of  State, 
not  by  the  United  States  Commissioner-General,  but  by  the  French  authorities,  and 
that,  having  accepted  the  invitation  to  take  part  in  the  Exposition,  we  might  be 
deemed  bound  to  accept  the  action  of  the  French  authorities  on  this  point  as  well  as 
on  matters  of  administration  affecting  the  conduct  of  the  enterprise.  Commissioner- 
General  McCormick,  under  Mr.  Evarts’s  instruction,  appears  to  have  reached  an 
understanding  with  the  French  authorities  in  this  regard,  the  details  of  which  are 
not  found  of  record  here  further  than  it  appears  from  the  Commissioner-General’s 
report,  volume  1,  page  29,  that  the  motive  power  in  the  United  States  department 
had  at  one  time  in  the  Exposition  been  in  operation  on  Sunday. 

In  1881,  at  the  instance  of  the  New  York  Sabbath  Committee,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  Electrical  Exposition  at  Paris,  where  the  United  States  was  represented  by  hon¬ 
orary  delegates  in  the  absence  of  an  appropriation,  Mr.  George  Walker,  consul-general 
at  Paris,  acting  as  chairman,  was  advised  to  adopt  whatever  measures  might  be  prac¬ 
ticable  to  procure  the  united  action  of  the  American  exhibitors  in  the  observance  of 
the  Sabbath  during  the  exhibition.  Mr.  Levi  P.  Morton,  then  minister  to  France 
(who  was  afterwards  designated  as  honorary  Commissioner-General),  was  instructed 
to  cooperate  to  the  same  end.  I  find  no  report  as  to  what  was  done,  but  I  presume 
that  the  active  cooperation  of  the  United  States  was  suspended  on  Sundays. 

On  April  13,  1889,  Mr.  Blaine  wrote  to  the  Commissioner-General,  William  B. 
Franklin,  then  in  Paris,  sending  him  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  the  New  York  Sabbath 
Committee  similar  in  tenor  to  the  one  now  sent  to  you,  and  saying:  “  The  suggestion 
has  my  full  approval*  especially  in  view  of  the  signal  precedents  heretofore  set  in  that 
direction.  I  have  requested  Mr.  Reid  [then  United  States  minister  to  France]  to 
join  his  influence  with  yours  in  procuring  the  united  action  of  the  American  exhib¬ 
itors  in  observance  of  the  Sabbath  during  the  exhibition.”  In  this  instance  again  I 
find  no  report  of  the  action  taken  in  pursuance  of  these  instructions. 


62 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


J  On  the  present  occasion  the  request  of  the  Sabbath  Committee  appears  not  to  ask 
any  interference  with  the  exhibits  on  Sunday,  but  very  reasonably  to  ask  (as  in 
1889)  that  the  office  business  and  official  functions  of  the  United  States  Commission 
Jbe  suspended  on  that  day.  I  am,  however,  of  the  opinion  that,  in  addition  to  this, 
which  is  a  matter  almost  wholly  in  the  control  of  the  American  Commission,  your 
efforts  should  be  exerted  with  the  American  exhibitors  and  with  the  French  director- 
general  to  induce  a  suspension  of  the  running  of  machinery  and  the  performance  of 
manual  labor  in  connection  with  the  American  exhibits  on  Sunday,  as  appears  to 
have  been  done  satisfactorily  in  1878. 

A  copy  of  this  letter  will  be  sent  to  the  United  States  ambassador,  with  the  request 
that  he  cooperate  with  you  so  far  as  circumstances  may  invite  his  aid  in  carrying  out 
his  instruction. 

I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

John  Hay. 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  Esq., 

Commissioner- General  of  the  United  States  to  the 

Paris  Exposition  of  1900,  The  Auditorium,  Chicago,  III. 

The  articles  referring  to  Sunday  observance,  taken  from  the  rules 
of  the  French  authorities,  relative  to  the  arrangement  and  mainte¬ 
nance  of  the  galleries  and  annexes  of  the  Exposition,  were  as  follows: 

Art.  VI.  The  show  cases  and  goods  on  exhibition  must  remain  uncovered  during 
the  entire  duration  of  the  daily  opening  of  the  rooms  and  galleries  where  they  are 
installed,  including  Sundays,  to  exhibitors. 

The  annexes  and  special  pavilions  granted  to  exhibitors,  French  or  foreign,  to 
public  concessions,  or  to  foreign  governments,  must  be  accessible  to  the  public  on  the 
same  days  and  during  the  same  hours  as  are  the  general  places  of  the  administration. 

In  every  case  these  annexes  and  pavilions  may  be  closed  at  nightfall,  together  with 
the  galleries  of  the  General  Palaces  not  provided  with  public  lighting. 

Art.  VII.  Machines  or  equipments  drawing  their  motive  power  from  the  general 
stations  or  run  by  electricity,  steam,  water,  gas,  or  compressed  air  must  be  regulated 
within  the  hours  and  according  to  the  conditions  described  by  the  special  rules  rela¬ 
tive  to  mechanical,  electrical,  and  hydraulic  installation  for  the  Exposition. 

In  case  certain  machines  should  be  kept  at  rest  on  account  of  the  power  supplied 
by  the  General  Direction  of  Exploitation,  or  for  any  other  cause,  they  should  remain 
uncovered,  according  to  the  conditions  prescribed  in  the  preceding  articles. 

The  administration  shall  cause  to  be  uncovered,  at  the  risk  of  the  exhibitors,  those 
displays  the  shutters  or  covers  of  which  are  not  removed  at  the  required  hours. 

On  the  10th  of  April,  1900,  the  following  was  received  by  cable  from 
the  Secretary  of  State  at  Washington,  Hon.  John  Hay: 

It  is  the  President’s  desire  that  all  American  buildings  and  offices  shall  be  closed 
on  Sunday,  so  far  as  permitted  by  the  French  administration,  and  all  work  sus¬ 
pended  wherever  possible. 

Hay. 

From  the  date  of  the  opening  of  the  business  offices  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the  business  offices  of 
the  French  administration  itself,  they  were  closed  on  Sunday,  and  no 
change  in  regulations  or  in  the  order  of  proceeding  was  necessary. 
In  accordance  with  the  expressed  wish  of  the  President,  the  National 
Pavilion  also  remained  closed  on  Sunday.  It  was,  however,  deemed 
advisable  and  necessary  that  the  exhibits  from  the  United  States  should 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  63 

be  open,  and  that  the  motive  power  thereof  should  be  in  operation  on 
that  day,  as  required  by  the  regulations  of  the  French  authorities.  In 
this  way  the  Commissioner-General  was  able  to  conform  to  the  letter 
and  the  spirit  of  both  the  President’s  wish  and  to  those  of  the  French 
administration. 

SUGGESTED  AMERICAN  WATER  AND  TRAM  CONNECTION  WITH  VINCENNES. 

The  establishment  of  the  Annex  of  the  Exposition  at  the  Bois  de 
Vincennes,  at  a  distance  of  about  6  miles  from  the  Champ  de  Mars, 
seat  of  the  main  Exposition,  suggested  a  proposition  to  connect  the  two 
places  by  a  line  of  communication  partty  by  river,  partly  by  rail,  to 
be  known  distinctly  as  the  American  line,  upon  which  the  American 
methods  of  managing  such  lines  of  transit  might  be  demonstrated. 
This  proposition  involved  several  important  elements:  The  first,  the 
placing  of  a  landing  stage  or  pontoon  on  the  river  front  of  the  National 
Pavilion;  the  second,  the  establishment  of  a  special  line  of  boats  to  ply 
between  this  point  and  the  Pont  National,  the  landing  on  the  river 
nearest  to  the  Bois  de  Vincennes;  the  third,  the  equipping  of  a  line  of 
street  cars  to  connect  that  landing  place  with  the  principal  gate  of  the 
park  at  Vincennes,  within  which  this  tramway  should  form  a  loop. 
At  one  time  each  of  these  conditions  appeared  feasible,  but  in  the  end 
none  proved  to  be  so.  A  careful  consideration  of  the  interests  involved 
compelled  the  French  Government  to  withdraw  an  approval  which  at 
one  time  it  had  cordially  given.  The  most  important  objection  arose 
from  the  fact  that  the  French  system  of  boat  landings  on  the  Seine 
requires  at  each  landing  two  pontoons,  a  distinct  one  for  boats  going 
in  each  direction.  The  length  of  each  pontoon  must  be  at  least  21 
meters,  and  the  least  allowable  distance  between  them  14  meters, 
making  a  minimum  total  of  56  meters.  Under  the  most  favorable 
conditions  the  pontoons  would  cover  to  some  extent  the  frontage  of 
neighboring  sites,  to  which  the  occupants  could  hardly  be  expected  to 
submit.  Behind  this  was  the  unwillingness  of  the  French  Govern¬ 
ment,  impelled  by  artistic  considerations,  to  permit  a  derangement  of 
the  symmetrical  lines  which  it  had  taken  pains  to  provide  along  the 
whole  river  front  of  the  Rue  des  Nations.  These  reasons,  with  yet 
others,  which  would  require  space  to  discuss,  combined  to  make 
impracticable  the  scheme  for  an  American  line  from  the  main  section 
of  the  Exposition  to  the  Bois  de  Vincennes;  and  it  was  abandoned. 

BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  THE  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT. 

The  proposal  to  erect  and  dedicate  in  Paris  in  1900  a  memorial  to 
Lafayette,  as  the  crowning  event  of  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Universal  Exposition,  was  one  of  the  most  important  sub¬ 
jects  presented  for  the  consideration,  approval,  and  cooperation  of  the 


64  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Commissioner-General.  To  Mr.  Robert  J.  Thompson,  of  Chicago, 
belongs  the  honor  of  this  patriotic  and  significant  suggestion.  The 
commanding  position  occupied  by  Lafayette — patriot  and  soldier — in 
the  history  of  both  the  French  and  American  republics,  the  fact  that, 
although  many  of  its  sons  had  been  publicly  honored  in  the  monu¬ 
mental  records  of  France,  no  structure  or  statue  commemorative  of 
Lafa}^ette  had  yet  been  erected,  and  the  evident  fitness  of  the  period 
of  the  Exposition  for  a  recognition  of  such  general  popularity,  all 
united  to  give  definite  and  pronounced  approval  of  the  proposition. 
The  method  proposed  for  raising  the  funds  needed  for  the  memorial 
was  itself  a  happy  thought.  The  work  was  to  be  the  gift,  not  of  a  few 
patriotic  citizens,  fortunately  supplied  with  abundance,  many  of  whom 
could  have  been  found  amply  able  and  willing  to  undertake  a  work  of 
such  distinguished  merit;  it  was  to  be  paid  for  by  the  multitude  of 
contributions,  individually  small  but  collectively  bountiful,  which 
should  be  the  gifts  of  the  children  of  the  public  schools  of  the  United 
States,  counted  by  the  hundreds  of  thousands. 

The  source  and  therefore  the  value  of  the  gift  were  cordially  recog¬ 
nized  by  the  Government  of  the  French  Republic.  The  place  assigned 
for  the  installation  of  the  memorial,  in  the  main  court  of  the  Louvre, 
by  the  authorities  of  the  city  of  Paris  and  the  nation,  was  most  admi¬ 
rably  fitted  for  its  reception.  A  site  more  appropriate  could  not  be 
found  within  the  walls  of  the  city  of  Paris. 

Although  action  in  fostering  such  an  enterprise  was  not  in  terms 
anticipated  by  the  act  of  Congress  under  which  the  appointment  of  the 
Commissioner-General  was  made,  the  evidently  important  influence  of 
such  a  movement  upon  the  successful  conduct  of  the  immediate  work 
of  the  Exposition,  as  well  as  its  general  importance  and  appropriate¬ 
ness,  was  such  as  to  give  full  assurance  that  it  properly  lay  within  the 
province  of  the  office.  The  correctness  of  this  decision  was  immedi¬ 
ately  made  apparent  in  the  enthusiastic  public  approval  which  followed 
the  announcement  of  the  plan,  as  was  indicated  by  the  cordial  indorse 
ment  of  the  President,  the  unanimous  verdict  of  the  press,  and,  later, 
the  prompt  response  in  the  way  of  popular  contributions  from  the 
children  of  American  homes  and  an  appropriation  by  Congress  of 
50,000  silver  dollars,  minted  with  a  special  design  in  honor  and  aid  of 
the  work,  and  known  as  the  Lafayette  dollars. 

The  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission  was  organized  on  September 
1,  1898,  under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner-General,  men  most 
eminent  in  the  citizenship  of  the  country  being  selected  to  constitute  it. 
The  governors  of  the  various  States  and  Territories  were  appointed 
honorary  vice-presidents,  and  the  heads  of  the  various  departments  of 
education  in  the  several  States  formed  into  an  honorary  advisory 
board. 

On  October  19,  1899,  the  anniversary  of  the  fall  of  Yorktown, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  65 

Lafayette  Day  (so  named  and  set  aside  at  the  request  of  the  memorial 
commission) ,  was  observed  in  the  schools  throughout  the  land.  Twenty- 
five  thousand  institutions,  public  schools,  private  schools,  and  reli¬ 
gious  colleges,  universities,  and  academies,  representing  several 
million  of  children  and  students,  participated  in  the  celebration  by 
rendering  patriotic  programmes  and  contributing  to  the  monument 
fund.  The  collection  taken  in  aid  of  the  enterprise  on  this  day 
amounted  to  more  than  $45,000. 

The  important  work  of  securing  an  able  sculptor  was  next  under¬ 
taken  and  achieved  with  a  success  that  has  since  proved  to  be  most 
gratifying.  Mr.  Paul  W.  Bartlett  was  chosen  for  this  work,  and  Mr. 
Thomas  Hastings  was  appointed  architect  for  the  pedestal  of  the  monu¬ 
ment.  Both  gentlemen  are  native  citizens  of  the  United  States.  These 
selections  were  made  after  extended  conference  with  leading  artists 
and  architects  in  this  country,  who,  with  representative  experts  of  the 
Louvre  and  the  French  Ministry  of  Fine  Arts,  determined  that  the 
memorial  should  consist  of  an  equestrian  statue  mounted  upon  a  high 
pedestal,  modeled  after  what  is  known  as  the  4  4  Colleoni”  style. 

The  designs  for  statue  and  pedestal,  having  been  approved  by  these 
authorities,  were  wrought  out  in  staff,  preparatory  to  the  formal  inaug¬ 
uration.  This  impressive  ceremony  took  place  on  the  4th  of  July, 
1900,  in  the  court  of  the  classic  Louvre,  and  was  enacted  in  the  presence 
of  the  principal  officers  of  the  French  Government  and  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition,  representatives  of  the  diplomatic  corps  in  Paris,  and  a  large 
audience  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  France,  and  other  lands. 
Addresses  were  delivered  by  President  Loubet,  of  France,  who 
accepted  the  monument  for  the  French  people;  by  General  Horace  Por¬ 
ter,  the  Ambassador  from  the  United  States;  Archbishop  Ireland,  Sec¬ 
retary  Thompson,  Miss  Tarquinia  Voss,  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  and  the 
Commissioner- General.  ^ 

The  event  was  the  most  distinctive  single  feature  of  the  United 
States  participation  in  the  Exposition,  and  while  not  a  part  of  the 
Commission’s  work  proper,  furnished  a  fitting  climax  to  it,  having 
been  organized  and  directed  with  that  end  in  view  by  the  Commissioner- 
General.  The  effect  produced  at  the  time  has  been  fully  reported  and 
discussed  by  the  journals  of  the  United  States  and  of  Europe.  Indeed, 
if  further  testimony  need  to  be  added  to  the  universal  and  elaborate 
evidence  of  the  press,  it  would  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  to  state  that  the  event  must  be  regarded  as  unique  in  its 
nature  and  producing  a  profound  effect  in  the  associations  of  nations 
and  in  the  history  of  the  world.  Its  significance  in  this  connection 
can  not  be  overestimated;  its  results  will  be  present  and  felt  long  after 
all  other  features  of  the  Exposition  are  forgotten.  Touching  as  it  did 
and  does  the  warmest  sympathies  and  affections  of  the  French  people, 
as  well  as  of  their  official  representatives,  the  gift  forms  an  indissoluble 

S.  Doc.  232 


-5 


66  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


link  in  the  bonds  which  unite  the  hearts  of  the  citizens  of  the  two 
first  republics  of  the  world. 

Especial  acknowledgments  should  also  be  made  of  the  benefits  which 
immediately  accrued  to  the  United  States  from  the  presentation  of  this 
monument  in  the  negotiations  which  were  conducted  between  the 
Commissioner-General  and  the  authorities  of  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1900.  The  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  such  a  memorial  of  gratitude 
was  being  prepared  surrounded  these  negotiations  with  a  genial  and 
kindly  atmosphere.  It  made  in  advance  all  with  whom  we  came  in 
contact  our  warm  friends,  anxious  to  assist  to  the  extent  of  their 
power. 

In  due  time  the  temporary  structure  of  staff  which  still  stands  in 
Lafayette  Square  (now  so  called  in  honor  of  the  monument)  will  be 
replaced  by  the  permanent  monument,  which  is  to  be  cast  in  bronze 
with  alloys  of  precious  metals.  The  pedestal  is  to  be  constructed  of 
the  finest  and  most  brilliant  marbles. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  conception  and  progress  of  this  important 
enterprise,  the  considerations  as  to  the  character  of  the  memorial, 
significance  of  its  location,  the  expenses  incurred,  etc. ,  will  appear  in 
a  separate  chapter  prepared  by  Mr.  Robert  J.  Thompson,  secretary 
and  member  of  the  Commission,  originator  and  promoter  of  the  proj¬ 
ect,  who  had  full  charge  of  all  details. 

As  expressing  the  attitude  of  the  Commissioner-General  toward  the 
memorial  and  his  appreciation  of  its  scope  and  significance,  the  follow¬ 
ing  remarks  are  offered,  made  by  him  upon  the  subject  at  Dayton, 
Ohio,  in  1899: 

The  fifth  and  greatest  star  [referring  to  the  intended  features  of  participation  i-n 
the  Universal  Exposition] — a  star  of  greatest  magnitude — will  be  the  Lafayette  Monu¬ 
ment.  That,  in  my  judgment,  will  be  the  crowning  glory  in  connection  with  our 
exhibit  in  the  Paris  Exposition. 

The  monument  is  the  conception  of  a  young  man  (Mr.  Robert  J.  Thompson)  of 
Chicago.  It  will  be  built  by  the  pennies  of  the  school  children  of  the  United  States 
and  placed  in  France  in  the  heart  of  the  Garden  of  the  Louvre.  The  unveiling  of  that 
monument  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1900 — our  Independence  Day — will  be  the  greatest 
peace  event  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

It  will  be  done  in  the  presence  of  all  nations,  and  as  the  flag  drops  from  the  shaft 
at  high  noon  there  will  be  unfurled  from  the  top  of  the  highest  structure  made 
by  man,  the  Eiffel  Tower,  another  flag — the  great  flag  of  the  United  States,  the 
largest  Stars  and  Stripes  that  has  ever  been  constructed — which  will  fly  to  the  breeze 
at  that  moment;  *  *  *  and,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  when  the  French  mounted 
guard  of  honor  moves  from  the  unveiling  of  that  monument,  in  the  heart  of  that 
inclosure  of  historic  fame  (the  Louvre)  consecrated  by  the  events  of  an  hundred 
years,  some  of  them  the  most  startling  in  the  annals  of  the  race,  through  the  Garden 
of  the  Tuileries,  along  the  grand  avenue  of  the  Champs-Elysees,  across  the  great 
Alexandrian  Bridge  to  the  United  States  Pavilion,  followed  by  United  States  guards 
and  United  States  marines,  amid  the  applause  of  all  nations — I  say  it  will  be  the 
greatest  peace  event  in  all  history.  That  will  be  the  star  of  greatest  magnitude. 

In  view  of  the  events  as  they  transpired,  it  would  seem  that  these 
remarks  stand  somewhat  in  the  nature  of  a  prophecy. 


IE  ARTS  PALACES. 


END  OF  ALEXANDER  Bf 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  67 


REMARKABLE  CELEBRATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  OF  JULY. 

The  unveiling  and  dedication  of  the  Lafayette  Monument  in  the 
court  of  the  Louvre  furnished  an  introduction  to  a  Fourth  of  July 
lebration  by  citizens  of  the  United  States  in  Paris  that  will  long  be 
membered  by  those  participating  in  it  and  the  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  strangers  from  other  countries  than  France  who  looked  on.  As  for 
the  people  of  France  and  Paris,  they  were  almost  one  with  the  citizens 
of  the  United  States  on  this  remarkable  occasion,  being  unable  to  do 
enough,  apparently,  to  show  their  fellow-republicans  from  across  the 
sea  homage  and  honor.  The  city  of  Paris  was  literally  laid  at  the  feet 
of  visitors  from  the  United  States  and  the  keys  given  over  without  pro¬ 
vision.  The  American  flag  was  draped  along  the  boulevards  and  over 
the  retail  shops  in  elaborate  profusion.  It  decorated  public  buildings 
and  waved  from  private  houses.  Swinging  from  the  Eiffel  Tower  the 
greatest  flag  of  all  could  be  seen  from  all  over  Paris.  The  pretty  and 
numerous  passenger  boats  which  ply  up  and  down  the  Seine  carried 
the  American  colors  at  stem  and  stern  all  day  and  delivered  the  mes¬ 
sage  of  the  American  festival  to  the  remotest  ends  of  the  city.  Dur¬ 
ing  the  days  previous  small  American  pin  flags  had  been  distributed 
free  of  charge  in  the  United  States  sections  of  the  Exposition.  All 
these  things  had  been  done  first  in  making  ready  for  the  unveiling  of 
the  Lafayette  Monument  and  second  for  the  additional  general  cele¬ 
bration  of  the  Republic’s  natal  day.  By  noon  Paris  was  absolutely  en 
fete  for  the  United  States.  “Vive  l’Amerique !”  rose  from  every 
square  and  thoroughfare,  and  it  struck  upon  the  ear  with  the  same  sin¬ 
cerity  and  vigor  of  sound  and  feeling  as  the  familiar  “  Vive  la  France.” 

American  flags  were  most  conspicuous  objects  everywhere,  on  build¬ 
ings  and  individuals,  worn  by  Frenchmen  and  Americans  alike. 
Hawkers  on  the  boulevards  gave  up  their  customary  lines  of  trade 
and  sold  American  flags  exclusively,  cries  of  “Drapeau  Americaine!” 
greeting  one  at  every  turn. 

In  the  Exposition  the  United  States  buildings  and  sections  had  all 
been  specially  decorated  in  significance  of  the  festival,  particularly  the 
national  pavilion,  which,  from  its  point  of  vantage  in  the  Rue  des 
Nations  on  the  Seine,  presented  the  American  colors  to  the  passing 
and  assembled  world  populace  in  conspicuous  setting  and  graceful 
confusion.  Within  the  pavilion  special  patriotic  exercises  were  held, 
and  during  the  entire  day  Americans  assembled  and  greeted  each  other 
with  enthusiasm  in  the  happy  pride  of  their  nationality  and  the  manner 
in  which  it  was  regarded  and  respected  abroad. 

Sousa’s  band  took  prominent  part  in  the  celebration,  both  in  the 
morning  at  the  unveiling  of  the  Lafayette  Monument,  during  the  day 
at  the  Exposition,  and  at  night,  when  the  band  played  in  the  open  air 
in  the  Place  de  l’Opera,  the  heart  of  Paris. 

The  banquet  given  by  the  American  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the 


68  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


reception  held  later  by  the  California  commission,  at  which  also  Sousa’s 
band  assisted,  also  contributed  to  the  general  and  hearty  celebration 
of  the  day. 

RETURN  OF  EXHIBITS. 

The  Exposition  was  closed  November  12,  1900.  According  to 
announcement  and  provision  it  should  have  ended  on  November  5, 
1900,  but  the  authorities  late  in  October  notified  the  representatives 
of  participating  nations  that  the  exhibition  would  be  continued  seven 
days  longer  in  consideration  of  the  anticipated  arrival  in  Paris  of 
President  Kruger  of  the  Transvaal.  Instructions  were  issued  to 
exhibitors  to  comply  with  the  desires  of  the  Exposition  administration 
where  possible  and  convenient,  but  to  make  preliminary  preparations 
at  the  same  time  for  the  speedy  removal  of  all  exhibits — work  to  be 
begun  on  the  night  of  the  last  day  of  the  Exposition. 

Work  in  this  direction  was  actively  begun  at  once  and  carried  for¬ 
ward  under  the  personal  direction  of  the  Commissioner-General  and 
the  individual  directors  of  exhibit  departments  up  to  December  15, 
1900,  when  it  was  considered  to  be  sufficiently  far  advanced  to  permit 
the  Commissioner-General  and  the  remaining  personnel  of  his  staff, 
with  a  few  necessary  exceptions,  to  take  passage  for  the  United  States, 
which  was  done  on  that  date.  The  work  was  carried  forward  actively 
by  Secretary  Brackett  who  was  left  in  charge. 

A  report  from  Paris  dated  at  the  end  of  December,  1900,  revealed 
the  fact  that  all  spaces  of  the  United  States  exhibits  were  dismantled 
of  installation  frames  and  exhibits,  and  that  practically  all  of  the 
material  was  boxed  or  otherwise  in  shipping  shape,  and  that  in  many 
cases  the  sections  were  virtually  entirely  clear,  the  material  having 
been  removed.  By  the  10th  of  January,  1901,  the  last  piece  of  mate¬ 
rial  forming  a  part  of  the  United  States  exhibit  had  been  taken  from 
the  Exposition  grounds  and  started  on  the  way  to  its  destination. 

The  return  shipment  of  exhibits,  while  not  attended  by  so  many 
delays  and  difficulties  as  the  original  transfer,  yet  has  proved  a  very 
arduous  and  tedious  undertaking,  being  necessarily  accompanied  by 
many  formalities  and  exacting  details  demanded  by  the  customs 
requirements  of  France  and  the  United  States,  as  fully  set  forth  in 
the  report  of  the  directors  of  affairs  and  customs. 

The  services  of  the  Prairie  were  introduced  in  this  return  transfer 
of  exhibits,  this  vessel  carrying  the  same  class  of  material  that  it  had 
previously  brought  over,  and,  as  on  the  first  trip,  rendering  most  valu¬ 
able  aid.  The  vessel  arrived  at  New  York  from  Havre  on  January 
25,  1901. 

The  material  and  exhibits  for  the  Atlantic  coast  points  were  dis¬ 
charged  at  New  York.  The  remaining  cargo  was  carried  on  the  ves¬ 
sel  to  Baltimore  where  it  was  delivered  during  the  first  days  of 
February. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


69 


The  return  of  individual  exhibits,  like  the  original  consignment  of 
such  material,  was  taken  care  of  by  the  owners,  who  placed  them 
again  in  the  charge  of  forwarding  agencies  for  complete  attention  and 
final  deliver}7  at  proper  destination  in  the  United  States.  Up  to  the 
date  of  this  report  no  complaints  of  losses  or  of  protracted  delays 
have  been  received  concerning  any  exhibits. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  reviewing  the  United  States  exhibit  and  general  participation  in 
the  Exposition  as  a  whole,  it  is  felt  that  it  may  be  safely  said  that  the 
results  achieved  and  the  effect  produced  were  notable  and  successful. 
Aside  from  the  superior  quality  of  the  individual  exhibits  in  all  groups 
and  classes  of  the  Exposition  as  recognized  in  the  prize  awards  made 
by  the  international  jury,  which  is  official  evidence,  the  general  effect 
produced  upon  the  visiting  world  at  Paris  concerning  the  United 
States,  as  a  result  of  its  prominent  representation  and  participation, 
was  in  the  highest  degree  that  of  stability,  vigor,  and  rapid  and  con¬ 
tinuing  progress. 

The  representation  also  had  another  decided  effect,  and  in  this  respect 
was  somewhat  in  advance  of  our  previous  endeavors  at  foreign  inter¬ 
national  expositions,  and  that  was  a  definite  demonstration  of  the 
increasing  prominence  of  the  artistic  in  the  United  States.  The 
national  pavilion  on  the  Seine  was  designed  with  the  direct  intention 
of  showing  a  graceful  combination  of  the  utilitarian  and  the  beautiful, 
as  were  the  facades,  inclosures,  and  other  features  of  decoration  in 
the  United  States  sections  throughout  the  Exposition.  The  excellent 
display  of  products  of  art  in  both  painting  and  sculpture,  to  say  noth¬ 
ing  of  the  nice  perfection  of  execution  and  design  in  the  galaxy  of 
displays  of  the  industrial  arts,  amply  indorse  and  confirm  this  attitude 
and  plan.  The  displays  of  fine  arts  from  the  United  States  were  larger 
and  more  diversified,  and  occupied  greater  space  and  prominence 
among  the  other  exhibits  of  this  class  at  the  Universal  Exposition  than 
may  be  said  of  similar  exhibits  from  the  United  States  present  at  any 
other  foreign  exposition,  and  the  number  and  importance  of  awards 
received  for  such  exhibits  was  far  greater. 

Indeed,  it  is  but  condensing  a  statement  of  the  situation  to  say  that 
the  conviction  impressed  upon  the  visiting  public  at  the  Exposition 
by  the  United  States  participation  in  all  branches' is  that  the  Republic 
is  rapidly  developing  a  highly  perfected  as  well  as  a  soundly  organized 
civilization,  and  particularly  that  it  promises  fair  to  solve,  to  the  satis¬ 
faction  of  all,  that  problem  which  has  so  long  annoyed  Europe  and 
the  world  and  all  ages,  viz,  the  practical  and  satisfying  combination  of 
the  artistic  with  the  utilitarian,  the  aesthetic  with  the  enduring,  the 
beautiful  and  graceful  with  the  progressive  and  strong. 

For  half  a  century  the  United  States  has  occupied  a  place  high  in 


70  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

the  rank  of  the  nations  that  are  contributing  to  the  world’s  wealth  of 
material  progress.  It  is  to-day  and  has  been  for  some  time  ready  and 
able  to  take  full  part  in  the  deeper  councils  of  science  and  art,  in  the 
discussions  of  the  high  phases  of  life  and  progress;  and  the  nature  of 
its  participation  in  the  Universal  Exposition  effectually  established 
this  fact  to  the  witnessing  world. 

The  United  States  had  to  cross  the  ocean  with  its  display,  and  had 
to  secure,  collect,  and  transport  it  to  Paris,  virtually  within  a  year,  hav¬ 
ing  to  draw  the  greater  portion  of  it  from  sections  ten  times  as  remote 
from  the  ocean  shipping  points  in  America  as  the  chief  exhibiting 
European  nations  are  from  the  Universal  Exposition  grounds. 

In  view  uf  these  conditions  and  others  not  the  less  difficult  to  over¬ 
come  which  have  been  related,  it  is  but  natural  that  the  result  should 
be  reviewed  with  some  satisfaction  by  those  engaged  in  securing  it.  For 
it  is  a  simple  statement  of  a  fact  that  the  success  achieved  by  the  United 
States  exhibit  at  Paris  in  1900  was  a  success  achieved  in  the  face  of 
formidable  opposition  and  under  the  most  trying  and  persistent  diffi¬ 
culties.  To  the  directors  and  assistant  directors  and  other  officers  and 
members  of  the  Commission,  whose  untiring  application  secured  these 
results,  the  gratitude  of  the  public  and  the  thanks  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  are  due.  Had  not  each  of  these  representatives  exercised  a 
long-continued  and  high  degree  of  energy,  activity,  intelligence,  and 
a  never-failing  application  and  patience  under  constant  provocation 
and  repeated  disappointments,  the  nature  and  quality  of  the  represen¬ 
tation  of  the  United  States  would  have  been  very  different  from  what 
it  was,  and  the  relative  position  it  achieved  among  the  exhibits  of 
other  nations  somewhat  less  distinguished.  The  Commissioner-General, 
who  personally  knows  so  well  what  the  difficulties  were  and  what  the 
achievements  were  of  all  the  members  and  of  each  member  of  the 
Commission,  wishes  to  express  to  all  his  deepest  appreciation  of  serv¬ 
ices  rendered  and  of  offices  loyally  and  honorably  discharged.  The 
enthusiasm  and  ambition  of  the  Republic  animated  the  aims  and  kept 
alive  the  confidence  and  reinforced  the  zeal  of  each  of  these  faithful, 
capable,  and  untiring  agents  of  its  fame.  The  work  of  expositions, 
with  its  intricacies  and  responsibilities  and  possibilities  of  opposition 
and  vexation,  is  becoming  more  generally  understood.  When  the 
country  shall  have  passed  through  the  experience  of  participation  i  n 
another  great  international  exposition  abroad,  the  extent  of  the  serv¬ 
ices  rendered  and  the  nature  and  permanence  of  the  results  achieved 
by  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  Commission  may  be  more 
definitely  understood  and  appreciated. 


DECORATIONS  PROPOSED  FOR  CITIZENS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


The  Government  of  the  Republic  of  France  proposed,  in  connection 
with  our  participation  in  the  Exposition,  that  the  Legion  of  Honor  be 
conferred  upon  the  following  citizens  of  the  United  States: 

Grand  officier. 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck. 


Commander  {by  promotion). 
Sommerville  P.  Tuck. 


Benjamin  D.  Woodward. 
Frederick  Brackett. 
Frederic  J.  Y.  Skiff. 
John  B.  Cauldwell. 
James  H.  Gore. 

Cyrus  H.  McCormick. 


Tarleton  H.  Bean. 

Paul  Blackmar. 
Alexander  S.  Capehart. 
Charles  A.  Coolidge. 
Charles  R.  Dodge. 
Francis  E.  Drake. 

Milan  H.  Hulbert. 

John  H.  McGibbons. 
Howard  J.  Rogers. 
Willard  A.  Smith. 

John  Getz. 

George  B.  Post. 

A.  G.  Spaulding. 

Louis  M.  Howland. 
Gonzalo  de  Quesada. 
William  G.  Irwin. 

J.  T.  Silva. 

Michael  H.  de  Young. 
Mrs.  Daniel  Manning. 
Bertha  Honore  Palmer. 


Officier. 

William  Deering. 

Charles  T.  Cook. 

J.  Pierpont  Morgan. 
John  La  Farge. 

Aug.  Saint  Caudens. 
Alexander  Harrison. 

Chevaliers. 

.  Clement  A.  Griscom. 
Charles  T.  Schoen. 

E.  W.  Rice. 

John  H.  Patterson. 
Robert  Henry  McCurdy. 
Lucien  Wulsin. 

Edward  Holbrook. 
Charles  A.  Moore. 
George  Westinghouse. 
William  Watts  Taylor. 
Norton  P.  Otis. 

Lyman  C.  Smith. 

George  W.  Ochs. 

Thomas  P.  Egan. 
Alexander  Gordon. 
George  W.  Eastman. 

B.  E.  Huntley. 

Charles  Miller. 

James  Wheeler  Duntley. 
Louis  C.  Tiffany. 


71 


72  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Chevaliers — Continued . 

Ambrose  Swasey. 

Daniel  C.  French. 

Francis  C.  Pratt. 

William  J.  Perry  Moore. 

Carl  Hering. 

George  Ostheimer. 

Milward  Adams. 

James  Waite  Howard. 

Asher  Carter  Baker. 

William  F.  Willoughby. 

Percy  Peixiotto. 

Franklin  H.  Head. 

Hart  O.  Berg. 

George  S.  Wilkins. 

Francisco  P.  Alvarez. 

D.  W.  Seligman. 

OTHER  PROPOSED  DECORATIONS. 

Other  decorations  proposed  for  citizens  of  the  United  States,  such 
as  the  Merit  Agricole,  Public  Instruction,  and  the  Palms  of  the  Acad¬ 
emy,  have  not  been  announced  in  time  to  be  incorporated  in  this 
volume.  The  list  will  be  found  in  one  of  the  succeeding  volumes  or 
the  supplement  to  the  Commissioner-General’s  report. 

BRIEF  REVIEW  OF  EXPOSITION. 

In  contemplating  the  Exposition  from  the  point  of  view  of  compar¬ 
ison  with  past,  and  as  a  precedent  or  example  for  future  world  expo¬ 
sitions,  a  comprehensive  illustration  of  exposition  contrast,  variety, 
and  experience  in  arrangement,  organization,  and  methods  presents 
itself. 

The  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  at  Paris  was  physically  divided 
into  three  distinct  and  widely  separated  sections,  the  Champ  de  Mars 
and  the  Trocadero,  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides  and  Avenue  Nicholas 
II,  with  adjacent  territory  (which  four  spaces  had  inclosed  the  Expo- 
position  of  1889),  and  the  Vincennes  Annex.  The  Champ  de  Mars 
and  Trocadero  division  was  separated  from  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides 
and  Avenue  Nicholas  II  by  sections  of  the  city  of  Paris  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  wide.  A  strip  of  Exposition  territory  which  extended  along 
both  banks  of  the  river  connected  these  two  divisions  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion.  This  connecting  section,  from  its  nature  and  position,  divided 
and  inclosed  as  it  was  by  Paris  streets,  might  be  designated  as  a  sepa¬ 
rate  division  of  the  Exposition.  The  Annex  of  Vincennes  was  located 
some  7  miles  to  the  east,  away  from  the  Seine  and  outside  the  city 
limits  of  Paris. 

This  division  and  separation  of  territory  was,  as  in  1889,  a  great 
handicap  to  the  Exposition  in  every  way,  and  was  particularly  appar- 


Edward  W.  Dayton. 

G.  F.  Greene. 

John  K.  Rees. 

Georges  M.  Chartier. 

Lazard  Kahn. 

Henry  M.  Howe. 

Frank  Wiggles  worth  Clarke. 
Henry  E.  Krehbiel. 

Charles  Le  Blanc. 

Frank  D.  Millet. 

John  W.  Alexander. 

Sylvain  Bloch. 

Thomas  Hastings. 

Stoddard  Dewey. 

Julian  Story. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  73 

ent  in  the  arrangement  and  architecture  of  its  buildings,  the  disposi¬ 
tion  of  its  landscapes,  and  physical  aspects  generally. 

No  such  effects  of  vistas  or  groupings  as  were  the  delight  of  the  eye 
and  the  pride  of  their  creators  at  the  White  City  of  the  Chicago  Expo¬ 
sition  of  1893  were  obtainable,  and  to  those  who  held  the  matter  in 
mind  as  a  precedent  the  effect  last  year  at  Paris  was  undoubtedly 
somewhat  disappointing. 

However,  little  inspection  was  required  to  ascertain  that  the  French 
architects  had  made  the  best  of  their  opportunities.  The  designs  and 
arrangement  of  the  grounds  and  the  buildings  were  really  most 
admirable  and  under  the  circumstances  extraordinarily  attractive  and 
effective.  The  two  rectangular  spaces  of  the  Champ  de  Mars  and  the 
Esplanade  des  Invalides  were  each  covered  by  a  parallel  pair  of  long 
buildings  which  extended  virtually  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the 
spaces,  along  an  ample  court  lying  between,  narrow  spaces  extending 
along  the  outer  sides  to  oppose  the  city  blocks.  In  the  case  of  the 
Esplanade  des  Invalided  the  two  parallel  buildings,  which  were  the 
palaces  containing  exhibits  of  decoration  and  furniture,  public  build¬ 
ings  and  dwellings  and  diversified  industries,  were  nowhere  connected, 
the  center  court  extending  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  area. 
The  two  buildings  of  the  Champ  de  Mars — embracing  the  palaces  of 
Mining  and  Metallurgy,  Textiles  and  Machinery,  and  of  Agriculture, 
Transportation,  Liberal  Arts,  Chemical  Industries,  and  Education — 
were  joined  at  the  southern  end  by  a  large,  square,  intersecting  structure, 
known  as  the  Palace  of  Electricity,  which  tended  to  make  a  court  of 
the  Champ  de  Mars  section.  The  Eiffel  Tower  stood  at  the  other  and 
open  end  of  this  broad  court,  and  between  it  and  the  Seine.  Across 
the  Seine  the  Trocadero  arose,  the  center  piece  of  the  section  bearing 
its  name,  which  was  given  up  to  smaller  buildings  of  various  countries, 
chiefly  oriental.  The  strip  of  space  bordering  the  south  side  of  the 
Seine  connecting  the  Champ  de  Mars  and  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides 
contained  chiefly  the  Rue  des  Nations,  along  which  were  arranged  the 
pavilions  of  the  different  nations,  the  opposite  bank  presenting  the  Rue 
de  Paris  and  the  Vieux  Paris,  sections  representative  of  the  lighter 
attractions  of  the  Exposition. 

The  avenue  Nicholas  II  contained  the  art  palaces,  one  upon  either 
side.  Opening  into  this  avenue  from  the  Champs  Elysees  was  one  of 
the  main  entrances  to  the  Exposition,  the  chief  entrance,  the  Port 
Monumental,  at  the  Place  de  la  Concorde — a  few  blocks  to  the  east  up 
the  Seine — also  leading*  into  this  section. 

The  most  attractive  individual  features  of  the  Exposition  were,  pos¬ 
sibly,  the  two  art  palaces  referred  to.  They  were  splendid  and  elabo¬ 
rate  structures  of  stone,  built  for  permanent  use.  The  larger  palace 
is  particularly  imposing.  It  covers  an  area  of  several  blocks  and  is 
roofed  with  glass.  In  the  center  of  the  building  is  a  large  court  with 


74 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


earth  floor  for  the  display  of  heavy  sculpture.  The  smaller  place, 
which  is  exactly  opposite,  was  considered  by  many  artists  the  gem  of 
the  Exposition.  It  is  about  one-third  the  size  of  the  grand  palace  and 
is  also  roofed  with  glass  and  contains  a  colonnaded,  elliptical  court  of 
most  graceful  proportions. 

The  two  palaces  of  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides  were  two-story  struct¬ 
ures  of  staff,  of  ornate  design  and  elaborate  detail.  The  buildings 
were  duplicates,  and  each  presented  upon  its  facade  fronting  the  court 
a  series  of  balconies  and  a  succession  of  painted  panels  illustrative  of 
the  arts  represented  within. 

Of  similar  outline  and  execution  were  the  two  main  palaces  of  the 
Champ  de  Mars,  they  being  also  very  elaborate  structures  of  staff,  two 
stories,  and  containing  panels  and  balconies  along  the  facades  which 
inclosed  the  grand  court  of  the  Champ  de  Mars.  The  Palace  of  Elec¬ 
tricity,  which  joined  the  two  main  structures,  presented  the  most  ornate 
front  of  any  of  the  edifices  of  the  Exposition.  It  squarely  faced  the 
long  court  and  had  been  designed  and  executed  in  exquisite  proportion 
and  detail  to  form  a  fitting  background  for  the  magnificent  Chateau 
d’Eau,  which  reared  its  graceful  outlines  against  it.  This  latter  struc¬ 
ture  was  an  elaborate  and  picturesque  grotto-portal  effect  in  staff, 
arranged  as  a  setting  for  an  imposing  water-fountain  display  which 
constituted  one  of  the  chief  popular  attractions  of  the  Exposition. 
The  illumination  of  this  fountain  at  night  was  indeed  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  sights  ever  arranged  for  an  exposition.  Two  or  three  tiihes 
a  week,  and  during  the  latter  part  of  the  Exposition  oftener,  the  water 
was  turned  on  in  full  force  through  all  the  jets  of  the  fountain  in  and 
surrounding  the  chateau.  The  cascades  which  descended  down  the 
sides  of  the  portal  and  into  the  main  basin  below,  as  well  as  the  rising 
jets  of  the  fountain,  were  pierced  and  suffused  b}r  many  strong-colored 
lights,  which  were  manipulated  and  changed  in  rapid  succession,  pro¬ 
ducing  a  most  gorgeous  picture,  Aladdin-like  in  its  dazzle,  variety",  and 
spontaneity,  fully  worthy  of  the  name  given  to  the  effect — Chateau 
d’Eau,  or  water  castle. 

Behind  the  Palace  of  Electricity  arose  the  magnificent  Salle  des  Fetes, 
the  grandest  interior  in  the  Exposition.  This  splendid  amphitheater 
was  circular  in  shape  and  covered  by  an  extensive  dome  roof  culminating 
in  a  broad  apex  of  beautifully  colored  glass.  Along  the  sides,  in  an 
admirable  variety  of  arrangement,  arose  the  audience  stalls,  platforms, 
and  galleries.  The  walls  and  ceiling  of  the  apartment  were  ornate 
beyond  description,  the  rich  effect  of  beauty  being  greatly  enhanced 
by  the  great  size  of  the  inclosure.  The  shields  of  all  nations  part’fi- 
pating  in  the  Exposition  formed  a  prominent  part  of  the  decora  ion 
of  the  ceiling,  being  arranged  in  a  richly  embossed  circle  around  the 
dome.  S}rmbolical  paintings  introduced  in  elaborate  panels  and  rare 
executions  in  sculpture  and  plaster  also  garlanded  the  ceiling,  and  com- 


— 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  75 

bined  to  produce  an  effect  of  grace  and  richness  that  has  hardly  here¬ 
tofore  been  equaled  in  such  extensive  interior  design  and  decoration. 
In  this  hall  were  held  all  of  the  important  ceremonies  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion,  including  the  opening  exercises  on  April  14,  1900,  and  the  award¬ 
ing  of  prizes  to  exhibitors  on  August  18,  1900. 

Possibly  the  most  imposing  exterior  effect  of  the  Exposition  was 
presented  by  the  graceful  alignment  of  national  pavilions  facing  the 
Seine  along  the  Rue  des  Nations.  There  were  twenty-four  national 
buildings  in  this  procession,  most  all  of  excellent  design  and  elaborate 
finish  and  liberal  proportions. 

The  facade  which  this  row  of  artistic  edifices  offered  from  the  Seine 
was  imposing  and  attractive,  indeed.  The  varied  and  picturesque 
designs  of  the  different  buildings  produced  a  most  graceful  and  diver¬ 
sified  sky  line,  while  the  structures  in  their  picturesque  personality 
and  elaborate  execution  furnished  individually  and  as  a  whole  a 
decided^  interesting  and  entertaining  effect. 

The  whole  frontage  of  the  Exposition  upon  the  Seine  was  well  availed 
of  by  the  Exposition  authorities  as  an  opportunity  for  graceful  dis¬ 
tances  and  picturesque  results,  presented  so  well  by  no  other  portion 
of  the  Exposition  territory.  Aside  from  the  splendid  Alexander  III 
Bridge,  which  had  oeen  erected  as  a  special  feature  of  the  Exposition, 
and  the  graceful  Rue  des  Nations,  the  borders  of  the  river  on  both 
sides  were  given  up  to  inviting  decorative  effects.  Below  the  Alma 
Bridge,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  succeeding  the  Rue  de  Paris, 
which,  beside  its  theaters,  also  presented  the  beautiful  arched  glass 
structures  of  the  horticultural  exhibit  quite  close  to  the  Seine,  the 
quaint  buildings  of  the  division  of  the  Exposition  known  as  Old  Paris 
(Vieux  Paris)  offered  a  most  picturesque  border  line  to  the  river,  its 
vine-covered,  flower-colored  walls  and  ancient  roofs  and  porches  being 
one  of  the  really  restful  and  refreshing  sights  of  the  Exposition.  The 
curvature  at  the  river  at  this  point  enhanced  this  unique  arrangement 
of  buildings  as  well  as  of  those  below  and  opposite  it. 

On  the  whole,  the  view  down  the  river  from  the  Alexander  Bridge 
or  up  and  down  from  the  Alma  Bridge  was  about  as  interesting  and 
enjoyable  and  satisfying  as  any  that  expositions  have  produced.  At 
night,  when  the  pavilions,  buildings,  bridges,  and  Eiffel  Tower  were 
illuminated,  and  the  boats  of  the  Seine  plied  up  and  down,  the  pros¬ 
pect  presented  by  this  section  of  the  Exposition  was  one  long  to  be 
remembered. 

The  Vincennes  Annex  of  the  Exposition  was  technical  rather  than 
popular.  It  was  given  up  to  the  displays  of  machinery,  motive  pow^r, 
mechanical  appliances,  instruments,  and  effects,  arranged  in  spaces  or 
buildings  provided  especially  for  such  purposes.  The  United  States 
Machinery  Building,  as  stated,  occupied  a  prominent  position  in  this 
division  of  the  Exposition.  It  was  located  in  the  Bois  de  Vincennes, 
some  distance  outside  the  eastern  boundaiy  of  Paris. 


76  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  attendance  at  the  Exposition  during  its  entire  period  was 
48,240,705.  The  largest  day’s  recorded  attendance  was  602,315.  There 
were  43,952,024  tickets  of  admission  sold  to  the  public  in  advance  of 
the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  and  10,943,083  persons  were  admitted 
to  the  Exposition  on  passes.  This  number  included  all  the  general 
service  people,  attendants,  public  press,  French  and  foreign  Exposition 
officials,  but  not  those  admitted  free  during  international  functions, 
such  as  the  opening  day  of  the  Exposition,  the  day  when  the  awards 
were  announced,  etc.  The  total  number  of  registered  paid  admissions 
was  37,287,082.  Notwithstanding  the  phenomenal  patronage  the 
Exposition  management  had  to  face  a  deficit. 

When  it  is  considered,  however,  that  there  remain  as  a  result  of  the 
Exposition  two  magnificent  stone  art  palaces  on  the  Esplanade  des 
Invalides,  just  off  the  Champs  Elysees,  the  imposing  Alexander  III 
Bridge  and  the  new  and  improved  quays  along  the  river  Seine,  the 
actual  loss  incurred  by  the  Exposition  management  will  be  found  to  be 
trivial.  To  offset  this  are  the  millions  of  dollars  brought  to  Paris  and 
to  France  by  visitors,  and  spent  in  various  lines  of  trade  and  traveling 
and  living  necessities. 

The  nominal  price  of  admission  was  1  franc.  The  amount  paid  gen¬ 
erally,  however,  was  half  or  a  little  less  than  half  of  this  sum.  Dur¬ 
ing  special  periods,  and  also  at  certain  hours  (generally  at  night)  of 
the  Exposition,  the  tariff  was  raised.  This  increase  of  admission  fee 
was  effected,  not  by  advancing  the  price  of  the  tickets,  which  sold  as 
usual  at  the  reduced  price,  but  by  demanding  more  than  one  ticket 
for  entrance.  Occasionally  as  high  as  five  or  six  tickets  were  required 
for  admission,  but  such  instances1  were  rare,  the  increase  being  gener¬ 
ally  limited  to  two  tickets,  sometimes  reaching  three  or  four. 

Beside  the  displays  of  the  Exposition  proper,  the  chief  attractions 
to  induce  popular  patronage  were  the  Rue  de  Paris,  where  the  theaters 
were  located;  the  Chateau  d’Eau,  with  its  illuminated  fountains;  the 
Eiffel  Tower,  also  illuminated  at  night,  and  the  arcade  below  the  Rue 
des  Nations,  where  were  installed  under  the  respective  pavilions  the  res¬ 
taurants  of  the  different  nations  represented  at  the  Exposition.  At 
night  the  Rue  de  Paris,  the  restaurant  arcade  and  the  Champ  deMars, 
presenting  the  illuminated  Chateau  d’Eau,  Eiffel  Tower,  and  in  the 
distance  the  Trocadero,  were  the  centers  where  the  crowds  assembled, 
the  exhibit  sections  of  the  Exposition  being  closed. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  summer  the  Exposition  administration 
arranged  and  carried  out  a  series  of  carnivals  or  fetes  on  the  Seine, 
which  proved  a  most  beautiful  feature  of  the  Exposition  entertain¬ 
ments  and  a  very  effective  attraction. 

As  a  comparative  exhibit  of  the  different  nations  of  the  achieve¬ 
ments  of  man  and  the  progress  of  society,  also  including  an  illustration 
of  the  details  and  stages  of  this  progress  during  the  last  century  as 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  77 


represented  in  the  retrospective  exhibits,  the  Exposition  has  been 
acknowledged  by  the  experts  of  the  world  to  have  been  the  most 
complete  and  most  effective  exposition  that  has  ever  been  assembled. 
It  had,  of  course,  some  seven  additional  years  of  the  world’s  progress 
to  draw  upon  over  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893.  More¬ 
over,  unlike  in  the  case  of  the  recent  international  exposition  at 
Chicago,  one  great  nation  only  had  to  cross  the  ocean  with  its  exhibits 
to  place  them  within  the  Exposition.  England,  Germany,  Austria, 
Russia,  Italy,  Spain,  Holland,  Belgium  are  arranged  about  the  borders 
of  France  much  like  adjoining  States,  and  a  few  others  slightly  more 
remote,  lie  adjacent  to  Chicago,  bordering  Illinois.  These  nations 
could,  with  comparatively  little  difficulty  and  relatively  slight  outlay, 
land  entensive  and  splendidly  arranged  exhibits  in  Paris — the  single, 
straight  railway  haul  in  almost  all  cases  permitting  transportation  of 
displays  without  serious  derangement  of  order.  And  those  neighbor¬ 
ing  nations  of  France  most  naturally  took  advantage  of  this  splendid 
opportunity,  each  sending  excellent  exhibits  in  every  department  of 
the  Exposition.  As  has  been  stated,  the  United  States,  to  meefi  this 
strong  competition  which,  owing  to  the  conditions  mentioned,  it  was 
readily  understood  would  have  to  be  faced,  sent  a  proportionately 
representative  exhibit  from  the  different  sections  of  their  wide  extent 
across  the  sea.  The  result  was  that  the  general  display  offered  to  the 
public  at  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  was  considerably  superior 
to  any  which  has  been  examined  at  previous  expositions. 

The  excellent  organization  of  the  Exposition  in  its  system  of  pre¬ 
senting  exhibits  of  a  similar  nature  in  one  group,  the  exhibits  in  a 
single  class  of  all  nations  being  arranged  side  by  side  to  secure  the  full 
effect  of  comparison  by  direct  juxtaposition  and  contrast,  served  greatly 
to  enhance  the  value  and  set  forth  the  representative  quality  of  the 
splendid  collection  presented.  By  this  nlethod  the  exposition  was 
reduced  to  a  direct  and  condensed  representation  of  the  various  nations’ 
services  to  society  in  the  different  lines  of  development,  progress,  and 
art.  The  arrangement  placed  the  Exposition  upon  a  high  plane  as  a 
straightforward,  scientific  exhibit,  and  the  results  were  so  conspic¬ 
uously  satisfactory  and  advantageous  that  it  is  very  likely  that  the 
system  will  be  followed  and  improved  in  all  succeeding  prominent  inter¬ 
national  expositions.  An  important  result  of  this  arrangement  is  to 
reduce  the  amount  of  space  covered  by  expositions,  a  crying  need  from 
both  the  exhibitors’  and  visitors’  point  of  view.  It  has  become  an 
established  fact  and  a  necessity  in  exposition  organization  that  to  secure 
the  results  desired  in  an  exposition  a  policy  of  elimination  and  selec¬ 
tion  will  have  to  be  exercised  by  each  of  the  nations  taking  part  in  the 
collection  and  presentations  of  exhibits,  and  that  this  principle  of  selec¬ 
tion  and  elimination  will  and  must  be  carried  to  a  higher  degree  of 


78  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


discretion  in  each  succeeding  exhibition.  The  Universal  Exposition  of 
1900  has  furnished  a  most  signal  and  successful  example  and  object 
lesson  in  this  respect. 

As  to  the  details  of  the  organization  of  the  Exposition,  much  might 
also  be  said  in  commendation,  but  space  forbids  such  a  minute  analysis 
as  this  would  require.  The  system  of  buildings,  providing  a  number  of 
long  structures  under  one  roof,  or  rather  a  series  of  continuing  struc¬ 
tures  under  one  roof  and  without  partitions,  has  its  advantages  in 
space  saving  and  the  elimination  of  fatiguing  distances  for  the  visitor, 
but  it  does  away  with  the  architectural  effect  of  gables  and  facades  and 
the  opportunity  to  place  buildings  in  graceful  relation  to  each  other 
and  the  Exposition  grounds.  The  dimensions  of  the  inclosures  occu¬ 
pied  by  the  Universal  Exposition,  however,  permitted  of  no  other 
arrangement  than  that  adopted.  The  collection  of  the  pavilions  of  all 
nations  of  the  world  in  an  imposing  array  along  one  grand  thorough¬ 
fare,  known  as  the  Street  of  Nations,  was  a  happy  idea  (taken  likely 
from  the  Avenue  of  State  Buildings  of  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposi¬ 
tion  of  1893)  effectively  and  beautifully  executed.  A  feature  of  this 
arrangement,  however,  which  provided  that  the  selling  of  all  sorts  of 
wares  might  be  permitted  in  these  buildings  and  which  was  availed  of 
in  some  of  the  buildings — many  cheap  wares  being  sold — was  deplor¬ 
able.  The  fakir  cries  which  harshly  met  the  ears  of  the  visitors  on 
the  outside  and  inside  of  certain  of  these  buildings  did  much  to  depre¬ 
ciate  the  effect  and  detract  from  the  real  dignity  of  the  surroundings. 

The  administration  of  the  Exposition,  once  the  displays  were 
installed  and  the  exhibition  properly  inaugurated,  was  admirably  car¬ 
ried  out.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  inadequacies  of  staff  in  certain 
sections  and  one  or  two  requirements  or  restrictions  that  bore  heavily 
upon  the  exhibitors  and  exhibit  departments  of  the  United  States  Com¬ 
mission,  the  arrangements  were  entirely  satisfactory  and  practical. 
The  dealings  of  the  United  States  Commission  with  the  Exposition 
authorities  were  at  all  times  pleasant,  the  treatment  received  from  the 
Exposition  administration  being  uniformly  courteous  and  generous. 
The  Commissioner-General  wishes  here  to  express  his  thanks  and  that 
of  his  directors  of  departments  to  Commissioner-General  Picard, 
Director-General  Delaunay-Belleville,  and  the  entire  staff  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition  for  the  many  favors  extended,  the  attitude  of  kindliness  con¬ 
stantly  shown  and  maintained — as  was  the  case  during  the  installation 
period  of  the  Exposition — under  the  most  trying  circumstances. 

It  is  the  special  duty  and  pleasure  of  the  Commissioner-General  also 
to  here  express  his  regard  and  thanks  to  President  Loubet,  of  France, 
and  his  cabinet  and  staff,  M.  Jules  Cambon,  French  ambassador  to  the 
United  States,  and  the  members  of  the  diplomatic  corps  in  Paris, 
as  well  as  to  the  heads  of  the  Paris  municipality,  for  the  hospitality 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


79 


shown  and  the  services  rendered,  not  only  to  the  official  repre¬ 
sentatives  of  the  United  States  at  the  Exposition  present  in  Paris,  but 
to  the  great  number  of  American  citizens  who  visited  the  Exposition. 
Especially  is  it  a  pleasure  to  refer  in  this  connection  to  the  occasion  of 
the  unveiling  of  the  Lafayette  monument  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1900, 
when  the  representatives  and  citizens  of  the  two  nations  came  so 
closely  together,  and  when  President  Loubet,  in  the  name  of  France, 
expressed  the  deep  appreciation  that  he  and  the  French  people  felt  at 
this  demonstration  of  friendship  and  gratitude  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  and  its  citizens. 

To  the  honorable  Horace  Porter,  ambassador  of  the  United  States 
to  France,  the  sincerest  thanks  and  fullest  recognition  of  most  valua¬ 
ble  and  most  willing  services  are  due.  From  the  beginning  of  the 
negotiations  between  the  United  States  and  the  Exposition  authorities 
to  the  time  of  the  important  business  looking  to  the  increase  of  allot¬ 
ments  of  space,  down  through  the  development  and  progress  of  the 
Exposition  to  its  end,  the  aid  of  General  Porter  was  constant,  ever 
gracious,  and  invaluable.  In  the  relations  particularly  of  the  Com¬ 
mission  with  the  President  and  officials  of  the  French  Government  the 
ambassador  and  the  United  States  embassy  were  a  constant  source  of 
advice  and  medium  of  cooperation  and  results.  Complete  acknowl¬ 
edgment  and  personal  appreciation  is  hereby  rendered  to  the  generous 
ambassador  for  his  uniform  kindness  of  attitude  and  perpetual  energy 
in  behalf  of  the  Commission  and  its  work,  and  recognition  is  also 
acknowledged  of  the  aid  rendered  by  Secretary  Vignaud  and  the 
embassy’s  corps  of  assistants. 

To  Consul-General  J.  K.  Gowdy,  representing  the  United  States  in 
Paris,  acknowledgment  must  also  be  made  for  services  rendered  and 
offered.  Although  the  consul-general’s  position  was  not  such  as  to 
place  him  in  the  way  of  affording  continued  important  service  to  the 
Commission  as  in  the  case  of  the  ambassador,  his  office  and  endeavors 
were  constantly  at  the  Commission’s  service  and  were  frequently 
availed  of. 

To  Archbishop  John  Ireland,  of  St.  Paul,  the  Commissioner-Gen¬ 
eral’s  thanks  must  also  be  extended.  This  distinguished  prelate’s  high 
place  in  the  regard  of  the  clerical  and  official  circles  of  France  and  his 
efforts  on  behalf  of  the  Commission  did  much  to  distinguish  the  par¬ 
ticipation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Exposition,  as  evidenced  the 
splendid  oration  which  was  delivered  by  him  in  French  upon  the  occa¬ 
sion  of  the  dedication  of  the  Lafayette  monument,  and  which  was 
received  with  such  acclaim  by  the  French  officials  there  assembled, 
and  later  by  the  populace  of  France. 

In  conclusion,  the  Commissioner-General  wishes  to  express  to  Presi¬ 
dent  McKinley,  to  the  Executive  Departments  of  the  Government,  and 


80  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

to  Congress,  his  deep  feeling  of  appreciation  of  the  honor  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  important  office  intrusted  to  his  care;  also  for  the 
full  and  hearty  cooperation  he  has  received  in  the  execution  of  his 
work,  and  begs  to  submit  this  and  the  accompanying  records  as  evi¬ 
dence  of  his  endeavors  to  discharge  the  duties  of  this  office. 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 
Commissioner-  General. 


APPENDIXES. 


Appendix  No.  1. 

MEMORIAL  PRESENTED  TO  THE  FRENCH  ADMINISTRATION  ON  THE  OCCA¬ 
SION  OF  THE  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL’S  FIRST  VISIT  TO  PARIS  IN  CON¬ 
NECTION  WITH  APPLICATION  FOR  INCREASED  AMOUNT  OF  SPACE. 

On  September  19, 1898,  accompanied  by  Ambassador  Porter,  Secre¬ 
tary  Vignaud,  and  the  principal  members  of  his  staff,  the  Commissioner- 
General  called  by  appointment  on  M.  Picard,  the  Director-General  of 
the  Exposition,  and  presented  the  following-  memorial  which  had  been 
prepared  on  board  ship  on  the  way  to  Paris: 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  accepted  in  all  cordiality  the  friendly 
invitation  extended  by  France  to  participate  in  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900. 
Every  opportunity  to  unite  by  closer  ties  the  sister  republics  of  the  Old  and  the  New 
World  is  warmly  greeted,  and  in  this  instance  in  particular  the  United  States  will  be 
glad  to  appear  at  the  coming  Exposition  at  Paris  with  the  same  gracious  responsive¬ 
ness  which  France  exhibted  at  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893. 

The  United  States  Congress  provided  first  for  a  special  commissioner  to  take  prelim¬ 
inary  steps  toward  securing  the  space  required  for  a  national  exhibit.  This  act,  at  a 
time  when  events  of  an  international  character  threatened  to  assume  a  critical  aspect, 
is  a  guaranty  of  the  earnestness  of  purpose  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Govern¬ 
ment  in  seeking  to  maintain  the  relations  established  with  the  authorities  of  the  Uni¬ 
versal  Exposition,  and  indicates  the  interest  of  the  United  States  in  making  an  exhibit 
fully  commensurate  with  the  vast  natural  and  created  resources  of  the  country.  It 
was  an  expression  of  intent  to  bridge  over  the  anxious  period  of  time  when  war 
engrossed  the  attentions  of  Congress  and  of  the  American  people  to  such  an  extent 
that  adequate  consideration  could  not  be  given  to  the  serious  question  of  additional 
legislation  to  provide  for  the  representation  of  the  United  States  at  the  Paris  Expo¬ 
sition.  Our  Congress  has  made  a  preliminary  appropriation  of  $650,000,  and  the 
President  of  the  United  States  has  appointed  a  commissioner-general  who  is  deeply 
sensible  of  the  trust  vested  in  him  to  provide  for  an  exhibit  creditable  to  the  coun¬ 
try  he  represents  and  commanding  the  interest  of  the  world  assembled  in  Paris  while 
yet  the  attention  of  the  nation  was  engrossed  in  war. 

Briefly  stated,  the  United  States  contemplates  an  exhibit  worthy  of  itself  and  worthy 
of  France,  and  respectfully  requests  the  opportunity  to  display  the  vast  resources  of 
a  progressive  country  having  more  than  70,000,000  inhabitants. 

There  are  16,000,000  children  in  its  schools;  95  per  cent  in  elementary  schools,  4 
per  cent  in  secondary  schools,  and  nearly  1  per  cent  in  higher  institutions.  In  many 
States  education  is  given  at  public  expense  through  a  twenty-years’  course,  beginning 
with  the  kindergarten,  which  is  a  model  of  its  kind.  The  Government  maintains  in 

S.  Doc.  232- — 6  81 


82  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

every  State  a  free  college  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  Throughout  the 
land  450  institutions  for  higher  instruction  are  maintained  by  public  taxation  or  pos¬ 
sess  private  endowments  exceeding  500,000,000  francs.  Nearly  every  city  has  its 
library,  and  the  Congressional  Library  at  Washington  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
world.  This  magnificent  showing  demands  a  representative  exhibit. 

In  fine  arts  there  is  vigorous  growth  and  progress.  Valuable  private  collections 
have  been  formed,  and  museums  have  absorbed  works  of  art  from  every  nation. 
Painting,  sculpture,  architecture,  designs,  and  mural  art  testify  to  the  highly  artistic 
natural  sense  and  demand  recognition  on  exposition  grounds. 

In  machinery,  engines  of  4,000  to  5,000  horsepower  offer  nothing  unusual  in  the 
United  States.  American  marine  engines,  rolling  mills  and  pumping  engines  are  the 
largest  made  and  the  most  efficient.  The  special  machinery  for  handling  iron  and 
steel  products,  coal,  iron  ore,  grain,  etc. ,  are  practically  unknown  to  Europe.  America 
has  exported  75,000,000  francs  worth  of  tools  to  one  European  country  alone.  In 
machinery  for  wood  working,  watch  and  clock  making,  book  and  newspaper  printing 
and  binding,  typesetting,  etc.,  American  devices  and  products  excel  ail  others.  The 
space  now  named  for  machinery  and  electricity  can  not  display  a  fraction  of  the 
most  valuable  whole.  The  neglect  of  this  exhibit  will  prove  a  disappointment  to 
the  United  States  and  will  result  in  a  distinct  loss  to  Europe. 

In  electricity  the  world  is  indebted  to  the  United  States  for  making  this  power 
commercially  available,  whether  in  traction  or  for  elevators;  in  general  power  or  in 
lighting  generators;  in  telegraph  and  telephone  systems  or  in  the  electrolytic  plants. 

Five  thousand  horsepower  generators  have  been  built  for  the  Niagara  Falls  plant, 
and  central  supply  stations  yield  as  much  as  50,000  horsepower  each. 

In  transportation  the  mileage  of  the  United  States  exceeds  that  of  the  whole  of 
Europe.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  desires  to  furnish  a  magnificent 
Pullman  train  at  a  cost  of  nearly  1,000,000  francs.  The  railroad  organization,  per¬ 
fect  in  its  minutest  details,  the  system  of  electric  cars,  the  plan  for  the  improvement 
of  harbors,  etc.,  will  be  shown  if  proper  space  is  allowed. 

The  United  States  has  an  annual  business  of  500,000,000  francs  in  meat  and 
500,000,000  francs  in  dairy  products. 

The  Government  expends  5,000,000  francs  a  year  for  meat  inspection  and  the  study 
of  animal  diseases.  Every  State  produces  maize  and  cereals.  The  former  seeks  a 
broader  export  market,  while  the  importance  of  prepared  cereal  foods  as  a  form  of 
breadstuffs  is  truly  significant.  The  agricultural  exports  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1898,  amounted  to  4,273,000,000  francs,  or  70£  per  cent  of  all  exports  made 
during  that  period.  Twenty-four  million  acres  of  land  are  under  cotton  cultivation; 
10,000,000  bales  have  been  yielded  in  one  year,  of  which  66  per  cent  are  exported, 
10  per  cent  to  France  alone.  The  exhibit  of  tobacco  requires  for  proper  illustration 
even  a  larger  space*  than  does  cotton.  Tens  of  millions  of  francs  are  involved 
annually  in  the  fruit  industry,  and  more  particularly  in  preserved  and  canned  fruits. 

The  United  States,  exporting  from  its  forests  more  raw  material  than  does  any 
other  country  except  Russia,  furnished  50  per  cent  of  all  the  best  wood  consumed  in 
Europe.  In  the  domestic  wood-pulp  industry  90  tons  of  wood-pulp  paper  were  used 
in  a  single  edition  of  a  Sunday  paper.  The  United  States  fish  industry  demands  a 
large  area  to  exhibit  fresh-water  fish,  construct  a  salt-water  aquarium,  and  otherwise 
illustrate  this  class.  The  Government  has  expended  over  100,000,000  francs  in  its 
fisheries  during  the  past  few  years  and  maintains  a  steamer  of  2,000  tons  for  fishery 
purposes  exclusively. 

In  mines  and  metallurgy  the  United  States  produces  two-thirds  of  5,000,000,000 
francs  a  year  in  crude  mineral  products,  exceeding  such  products  of  any  other  nation 
on  earth,  and  equaling  that  of  the  whole  of  Europe.  It  yields  in  commercial  quan¬ 
tities  every  mineral  produced  but  potassium  salts.  It  has  reached  the  export  stage 
in  copper,  lead,  zinc,  petroleum,  and  even  coal.  It  produces  one-third  of  the  world's 
coal,  more  than  one-half  of  the  world’s  copper,  exporting  more  than  European  mines- 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


83 


The  output  of  petroleum  in  the  United  States  is  60,000,000  barrels  against  Russia’s 
50,000,000,  but  the  American  oil  is  superior  in  quality,  and  it  yields  double  the 
amount  of  refined  products.  The  United  States  has  a*  steady  definite  export  trade 
of  pig  iron  to  Germany,  and  actually  sends  iron  ore  to  England. 

The  exports  of  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  in  the  United  States  have  increased 
from  89,000,000  francs  in  1882  to  352,000,000  francs  in  1898.  The  exports  of  goods 
manufactured  in  the  United  States  amounted  to  1,386,000,000  francs  in  1897  and 
1,444,000,000  francs  in  1898  The  aggregate  wealth  of  the  United  States  has  been 
increased  by  88,150,000,000  francs  between  1888  and  1898,  and  now  amounts  to 
408,850,000,000  francs,  which  is  twice  that  of  France,  equals  that  of  Russia,  Austria, 
Italy,  and  Spain  combined,  and  is  one-fourth  more  than  that  of  Great  Britain. 

The  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States  are  proud  of  their  present  position  in  the 
eyes  of  the  world.  Whole  exhibits  are  created  and  are  ready  for  installation.  In 
models  of  warships  and  general  naval  constructions,  in  the  manufacture  of  armor  and 
guns,  in  quartermaster  and  ordnance  supplies,  in  methods  of  quick  mobilization  and 
transportation,  in  administration  of  military  and  naval  academies,  in  relations  of 
State  militia  and  Naval  Reserve  to  the  General  Government,  the  United  States  offers 
impressive  object  lessons  at  this  juncture  of  international  affairs.  The  United  States 
Weather  Bureau  service,  maintained  by  the  Government  at  an  annual  outlay  of 
7,500,000  francs,  is  a  distinct  benefit  to  commerce  and  offers  a  wide  field  for  exhibition 
purposes. 

In  retrospective  exhibits  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  United  States  stands  alone 
in  the  history  of  nations.  The  city  populations  have  increased  from  8  to  35  per  cent, 
and  hand  in  hand  with  the  growth  of  cities  has  come  the  complete  development  of 
educational  system  and  the  marvelous  expansion  in  manufacturing  industries,  indus¬ 
trial  arts,  and  engineering  achievements  which  will  seek  expression  in  every  group. 

These  considerations,  based  upon  a  careful  examination  of  facts  and  an  extensive 
experience  in  Exposition  matters,  lead  the  Commissioner-General  to  represent  very 
respectfully  to  the  authorities  in  charge  of  the  Universal  Exposition  that  the  United 
States  is  in  need  of  additional  space  in  order  to  make  an  exhibit  commensurate  with 
its  wealth,  its  importance,  and  its  dignity  in  the  family  of  nations.  Apart  from  the 
educational  side  of  the  Exposition,  its  commercial  advantages  to  domestic  manufac¬ 
turers  and  exhibitors  are  of  paramount  value  in  the  estimation  of  the  United  States 
Government. 

The  Commissioner-General  can  give  positive  assurances  that  the  appropriation  will 
be  largely  increased  by  Congress  if  France  awards  such  space  to  the  United  States  as 
will  justify  the  expenditure  of  a  greater  sum  of  money.  The  Commissioner-General 
has  sincerely  at  heart  the  success  of  the  American  sections  of  the  Exposition  and 
realizes  that  this  success  depends  largely  on  his  obtaining  the  proper  official  conces¬ 
sions.  He  places  the  utmost  confidence  in  the  cause  and  the  nation  which  he  repre¬ 
sents,  and  believes  that  an  understanding  will  be  reached  with  the  Director-General 
of  the  Exposition  which  will  result  advantageously  for  France  and  the  United  States. 


Appendix  No.  2. 

APPROPRIATIONS. 

The  first  law  governing  the  representation  of  the  United  States  at 
the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900  appears  in  a  preliminary  chapter  accom¬ 
panying  this  report.  The  portion  of  it  relating  to  the  initial  appro¬ 
priation  by  Congress  to  carry  on  this  work  is  as  follows: 

The  necessary  expenses  herein  authorized  and  expenses  for  the  proper  installation 
and  care  of  exhibits,  together  with  all  other  expenses  that  may  be  authorized  by  the 


84  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Commissioner-General  incident  to  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  said 
Exposition,  are  hereby  limited  to  the  sum  of  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  ($650,000)  dollars,  Including  not  exceeding  eightv-five  thousand  ($85,000) 
dollars  for  clerk  hire  in  the  United  States  and  in  Paris.  The  Secretary  of  Agricul¬ 
ture  is  hereby  authorized  to  prepare  suitable  exhibits  of  agricultural  products  of  the 
States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States,  including  those  mentioned  in  Groups 
VII,  VIII,  and  X  of  the  plan  of  said  Exposition,  and  shall  exhibit  the  same  under 
the  direction  and  control  of  the  Commissioner-General,  the  total  expenses  of  the  said 
exhibits  not  to  exceed  in  the- aggregate  seventy-five  thousand  ($75,000)  dollars,  to  be 
paid  out  of  the  aforesaid  sum  of  six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  ($650,000)  dollars; 
and  reports  respecting  such  exhibits,  printed  in  the  English,  French,  and  German 
languages,  shall  accompany  such  exhibits,  as  the  Commissioner-General  may 
direct.  *  *  * 

Paris  Exposition:  Toward  the  expenses  herein  authorized,  incident  to  the  partici¬ 
pation  of  the  United.  States  in  said  Exposition,  there  is  hereby  appropriated  the  sum 
of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately  available  and  to  remain  avail¬ 
able  until  expended,  of  which  amount  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  may  be 
used  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  the  preparation  of  the  agricultural  exhibit 
herein  provided  for. 

Washington,  July  1,  1898.  William  McKinley. 

After  the  appointment  of  the  Commissioner-General,  and  when  he  had 
gone  over  the  proper  representation  of  the  United  States  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1900,  it  became  most  apparent  that  the  above  maximum 
allowance  of  $650,000  would  be  entirely  inadequate  for  the  proper 
representation  of  the  art,  science,  and  industry  of  the  United  States. 
The  Commissioner-General,  therefore,  after  preparing  careful  summary 
of  the  situation,  appeared  on  February  23,  1899,  before  the  Subcom¬ 
mittee  on  Appropriations  of  the  Senate  and  asked  for  additional  funds. 
A  statement  to  the  honorable  the  subcommittee  bearing  out  the  request 
was  made  by  the  Commissioner-General  as  follows: 

III  the  work  that  we  are  doing  we  realize  that  we  represent  a  great  national  trust; 
that  we  have  upon  us  a  great  responsibility;  that  we  represent  a  great  case,  and  I 
believe  that  in  ten  or  twelve  minutes  we  can  present  to  you  an  unanswerable  case. 

There  are  two  important  purposes  involved  in  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Paris  Exposition.  It  is  not  necessary  to  elaborate  to  gentlemen  occupying 
the  places  of  Senators  upon  these  two  purposes,  but  in  a  word  one  underlying  purpose 
is  to  increase  our  export  trade.  We  believe  it  is  the  greatest  opportunity  that  the 
manufacturers  and  producers  of  this  nation  have  ever  had  to  display  their  samples 
and  their  products  before  the  eyes  of  foreign  people  whose  markets  they  seek.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  will  be  some  60,000,000  people  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  repre¬ 
senting  500,000,000  of  the  people  of  the  earth. 

The  second  purpose  involved  is  what  we  might  call  national  pride.  There  are  51 
nations  that  have  already  accepted  invitations  to  participate  in  the  Paris  Exposition. 
It  is  not  necessary  far  me  to  say  that  the  greatest  of  these  nations  is  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  since  our  recent  war  we  are  to-day  the  most  conspicuous 
nation  on  the  face  of  the  globe.  The  exhibits  of  no  nation  will  attract  the  attention 
that  those  of  the  United  States  will  attract  at  Paris  in  1900  among  the  whole  51 
nations  that  will  be  there  represented,  as  Secretary  Hitchcock  said  to  me  very 
forcibly  last  evening,  and  he  is  familiar  with  the  situation  over  there. 

In  other  words,  gentlemen,  if  I  may  use  the  expression,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the 
United  States  is  to  be  the  Hamlet  of  the  play  at  Paris  in  1900.  Hence  the  impor- 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  85 

tance  of  our  making  a  creditable  exhibit  that  will  reflect  glory  upon  our  people  and 
upon  our  flag. 

These  are,  in  brief,  the  two  important  reasons  why  our  participation  at  Paris  should 
be  a  prominent  and  a  creditable  one. 

When  the  appointment  of  a  Commissioner-General  provided  for  by  the  law  was 
made  by  President  McKinley  in  the  latter  part  of  July,  we  ascertained  that  the 
demand  for  exhibit  space  from  our  own  people  was  nearly  three  times  its  supply — 
nearly  three  times  the  147,000  square  feet  of  exhibit  space  that  was  at  our  command. 
It  therefore  became  our  duty  to  go  promptly  to  Paris  and  make  every  effort  within 
our  power  to  increase  and  add  to  that  space.  By  using  every  influence  at  our  com¬ 
mand  and  by  months  of  patience  we  succeeded  in  increasing  the  exhibit  space  70 
per  cent.  Inasmuch  as  that  has  been  questioned,  I  have  brought  here  the  official 
proof  of  it  and  I  shall  present  it  later  in  my  remarks.  This  addition  will  give  us  a 
total  of  250,000  square  feet — that  is  what  we  have  now  available  for  the  United 
States  exhibit.  Originally  wTe  had  147,000  square  feet;  that  was  the  amount  we  had 
when  we  reached  Paris.  The  Congress  of  the  United  States  appropriated  $650,000 
for  the  display  of  our  exhibits  in  147,000  square  feet  of  space. 

We  also  ascertained  when  we  reached  Paris  that  nearly  all  the  great  nations  of  the 
earth  had  arranged  to  build  national  buildings  and  had  secured  sites  along  the  banks 
of  the  river  Seine  upon  which  to  erect  their  national  pavilions  and  over  which  to 
fly  their  flags.  I  think  you  all,  gentlemen,  will  agree  with  me  that  every  citizen  of 
the  United  States  who  visits  Paris  next  year,  as  well  as  those  who  remain  at  home, 
would  be  submitted  to  great  humiliation  were  the  Stars  and  Stripes  omitted  from 
that  gathering  of  nations.  We  therefore  asked  that  space  for  that  purpose  be  given 
us.  The  United  States  now,  with  the  addition  that  we  have  secured,  is  next  to 
France  itself  in  amount  of  space.  We  can  not  ascertain  accurately  the  space  of 
Russia,  but  I  believe  it  is  somewhat  less  than  that  of  the  United  States.  We  know 
that  Great  Britain  and  Germany  are  inferior  to  the  United  States  in  that  respect, 
and  we  think  that  Russia  and  all  other  nations  are  inferior  to  us  in  square  feet  of 
space. 

Before  giving  the  space  credited  to  us  for  a  building  we  had  to  give  a  pledge  that 
we  wTould  build  one.  The  Commissioner-General  took  that  responsibility,  believing 
that  it  would  be  authorized  by  Congress.  I  took  the  responsibility,  one  which  I 
believe  any  of  you  gentlemen  would  have  taken  under  similar  circumstances  in  the 
emergency. 

We  also  secured  areas  adjoining  three  of  the  main  exhibit  buildings  immediately 
abutting  upon  the  American  sections  therein,  just  exactly  where  we  wanted  them, 
in  the  particular  places  and  adjoining  the  most  important  buildings,  those  for  manu¬ 
factures,  agriculture,  and  forestry,  respectively.  It  is  necessary  for  us  to  house  that 
exhibit  space.  It  is  not  a  large  matter;  $75,000  or  $80,000  will  do  it  all,  so  far  as  the 
housing  is  concerned. 

Now,  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  wanted  the  appropriation  originally  to  be 
$750,000.  By  compromise  with  the  House  conference  committee  the  amount  was 
made  $650,000.  The  President  had  recommended  $1,000,000.  The  $650,000  was  to 
provide  for  147,000  square  feet  of  space.  All  that  we  ask  now  is  that,  assuming  that 
amount  of  money  to  have  been  adequate  for  that  amount  of  space,  that  you  add  to 
it  a  mathematical  pro  rata  commensurate  with  the  additional  space  for  our  exhib¬ 
itors  that  has  actually  been  obtained  plus  the  cost  of  the  buildings  that  must  be 
erected.  Those  national  buildings  will  aggregate,  as  we  estimate,  $250,000 — the 
principal  national  building,  $150,000;  all  the  other  buildings  necessary  to  provide 
space  for  our  exhibitors,  $100,000,  making  $250,000  in  all.  Now,  if  you  will  add  70 
per  cent  to  $650,000  you  will  find  the  amount  to  be  $1,100,000.  Add  to  that  $250,000 
for  buildings,  which  gives  us  $1,350,000.  Add  to  that  the  cost  of  maintaining  from 
50  to  100  jurors,  which  it  was  hoped  the  French  authorities  would  pay  for,  but  which 


86  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

we  find  each  Government  must  pay  for,  which  we  estimate  at  $1,000  each,  and  we 
have  approximately  the  sum  of  $1,450,000.  In  the  recent  message  of  the  President 
of  the  United  States  he  uses  this  language:  “In  my  judgment  there  should  be 
appropriated  for  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  this  Exposition  not  less 
than  one  million  dollars.  ’  ’ 

When  the  President  wrote  that  message  he  did  not  know  that  we  had  secured  70 
per  cent  of  increased  exhibit  space.  He  had  a  right  to  suppose  that  we  had  secured 
40  per  cent;  we  have  since  secured  30  per  cent  additional.  He  did  not  know  that  it 
was  obligatory  upon  us,  as  well  as  wise,  to  build  or  erect  any  structures  such  as  I 
have  mentioned.  I  mention  these  particulars  to  show  that  the  President’s  recom¬ 
mendations  are  entirely  consistent  with  what  we  are  asking  at  your  hands. 

Germany  has  already  appropriated  $1,250,000  and  has  about  150,000  square  feet  of 
space,  or  $8  to  the  square  foot.  Italy  has  appropriated  $600,000  and  has  120,000 
square  feet.  Austria  has  appropriated  $550,000  and  has  110,000  square  feet  of  space. 
Hungary  has  appropriated  $650,000  for  100,000  square  feet.  Japan  has  only  50,000 
square  feet  and  has  made  an  appropriation  therefor  of  $625,000,  or  $12  per  square 
foot.  In  other  words,  the  average  amount  appropriated  by  other  nations  is  three 
times  as  much  per  square  foot  as  the  present  appropriation  of  the  United  States. 

In  addition  the  following  statement  in  writing  was  submitted  by  the 
Commissioner-General : 

The  Commission,  appointed  in  accordance  with  an  act  of  Congress  dated  July  1, 
1898;  regulating  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1900,  respectfully  invites  your  attention  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  $650,000  appropri¬ 
ation  carried  therein  to  enable  a  representation  in  the  Exposition  that  will  be  com¬ 
parable  and  in  keeping  with  the  progress,  dignity,  and  status  of  this  country  among 
the  nations  of  the  world,  in  view  of  the  increased  exhibit  space  obtained  and  devel¬ 
opments  of  the  situation  otherwise  since  the  appropriation  was  made. 

Your  honorable  committee  recognized  the  inadequacy  of  the  $650,000  appropria¬ 
tion  at  the  time  it  was  made,  as  was  evidenced  by  your  incorporation  in  the  bill  of 
an  appropriation  clause  of  $750,000,  the  $650,000  finally  granted  having  been  agreed 
upon  as  a  compromise  between  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  Further¬ 
more,  members  of  your  committee  then  believed  from  the  facts  presented  and  the 
conditions  that  then  existed  that  $1,000,000  would  be  necessary,  and  favored  such 
an  appropriation. 

Since  you  last  considered  the  Exposition  subject  it  has  developed  that  the  other 
principal  nations  of  the  world  will  erect  national  buildings  at  the  Exposition,  and 
that  this  country  must  do  likewise  or  be  conspicuous  by  its  absence  in  this  respect. 
The  need  for  increased  space  which  has  developed  demands  that  certain  annex 
buildings  shall  be  constructed,  for  which  areas  have  been  secured  adjoining  the 
United  States  sections  of  three  of  the  main  buildings.  And  the  doubt  at  that  time 
as  to  the  necessity  for  making  collective  exhibits  has  changed  to  an  absolute  cer¬ 
tainty  that  it  must  be  done  in  every  department,  which  will  make  nearly  all  the 
cost  of  installations— that  is,  outlay  for  facades  or  pavilions,  railings,  floorings,  deco¬ 
rations,  and,  in  many  departments,  show  cases — fall  upon  the  Government.  These 
items  cost  Germany  at  Chicago  about  $400,000. 

It  is  assumed  that  Congress  desires  that  the  United  States  shall  make  an  exhibit 
that  will  be  in  conformity,  with  the  wishes  of  the  American  people,  which  are,  as  is 
well  known,  that  it  shall  surpass  the  display  of  every  other  country.  American  pride 
demands  it,  because  all  nations  are  to  participate  in  the  Exposition,  thereby  making 
it  a  review  of  the  progress  and  status  of  all  countries  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  preparatory  upon  starting  upor  the  twentieth.  Such  an  exhibit  is  necessary 
to  increase  our  foreign  trade  and  to  maintain  that  which  we  have,  because  the  Expo¬ 
sition  is  to  be  a  great  international  competition  for  trade,  in  which  that  country 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  87 


which  is  not  well  represented  will  be  relatively  injured.  We  can,  if  we  will,  carry 
away  the  greatest  benefits  and  highest  honors  from  this  international  peace  contest. 

The  following  additional  appropriation  is  recommended,  not  in  the  belief  that  it 
will  be  abundantly  sufficient  to  carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  majority  of  Americans 
in  making  the  United  States  sections  surpass  all  others,  but  that  it  will  enable  us  to 
present  a  fairly  creditable  exhibit,  and  perhaps  a  superior  exhibit,  if  manufacturers 
and  producers  can  be  prevailed  upon  to  bear  more  than  their  proper  share  of  the 


expense  in  doing  so: 

1.  For  national  building  (including  construction  and  maintenance) . $150,  000 

2.  For  agricultural  annex,  forestry  and  fisheries  annex ,  .and  manufactures 

annex  . . . .  100, 000 

3.  For  jurors  (not  included  in  original  appropriation) .  75,  000 

4.  For  Agricultural  Department  (according  to  detailed  estimate  of  the  Sec¬ 

retary  of  Agriculture) . 75,  000 

5.  For  the  ten  other  industries  than  agricultural  (including  governmental 

departments) .  250,  000 

6.  For  transportation  and  terminal  expenses .  50,  000 

7.  For  increase  for  experts  and  clerk  hire . 100,  000 


Total .  800,  000 


A  larger  amount  than  the  above  estimate  should,  however,  be  designated  in  the 
bill,  to  be  available  in  case  the  exigencies  of  the  circumstances  should  require  it. 
The  reasonableness: — in  fact,  even  inadequacy — of  these  amounts  may  be  emphasized 
by  the  following  facts: 

First.  At  Chicago  the  German  building  cost  $250,000;  the  French  building  cost 
$100,000;  the  Brazilian  building  cost  $200,000;  Victoria  House,  excluding  interior 
work  and  finishing,  cost  $90,000;  the  New  York  State  building  cost  $200,448;  the 
Pennsylvania  State  building  cost  $125,000;  the  California  State  building  cost  $125,000. 

At  Paris,  in  1900,  Germany  will  construct  a  Rhine  castle  that  will  cost  $250,000. 
England  will  reproduce  Kinston  House,  which,  while  not  definitely  known,  will 
unquestionably  cost  as  much.  Belgium  will  construct  a  representation  of  the  Town 
Hall  of  Andmarde,  a  jewel  of  pure  Flemish  art.  Sweden  will  have  a  pavilion  in 
polychrome,  and  even  Finland,  the  unfortunate  land  of  the  midnight  sun  and  the 
midday  night,  will  present  one  of  those  low  constructions,  flanked  with  clock  towers, 
peculiar  to  that  country.  Nearly  all  the  nations  will  erect  buildings. 

Second.  A  less  amount  than  $100,000  could  not  possibly  suffice  to  construct  and 
maintain  the  other  three  buildings  in  keeping  with  their  purpose  and  surrounding. 

Third.  It  was  not  intended  that  the  $650,000  appropriated  should  include  the  service 
of  jurors,  because  it  was  thought  that  the  French  might  later  conclude  to  bear  this 
expense,  which  they  have  not  done  and  will  not  do.  At  least  $1,000  must  be  allowed 
to  each  person  for  this  service  as  traveling  expenses  and  maintenance. 

The  United  States  had  60  jurors  in  1889,  and  the  number  allowed  will  be  greater 
in  1900  because  of  the  greater  number  of  exhibitors. 

Fourth.  The  statement  of  our  director  of  agriculture  as  to  the  necessity  for  an 
additional  increase  of  $83,000  to  enable  the  agriculture  of  the  United  States  to  have 
a  proper  representation  at  the  Exposition  is  sufficient  to  warrant  the  increase  of 
$75,000  above  recommended.  The  fact  that  all  the  space  at  our  disposal  in  the  main 
agricultural  palace  must  be  available  for  agricultural  products  alone  is  germane,  and 
illustrates  the  absolute  necessity  for  an  agricultural  annex. 

Fifth.  In  the  items  that  were  considered  as  the  basis  of  expense  for  which  the 
$650,000  was  appropriated  no  estimate  was  included  for  installation — facades,  etc.,  as 
above  indicated — in  many  of  the  departments,  and  yet  this  expense  will  be  very  large 
in  all  departments  and  must  be  borne  by  the  Government.  In  a  few  of  them  some 
of  this  outlay  will  be  carried  by  exhibitors,  but  the  majority  of  it  will  fall  on  the 


88 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Government  because  the  exhibits  in  those  departments,  as  in  the  agricultural,  must 
be  given  a  national  character;  they  must  be  representative  of  the  respective  industries 
and  of  the  largest  number  of  producers. 

If  partiality  could  be  shown,  and  the  space  in  the  manufacturing  departments  given 
to  one  or  two  manufacturers,  they  would  unhesitatingly  pay  all  the  exhibiting 
expenses.  But  the  benefits  to  be  gained  in  collective  exhibits  is  general,  or  national, 
and  the  individual  advantage  is  so  small  that  the  otherwise  anxious  exhibitor  becomes 
an  indifferent  one,  at  least  to  the  extent  of  paying  more  than  freight,  cost  of  the 
extra  preparation  of  goods  for  exhibition,  and  the  attendance  on  the  exhibits,  which 
have  been  estimated  would  be  at  least  $1,000,000 — quite  a  burden  for  them  to  bear; 
therefore  the  $250,000  additional  for  item  No.  5  will  be  needed. 

At  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  Germany  spent  nearly  $400,000  as  encour¬ 
agement  to  exhibitors  in  the  arts,  sciences,  and  industries,  and  for  decorations  in  the 
various  sections  occupied,  which  were  only  about  half  as  many  as  the  United  States 
will  occupy  in  1900. 

The  collective  exhibits  of  New  York  State  at  the  World’s  Fair,  including  the  sala¬ 
ries  of  officers  and  experts  in  preparation  of  the  same,  cost  $400,000,  and  only  60,000 
square  feet  of  space  were  occupied  by  the  exhibits. 

Sixth.  Fifty  thousand  dollars  is  added  in  the  above  items  for  the  additional  appro¬ 
priation  for  outward  and  inward  freight  and  terminal  expenses,  as  only  $25,000  seems 
to  have  been  set  aside  in  the  estimate  which  formed  the  basis  for  the  $650,000  appro¬ 
priated,  and  yet  this  item  of  expense  to  the  United  States  in  connection  with  its  very 
small  exhibit  at  Paris  in  1889  cost  $50,000,  and  only  one-half  the  space  was  occupied 
that  will  be  in  1900.  Consequently,  $75,000  is  certainly  a  minimum  estimate. 

Seventh.  In  the  items  estimated  for  the  $650,000  appropriated  there  was  only 
$25,000  allowed  for  experts  to  collect  exhibits.  Because  of  the  wholly  different 
character  of  the  various  industries  to  be  represented  in  the  United  States  display  it 
will  be  absolutely  necessary  to  have  a  specialist  in  each  industry  to  prepare  and 
install  exhibits.  An  eminent  expert  must  be  employed  for  the  textiles  industry  as 
well  as  for  the  agricultural,  for  the  fine  arts  as  for  the  manufacturing,  etc.  It  is 
essential  to  have  experts  for  each  industry,  not  only  to  secure  the  best  exhibits,  but 
the  importance  of  each  industry  in  production  and  the  export  trade  demand  it — a 
representative  who  will  bring  back  the  best  information  obtainable  as  to  what  other 
countries  are  doing  in  the  arts  and  commercial  world,  as  shown  in  the  Exposition. 

Ten  experts  were  employed  by  the  Government  for  the  Omaha  Exposition  to 
install  the  Government  exhibits  in  only  45,000  square  feet  of  space,  located  in  the 
Government  building,  and  yet  two-thirds  of  the  material  exhibited  was  already  in 
the  Department  in  Washington  and  prepared,  and  had  only  to  be  packed  and  trans¬ 
ported  to  the  Exposition. 

******* 

In  drawing  the  clause  making  the  additional  appropriation  there  should  be  no 
restrictions  in  the  use  oi  the  money,  except  as  indicated  in  the  present  bill  relating  to 
agriculture  and  clerk  hire,  and  the  amounts  mentioned  therein  with  respect  to  them 
should  be  raised,  for  agriculture  to  $153,000  and  for  clerk  hire  to  $125,000.  While 
our  estimates  are  intended  to  be  as  nearly  correct  as  possible,  our  participation  in  the 
Exposition  in  many  directions  is  very  much  a  matter  of  evolution,  and  the  cost  of 
some  features  may  be  less  than  contemplated,  while  others  might  cost  more.  To 
place  restrictions  in  any  department  would  therefore  prevent  the  use  of  money  which 
might  prove  not  to  be  needed  in  the  one  direction  for  defraying  any  unexpected  and 
additional  cost  in  another. 

As  Congress  will  not  again  legislate  on  this  subject  until  the  Exposition  is  in  prog¬ 
ress,  and  perhaps  nearly  over,  all  legislation  for  our  participation  in  the  Exposition 
must  now  be  provided.  For  the  use  of  the  Commission  until  Congress  next  con¬ 
venes,  in  December,  all  the  money  appropriated  should  be  made  available. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


89 


As  a  result  of  these  presentations  the  following  act  was  passed  by 
Congress  and  approved  on  March  3,  1899: 

Paris  Exposition:  For  each  and  every  purpose  named  in  the  paragraph  in  the 
sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight,  under  the  heading  -  ‘  Paris  Exposition,  ’  ’  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars, 
of  which  amount  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  dollars  may  be 
used  for  clerk  hire  in  the  United  States  and  in  Paris,  and  the  limit  of  appropriations 
provided  for  in  provisions  of  said  paragraph  shall  be  extended  three  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  or  to  nine  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  in  all,  said  appropriation  to  be 
available  until  expended:  Provided,  That  of  said  latter  sum  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  shall  be  for  the  exhibit  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  provided  for  in 
said  paragraphs. 

For  the  construction  of  necessary  buildings  in  connection  with  said  Exposition 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately  available. 

For  pay  of  jurors  sixty  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary, 
to  be  available  until  expended;  and  the  sums  herein  and  heretofore  appropriated  on 
account  of  the  Paris  Exposition  shall  be  in  full  of  all  appropriations  to  be  made  on 
account  of  said  Exposition  by  Congress,  and  no  deficiency  shall  be  created  therein. 

Approved,  March  3,  1899. 

Later  this  appropriation  was  supplemented  by  the  following  act: 

Paris  Exposition:  For  each  and  every  purpose  named  in  the  paragraph  in  the  sun¬ 
dry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eighty 
under  the  heading  “Paris  Exposition,’ ’  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars,  of  which  amount  not  exceeding  ninety-six  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  may  be  expended  for  buildings  and  appurtenances,  including  fire  protection, 
pier  landings,  approaches,  and  other  construction;  not  exceeding  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  may  be  expended  for  an  exhibit  of  negro  education  and  industry;  and  not 
exceeding  twenty  thousand  dollars  may  be  used  for  contingent  expenses  of  the 
Commissioner-General,  to  be  expended  in  his  discretion  and  audited  on  his  certifi¬ 
cate;  and  the  limit  of  the  appropriations  provided  for  in  said  paragraph,  as  amended 
by  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  March  third,  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety-nine,  is  hereby  extended  to  one  million  one  hundred  and  nineteen  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars;  the  appropriation  hereby  made  to  be  available  until  expended: 
Provided,  That  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  is  authorized  and  directed  to  allow  such 
patent  models  as  have  been  previously  exhibited  at  any  international  exposition,  as 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  select,  to  be  transported  to  and  from  and  exhibited 
at  said  Exposition,  in  the  custody  of  an  employee  of  the  Patent  Office  duly  designated 
for  that  purpose  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents;  such  models  to  be  returned  to  the 
Patent  Office  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition ;  but  no  models  shall  be  removed  concern¬ 
ing  which  litigation  is  now  pending. 

For  six  additional  commissioners,  to  be  appointed  as  provided  by  the  sundry  civil 
appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  who  shall 
perform  the  duties  and  be  subject  to  the  limitations  prescribed  therein,  at  three 
thousand  dollars  each,  eighteen  thousand  dollars. 

Approved,  February  9,  1900. 


90 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Appendix  No.  3. 

THE  ASSISTANCE  WHICH  MAY  BE  REQUIRED  OF  EXHIBITORS  IN  PROVIDING 

FOR  THE  EXPENSES  OF  EXPOSITION  AND  THE  MANNER  OF  COLLECTING 

AND  EXPENDING  FUNDS  COLLECTED  FROM  SUCH  A  SERVICE. 

While  without  doubt  a  large  amount  of  patriotic  spirit  is  at  bottom 
the  incentive  which  urges  its  citizens  to  aid  a  country  in  presenting  to 
the  world  in  an  universal  exposition  the  best  account  it  can  give  of  its 
progress  -and  of  ks  resources,  r  more  directly  personal  interest  serves 
as  a  motive  power  in  many  instances.  The  exhibitor  who  is  a  producer 
of  goods  for  the  market  seeks  to  obtain,  by  receiving  awards  indicating 
the  merit  of  his  goods,  an  indorsement  which  may  be  valuable  to  him 
in  his  future  business  ventures,  or  hopes  to  bring  them  directly  before 
the  purchaser  who  is  equally  eager  to  discover  the  newest  and  the  best 
articles  for  the  market  fit  for  his  purposes.  From  this  point  of  view 
all  exhibits  may  be  classed  as  commercial  or  noncommercial.  The 
commercial  exhibitor  expects  compensation  in  benefits  accruing  to  his 
own  business,  that  his  business  will  be  advertised  and  enlarged  as  a 
result  of  his  expenditure.  Such  are  especially  the  producers  of  manu¬ 
factured  goods,  machinery,  etc.  The  noncommercial  exhibitor  sees 
little  hope  of  such  direct  returns.  Indirect  returns  may  be  found  in 
the  larger  publicity'  given  to  the  operations  of  important  enterprises, 
public  and  semipublic;  in  the  more  distinguished  record  which  comes 
to  the  community,  large  or  small,  of  which  he  may  form  a  part. 
Educational  exhibits — those  of  a  purely  scientific  character,  those  of 
h}Tgiene,  of  public  charities,  of  social  science,  and  the  like — are  examples 
of  noncommercial  exhibits.  In  most  exhibits,  however,  both  of  these 
elements,  the  commercial  and  noncommercial,  are  found  to  exist,  though 
in  varying  degrees.  The  answers  to  important  questions  rest  upon 
the  consideration  of  these  facts  and  principles  which  they  involve. 

In  this  connection  the  regulations  established  by  the  French  admin¬ 
istration  provided  as  follows: 

Art.  47.  No  rent  will  be  charged  to  exhibitors  for  the  spaces  they  will  occupy  in 
the  palaces  or  pavilions  erected  by  the  management  of  the  Exposition. 

Water,  gas,  steam,  and  motive  power  for  driving  exhibited  machinery  will  be  fur¬ 
nished  free  of  charge.  But  exhibitors  must  put  in  at  their  own  cost  the  branches  or 
connections  for  receiving  water,  gas,  or  steam,  as  well  as  the  intermediate  trans¬ 
mitters  required  to  communicate  motive  power  from  the  shafting  of  general  trans¬ 
mission. 

For  the  contemporary  exposition  the  exhibitors  must  pay  all  expenses  for  packing, 
carriage,  unpacking,  storage  of  cases,  installation,  repacking,  and  reshipping. 

The  cost  of  installation  includes  the  laying  of  floors  (except  in  public  passageways), 
furnishing  setting,  covering  and  decorating  partitions  between  exhibits,  porticoes, 
velums  or  false  ceilings,  showcases,  and  exposition  furniture,  all  of  which  shall  accord 
with  plans  adopted  by  the  department  of  the  director-general.  As  to  floors, 
velums,  or  false  ceilings,  the  administration  reserves  to  itself,  in  the  interest  of 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  91 


uniformity  and  economy,  the  right  to  supply  all  or  a  part  of  them  on  behalf  of  class 
committees,  public  administrations,  and  foreign  commissioners,  who  will  be  called 
upon  to  defray  the  expenses  so  incurred. 

The  reading  of  these  clauses  in  the  French  regulations  made  it 
apparent  that  while  no  charge  would  be  made  for  space,  certain  charges 
for  expenses  necessary  to  make  the  space  available  would  have  to  be 
paid.  These  payments  must  be  made  either  by  the  Gomoaissioner- 
General  or  by  the  exhibitors  in  person.  Careful  consideration  was 
given  to  the  questions  following,  it  being  well  understood  that  no 
charges  for  space  itself  could  be  collected: 

1.  What  exhibitors  might  be  expected  to  defray  charges  incurred  in  fitting  space 
for  the  exhibition. 

2.  In  what  manner  and  by  whom  should  this  money  be  collected? 

3.  How  should  it  be  disbursed  and  accounted  for? 

These  questions  were  discussed  with  great  care,  considering  the 
responsibilities  of  the  Commissioner-General  to  the  Government  of 
the  United  States  and  to  exhibitors. 

In  reply  to  the  first  question,  the  following  statement  of  principles 
was  accepted: 

The  division  of  expenditures  between  the  Commission  and  the  individual  exhib¬ 
itors  will  be  as  follows: 

If  an  exhibitor  enter  an  exhibit  for  award  so  that  benefit  may  ensue  to  the  exhib¬ 
itor,  he  will  be  expected  to  pay  not  only  his  own  packing,  freight,  insurance,  care, 
etc.,  both  ways,  but  all  the  cost  of  installation  of  every  nature,  including  charge 
made  by  the  French  authorities  for  flooring  and  general  installation. 

If  his  exhibit  is  part  of  a  collective  exhibit,  for  which  collective  exhibit  cases  or 
other  housing  is  provided,  such  exhibitor  will  pay  his  pro  rata  cost  of  such  cases  or 
housing  and  their  installation,  based  upon  the  total  cost  per  cubic  foot  of  the  whole 
scheme. 

If  such  exhibit  is  part  of  a  collective  exhibit,  which  collective  exhibit  is  cared  for, 
janitored,  explained,  and  generally  supervised  by  this  Commission,  such  exhibitor 
will  also  pay  his  proportion  of  all  such  costs. 

In  some  cases  it  may  be  just  to  charge  the  exhibitor  some  proportion  of  the  cost  of 
the  fagade  built  by  the  Commission  for  the  general  housing  of  the  group  in  which  the 
exhibit  is  placed.  This  is  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  directors  of  the  special  depart¬ 
ments,  after  conferring  in  all  cases  with  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibits.  This  course 
would  not  be  justifiable  unless  the  fagade  becomes  a  part  of  the  especial  housing  of 
a  special  exhibit,  and  with  the  full  consent  and  understanding  of  the  exhibitor. 

The  exception  to  the  above  rule  is  in  the  case  of  an  exhibitor  offering  for  exhibit 
and  for  award  an  exhibit  which  is  not  commercial  in  its  character  and  from  which 
the  exhibitor  can  not  derive  any  commercial  benefit,  the  only  benefit  received  by 
him  being  the  award  and  the  moral  satisfaction  of  having  received  the  same. 

The  last  rule  would  apply  more  particularly  to  exhibits  of  raw  material,  where  it 
is  impossible  for  any  individual  benefit  to  accrue  to  the  special  exhibitor,  while  gen¬ 
eral  benefits  would  accrue  to  the  United  States  at  large  and  to  this  Commission. 

It  is  expressly  desired  to  make  clear  that  because  an  exhibit  is  part  of  a  collective 
exhibit,  made  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  this  Commission,  the  exhibitor  is 
not  thereby  released  from  paying  the  entire  cost  of  making  such  exhibit  under  the 
principles  laid  down  above. 


92 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  Commissioner-General  will  therefore  designate  the  exact  amount  which  each 
proposing  exhibitor  must  pay,  together  with  the  date  of  payment,  before  any  assign¬ 
ment  of -space  to  such  exhibitor  shall  become  effective,  and  proposing  exhibitors 
must  be  advised  to  this  effect. 

The  expense  charged  by  the  French  authorities  for  floorings,  parti¬ 
tions,  velums,  false  ceilings,  etc.,  were  not  charged  over  to  exhibitors, 
but  were  paid  by  the  Commissioner-General. 

The  second  and  third  questions  involved  much  discussion,  in  which 
several  important  points  of  practice  were  developed. 

The  first  proposition  was  that  “all  sums  due  or  to  become  a  charge 
against  any  exhibitor  must  be  certified  to  the  director  of  affairs  with 
a  full  itemized  statement,  and  the  director  of  affairs  will  then  take 
charge  of  the  collection  of  such  sums  as  they  shall  fall  due,  and  the 
director  in  chief  of  exhibits  will  properly  certify  the  collection  of  all 
such  sums  to  the  director  of  the  department  in  which  the  various 
exhibitors  shall  fall.” 

To  this  objection  was  made  that  the  secretary  and  disbursing  agent 
of  the  Commission  was  the  only  officer  thereof  authorized  by  law  to 
act  in  the  receipt  of  moneys  of  the  Commission  or  the  payment  of 
them  out  of  the  funds  of  the  Commission. 

Investigation  disclosed  the  yet  more  fundamental  inquiry  whether 
the  Commission,  acting  through  its  secretary  or  other  officer  thereof, 
could  legally  disburse  the  moneys  which  might  be  collected  for  these 
purposes  or,  indeed,  for  any  purposes  whatever. 

The  Commissioner-General  brought  the  subject  to  the  attention  of 
the  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States,  in  a  letter  from  which  the 
following  passages  are  taken: 

The  question  in  this  case  is  whether  the  payment  by  the  exhibitor  of  this  amount 
(charges  for  flooring,  etc.)  should  be  made  to  the  disbursing  officer  and  be  regarded 
as  part  of  the  disbursing  officer’s  funds.  Inasmuch  as  this  Commission  is  responsible 
to  the  French  authorities  for  the  entire  amount  of  the  floor  and  must  pay  the  amount 
upon  a  voucher  to  be  signed  by  the  French  authorities,  it  may  be  that  these  flooring 
collections  should  be  paid  to  the  disbursing  officer  and  should  be  disbursed  by  him. 

Another  and  more  important  and  perplexing  question  is  this: 

This  Commission  has  been  assigned  a  large  amount  of  space  at  Vincennes  which  is 
not  housed.  The  Commission  has  not  money  enough  in  its  appropriation  to  house 
the  space.  Therefore  our  directors  of  several  of  the  exhibit  departments  have 
arranged  with  various  exhibitors  so  that  these  exhibitors  will  each  pay  a  certain 
amount  per  foot,  which  in  the  aggregate  will  be  sufficient  to  erect  and  maintain  the 
buildings  at  Vincennes,  which  buildings  will  be  exclusively  occupied  by  exhibitors 
so  contributing.  These  exhibitors  deal  in  each  case  with  some  certain  director  who 
has  prepared  the  plan  and  in  whom  they  have  expressed  their  confidence  by  accept¬ 
ing  the  plan  and  agreeing  to  make  the  payments  as  set  forth  above. 

The  question  is  whether  the  money  from  these  exhibitors  can  not  be  paid  directly 
to  the  director  under  whom  they  act,  and  disbursed  upon  proper  vouchers  approved 
by  me,  or  by  my  authorized  representative,  without  passing  through  the  complicated 
channels  of  the  regular  disbursing  officer. 

Another  question  of,  as  it  appears  to  me,  an  exactly  similar  nature  as  the  last,  so 
that  the  decision  of  the  preceding  will  cover  both: 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS,  93 


The  amount  of  space  in  several  departments  is  very  limited,  so  much  so  that  the 
applicants  for  space  can  not  all  be  accommodated.  With  a  view  to  utilizing  the  space 
to  the  greater  advantage,  a  number  of  directors  have  organized  plans  for  what  they 
term  “collective  exhibits,”  in  which  the  largest  number  of  exhibitors  are  put  into 
the  smallest  possible  amount  of  space,  and  the  cost  of  the  cases  and  of  general  instal¬ 
lation  is  divided  amongst  all  exhibitors.  Some  one  must  collect  this  money  and 
disburse  it  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  intended. 

It  seems  to  me  that  I  should  have  the  views  of  the  United  States  Attorney-General 
on  this  subject,  and  hence  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  trouble  you.  A  reply  within  a  few 
days  will  greatly  oblige, 

Respectfully,  yours,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck. 

The  following  reply  was  received: 

Washington,  D.  C.,  July  11 ,  1899. 

Sir:  I  have  received  your  letter  of  the  29th  ultimo,  asking  my  views  as  to  certain 
questions  you  propound. 

As  you  are  aware,  I  am  not  authorized  to  give  you  an  official  opinion  (Rev.  Stat., 
354,356),  but  I  very  gladly  give  you  my  views. 

At  your  instance  an  official  opinion  was  furnished  the  President  on  March  18, 
last,  upon  questions  similar  in  the  principles  applicable,  in  the  course  of  which, 
referring  to  moneys  to  be  received  by  you  for  a  catalogue  of  the  American  exhibits, 
I  said: 

“Any  money  received  in  any  of  the  ways  suggested  would  be  money  of  the  United 
States  in  the  hands  of  the  Commission  and  there  would  be  no  authority  to  appro¬ 
priate  it  to  any  particular  object.  It  therefore  should  be  turned  into  the  Treasury.” 

All  of  your  inquiries,  as  I  understand  them,  amount  fundamentally  to  this  ques¬ 
tion — whether  you  can  receive  moneys  of  the  United  States  and  with  them  supple¬ 
ment  the  funds  appropriated  by  Congress  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  Exposition. 
The  power  of  appropriation  of  public  moneys  belongs  to  Congress,  which  has 
jealously  sought  to  guard  it  from  interference.  (See  Rev.  Stat.,  3617,  legislative,  etc., 
appropriation  act  of  May  28, 1896,  sec.  5,  and  laws  to  which  my  opinion  referred. ) 

Your  first  question  is,  whether  moneys  paid  to  the  Commission  by  exhibitors  for 
the  flooring  upon  their  parts  of  the  floor  space  allotted  to  the  United  States  by  France 
can  be  regarded  as  part  of  the  disbursing  officer’s  funds  and  be  disbursed  by  him  in 
addition  to  the  $1,210,000,  concerning  his  right  to  disburse  which,  as  you  say,  there 
can  be  no  question. 

However  convenient  that  may  seem,  I  think  it  can  not  be  done.  Your  next  ques¬ 
tion  is,  whether  you,  or  the  directors  under  you,  can  enter  into  an  arrangement  con¬ 
cerning  uncovered  space  similarly  allotted,  so  that  the  exhibitors  will  each  pay  a 
certain  amount  per  foot  which  in  the  aggregate  will  be  sufficient  to  erect  buildings 
thereon,  the  buildings  to  be  exclusively  occupied  by  the  contributing  builders,  the 
money  to  be  paid  to  the  directors  or  some  other  party  and  paid  upon  vouchers 
approved  by  you  or  your  representatives  to  building  contractors  and  care  takers. 

Money  received  for  the  rental  of  the  space  allotted  to  the  United  States  would  be, 
when  received,  money  of  the  United  States.  If  not,  whose  would  it  be?  You  could 
not  add  it  to  the  sum  appropriated  by  Congress  for  the  use  of  the  Commission. 

As  you  say,  your  third  question  seems  to  be  identical  in  principle  with  the  second. 
If  it  involves  the  use  of  rental  payments,  as  in  the  other  case,  it  has  been  answered. 

I  sympathize  with  your  desire  to  increase  the  means  of  making  the  American 
exhibit  a  success  and  trust  that  Congress  will  authorize  you  to  expend  whatever  sum 
may  prove  to  be  needed  to  accomplish  that  end. 

Respectfully,  John  W.  Griggs, 

A  ttorney-  General. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-General ,  etc. 


94 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


This  decision  was  final.  It  was  evident  that  the  Commission  proper 
could  not  handle  such  auxiliary  funds.  In  view  of  this  situation  and 
after  careful  consideration  it  was  decided  to  recommend  to  exhibitors 
the  employment  by  them  of  a  special  agent  for  the  collection  and  dis¬ 
tribution  of  all  moneys  appropriated  by  them  for  collective  exhibits, 
special  buildings,  etc.  This  course  was  adopted  and  was  followed 
with  excellent  results  and  final  success.  Although  not  a  proper  part 
of  the  Commission’s  work,  a  statement  of  the  methods  and  transac¬ 
tions  of  this  disbursing  officer  has  been  prepared  and  is  presented  in 
another  section  of  this  report. 

The  following  letter  was  issued  by  the  Commissioner-General  to  the 
directors  of  the  exhibit  departments  in  this  connection: 

Dear  Sir:  Attached  please  find  draft  of  a  letter  to  be  sent  to  each  exhibitor  in 
each  collective  exhibit. 

The  terms  of  this  letter  fully  explain  themselves.  The  attached  draft  is  for  your 
information  and  that  of  the  attaches  of  your  department  also,  and  is  not  to  be  put  into 
effect  by  you  with  any  of  your  exhibitors  and  is  not  to  be  made  the  basis  of  any 
contract  with  any  exhibitor  until  all  the  procedures  mentioned  therein  have  been 
fully  complied  with  within  your  department,  so  that  the  matter  is  ready  for  proper 
presentation  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  said  letter. 

You  will  observe  that  the  successive  steps  necessary  to  be  taken  by  you  before 
using  this  letter  as  the  basis  of  an  arrangement  with  your  exhibitors  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  agreement  upon  some  man  as  superintendent  of  a  special  collective  exhibit 
who  is  satisfactory  to  the  exhibitors  therein. 

2.  The  making  by  that  superintendent  of  a  careful  detailed  estimate  of  the  entire 
expense  of  conducting  the  exhibit,  which  estimate  must  show  each  and  every  item 
for  which  it  is  proposed  to  expend  money,  with  a  miscellaneous  item  which  should 
be  a  certain  reasonable  per  cent  of  the  whole  expenditure.  The  trustee  would  not 
be  authorized  to  approve  and  pay  any  vouchers  for  items  not  covered  by  this  esti¬ 
mate.  It  is  not  meant  by  this  that  the  amounts  allowed  in  the  estimate  for  each 
individual  item  must  exactly  equal  all  the  expenditures  for  that  item,  but  that  no 
expenditures  must  be  made  for  any  items  that  are  entirely  omitted  from  the  esti¬ 
mate.  This  will  compel  the  utmost  care  in  the  making  of  the  estimate  by  the 
superintendent. 

3.  The  revision  by  you  of  the  estimate  made  by  the  superintendent,  and  the  strik¬ 
ing  out  of  any  items,  and  the  reduction  of  any  other  items  that  in  your  judgment 
may  be  desirable. 

4.  The  submission  by  you  to  the  trustee  of  the  estimate  as  revised  and  approved 
by  you.  You  and  the  trustee  will  then  go  over  the  estimate  carefully  and  elimi¬ 
nate  or  modify  such  items  as  may  appear  desirable. 

5.  This  final  revised  estimate  will  then  be  approved  by  the  superintendent,  by 
yourself,  and  by  the  trustee  as  the  estimate  for  that  especial  collective  exhibit. 

6.  The  apportionment  of  expense  as  per  this  estimate  among  exhibitors  in  that 
especial  collective  exhibit  shall  then  be  made  by  yourself  and  the  superintendent, 
and  a  full  list  of  the  exhibitors  in  such  collective  exhibit,  together  with  the  amount 
to  be  paid  by  him,  the  sum  of  which  amounts  must  equal  the  total  estimate,  and  also 
the  dates  at  which  the  same  are  to  be  paid  by  the  exhibitor,  must  be  certified  by 
you  to  the  trustee. 

This  being  done  you  are  at  liberty  to  apply  to  the  director  of  affairs  for  printed 
blanks  of  the  attached  letter,  and  to  send  them  out  as  a  basis  for  the  arrangement 
with  the  individual  exhibitors. 


UNITED  STATES  MACHINERY  ANNEX,  OIL  WELL,  AND  WINDMILL  EXHIBITS,  PARC  VINCENNES. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


95 


7.  As  collections  are  received  by  you  from  exhibitors  you  will  promptly  turn  them 
over  to  the  trustee,  who  will  credit  the  amounts  to  the  various  exhibitors,  and  who 
will  advise  you  as  often  as  you  may  require  of  the  delinquents. 

8.  You  will  arrange  with  the  trustee  as  to  whether  he  or  you  will  send  out  notices 
to  such  delinquents,  but  these  notices  must  be  signed  by  you  whether  the  formality 
of  sending  them  out  be  attended  to  by  you  or  by  the  trustee. 

From  this  point  the  trustee  becomes  responsible  for  the  expenditure  of  the  funds, 
subject  to  the  conditions  as  to  vouchers  laid  down  in  the  attached  letter,  which  clearly 
explains  itself. 

Very  truly,  yours, 


Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 


The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  letter  referred  to  above: 

Dear  Sir:  In  accordance  with  the  space  contract  to  you  of  this  date,  your  proposed 
exhibit  has  been  accepted  as  a  part  of  the  above  collective  exhibit,  subject  to  your 
acceptance  of  the  terms  of  such  contract  and  of  this  communication. 

Said  collective  exhibit  will  be  under  the  charge  of - ,  superintendent, 

who  has  been  agreed  upon  by  many  of  the  exhibitors  in  the  said  collective  exhibit 
to  take  care  of,  manage,  and  handle  the  same  as  their  representative  and  at  their 
expense,  which  expense  is  included  in  the  estimate  below. 

The  superintendent  and  myself  have  made  a  careful  estimate  of  the  amount  of 
money  necessary  to  conduct  said  exhibit,  which  estimate  was  then  carefully  revised 
by  the  trustee,  the  said  superintendent,  trustee,  and  myself  agreeing  upon  the  total 
estimate  as  it  now  stands. 

The  estimated  cost  to  you  is  $ - ,  being  your  pro  rata  of  the  entire  estimated  cost 

of  the  said  collective  exhibit.  This  estimate  does  not  include  insurance  or  salesmen, 
and  you  are  at  liberty  to  make  arrangements  for  these  if  they  are  necessary. 

C.  I.  Drake  has  been  agreed  upon  by  many  of  the  exhibitors  as  trustee  for  the 
funds  to  be  contributed  and  expended  in  their  interest,  and  the  American  Trust  and 
Savings  Bank  of  Chicago  has  also  been  agreed  upon  by  many  of  the  exhibitors  as  a 
proper  and  safe  depository  in  which  the  trustee  shall  deposit  the  funds  to  be  checked 
against  as  required.  A  bond  has  been  issued  by  the  United  States  Fidelity  and 
Guaranty  Company  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  the  sum  of  $50,000  (which  bond  is  in  the 
possession  of  the  Commissioner-General)  guaranteeing  all  exhibitors  whose  funds 
may  be  intrusted  to  the  trustee  against  loss  or  misappropriation  of  funds  on  his 
part. 

The  above  trustee  will  be  compensated  from  the  collective  exhibit  funds  of  all  the 
collective  exhibits  in  the  various  departments  of  the  Exposition  under  his  care  pro 
rata,  the  charge  to  each  exhibitor  being  a  very  small  sum,  which  is  covered  in  the 
amount  of  above  estimate. 

All  expenditures  for  the  benefit  of  the  above  collective  exhibit  will  first  be  author¬ 
ized  by  the  superintendent  within  the  lines  of  the  original  estimate,  and  vouchers 
for  the  same  will  be  approved  by  him,  will  then  be  examined  and  approved  by 
me,  and  will  be  finally  approved  by  the  trustee,  who  will  draw  his  check  for  the 
amount. 

For  the  better  protection  of  the  exhibitors  and  this  Commission  it  has  been  arranged 
that  each  check  must  be  countersigned  by  some  trusted  representative  of  the 
Commissioner-General. 

All  vouchers  will  be  carefully  filed;  complete  and  accurate  sets  of  books  will  be 
kept  of  all  contributions,  expenditures,  and  payments  of  every  nature  and  descrip¬ 
tion,  which  vouchers  and  books  will  at  all  reasonable  times  be  open  to  the  inspection 
of  any  exhibitors  interested. 


96  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

Should  any  surplus  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  trustee  after  paying  all  expenses  in 
connection  w  ith  the  above  collective  exhibit,  such  surplus  wdll  be  returned  pro  lata 
to  the  exhibitors  who  have  contributed  thereto. 

Please  send  check  to  the  order  of  American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank,  the  depository 
mentioned  above,  addressed  to  the  undersigned,  and  also  sign  and  return  the  approval 
and  acceptance  on  the  bottom  of  this  document,  retaining  the  attached  duplicate  for 
your  own  information. 

Very  truly,  yours, 


I  approve  and  accept  the  above. 


Director  o  f 


LIST  OF  THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE  FOREIGN  COMMISSIONS  TO 
THE  PARIS  EXPOSITION  OF  1900. 


Andorra. — Office,  75  Rue  Madame. 


Franz  Schrader . Comm issioner-general . 

Dr.  Guillaumat . Assistant  commissioner-ger.< 


Austria. — Office,  15  Avenue  d’Antin. 


Guillaume  Exner . 

Alexandre  Poppovic . . 

Max  Beyer . 

Alfred  Mitscha  de  Maerheim . . . 

Alfred  Grunberger . 

Ignace  Wottitz . 

Marc  Gratacap . 

Ferdinand  Gross . . 

Louis  Baumann . 

Richard  Berner . 

Armand  Neukomm . 

Maurice  de  Stummer-Traunf els 

Charles  Pfaff . 

Edmond  Weisweiller . 

Victor  Pill  wax . 

Oscar  Cronier. . . . 

Dr.  Eugene  Kraus . 

Dr.  Gustave  Toepfer . 

Joseph  Dobry . 

Dominique  Fetz . 


.  Commissioner-general . 

^Assistant  commissioners-general. 

jAttaches  of  the  commissioner-general. 

.  Editor  in  chief  of  the  special  catalogue. 
.Special  attache. 

.  Reporter. 

.Chief  architect. 

jAssistant  architects. 

.Chief  engineer. 

.Inspector  of  machinery. 

.Chief  accountant. 

.Chief  of  commercial  service. 

jphysicians  to  the  commissioner-general. 

.  Inspector. 

.Secretary. 


Belgium. — Office,  9  Avenue  de  la  Bourdonnais. 


Count  de  Flandre . Honorary  president. 

A.  Nyssens  . . ...President. 

L.  de  Naeyer . .  i 

Adrien  d’Oultremont . IVice-presidents. 

Leon  de  Somzee . . . J 

A.  Amelin . Secretary-general. 

Louis.  Ooms . 

Georges  Vaxelaire . 

Fernand  Vercruysse . 

Jules  Verstraete . . 

De  Favereau . 

A.  Vercruysse . Commissioner-general. 

Emile  Robert . . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

S.  Doc,  232 - T 


Secretaries  of  the  commission. 


98 


NTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


J.  Vuylsteke . Director  of  general  service. 

Armand  Lepere . Assistant  director  of  general  service. 

L.  Crols . . Treasurer. 

G.  de  Somzee . 


Secretaries  of  the  commissioner-general 


^Counsels  to  the  commissioner-general. 


A.  Renson . 

Fernand  Robert . 

E.  Vermeulen  de  Mianoye . 

Georges  de  Ro . 

Sam  Wiener . 

Dr.  F.  Collet . Physician  to  the  commissioner-general. 

Ernest  Acker . i 

G.  Maukels . jArchitecta. 

F.  Hamaide . Director  of  transportation  and  maintenance. 

Florent  Lonneux . Chief  of  mechanical  and  electrical  installations. 


Bosnia-Herzegovina. — Office,  5  Rue  Malar. 

Chevalier  de  Horowitz . President. 

Henri  Moser . Commissioner-general. 


Socrate  Petrovic . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Henri  Kautsch . Special  attache  for  decorative  arts. 

Jean  Witousch . Chief  of  accounts. 

Leopold  Friedrich . . . Secretary. 

Joseph  Markovic . Architect. 

Jules  Mally . ..Attache. 

Bulgaria. — Office,  43  Rue  Lafayette. 

Gregoire  D.  Natchovitch . . . President  of  committee  on  organization. 

P.  Dimitrow . Commissioner-general. 

Maurice  de  la  Fargue . 'i 

Vassil  Athanassow . jAssistant  commissionere-general. 

Z.  F.  Zaphiroff . Assistant  to  the  commissioner-general. 

China. — Office,  144  Boulevard  Saint-Germain. 

Charles  Yapereau . Commissioner-general. 

Houei  Tchienne . Attache  to  the  commissioner-general. 

Masson-Detourbet . Architect. 

J.  Termant . Inspector  of  works. 

Georges  Colle . Treasurer. 

Eugene  Porcher . 1 

Maurice  Vincent . I  Attaches  to  the  architectural  service. 

Horace  Pouillet . J 


Denmark. — Office,  8  Rue  Sedillot. 

Count  Raben-Levetzau . Commissioner-general. 

C.  Michelsen . 

Otto  Benzon . 

J.  Bernburg . 

Harald  Bing . 

Pietro  Krohn . 

Bjorn  Stephensen . 

Daniel  Bruun . Commissioner  for  the  islands  of  Fero  and 

Greenland. 


Commissioners  of  the  industrial  section. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


99 


C.  Ryberg . 

W  edell- W  edellsborg 
H.  C.  O.  Rosenkrantz 

Rudolph  Schou . 

A.  M.  T.  Westermann 

P.  S.  Kroyer  .... _ 

Vilhelm  Bissen _ 

M.  Nyrop . 

L.  Tuxen . 

P.  Christensen . 

C.  Engelsted . . 

L.  la  Cour . 

T.  Bindesboll . 

K.  Arne  Petersen _ 


Assistant  delegate. 


Commissioners  of  agriculture. 


Commissioners  of  fine  arts. 
Secretary-general . 

Delegate  to  the  commissioner-general. 
Secretary. 

Installation  architects. 


V.  Koch . Pavilion  architect. 

J.  Dich . Architect  for  the  islands  of  Fero  and  Greenland. 

L.  Rungwald . . Chief  of  the  pavilion. 

V.  Weidemann . Attache. 


Ecuador. — Office,  3  Place  Malesherbes. 


Dr.  V.  M.  Rendon . Commissioner-general. 

Julian  Aspiazu . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

E.  Dorn  y  de  Alsua . Secretary. 

Miguel  A.  Carbo . Attache. 

J.  B.  Billa . Architect. 


Germany. — Office,  88  Avenue  des  Champs  Elysees. 


Dr.  Richter . 

Lewald . 

Dr.  Schricker  . . . 

Berg . 

Groening . 

Franke . 

Dr.  Martius . 

Leo . 

Carl  Hoff  acker. . 
Bruno  Moehring 

Joh.  Radke . 

Otto  Rieth . 

Em.  Seidl . 

Henri  Fivaz _ 

Hartmann . 

Gentsch . 

Dr.  Lobach . 


Commissioner-general. 

Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Delegate  to  the  section  of  industrial  arts. 
Assistant  commissioner. 

Chief  accountant. 

Secretary. 

Attache. 

Assessor. 


(•Architects. 


Chief  engineer  of  mechanical  installation. 
Engineer  of  mechanical  installation. 
Engineer  of  electrical  installation. 


Consulting  committee  of  the  Commissioner -General. 


Hermann  Luedert 

Louis  Grub . 

M.-H.  Rumpf _ 

Louis  Bessels _ 

A.  Ramme . 

Chr.  von  Jecklin  . 
K.  Rasch . . 


President  of  the  committee. 


•Members  of  the  committee. 


100  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Great  Britain. — Office ,  11  Avenue  de  la  Bourdonnais. 


Prince  of  Wales  . . . 

Earl  of  Crewe . 

Colonel  Jekyll 

Spearman . 

Earle . 

Cundall . 

Lloyd . 

Serraillier . 

Fishbourne . 

Hodgson . 

Garland  Matthews 

Cannon  . 

De  Mattos . 

Edwards . 

Hunt . 

Langridge . 

Lewis . 

Lutyens . 

Clowes . 


President  of  the  royal  commission. 
Vice-president  of  the  royal  commission. 
Commissioner-general. 

Assistant  commissioner-general. 
Secretary-general. 

Chief  engineer. 

Chief  of  general  installation. 

.  Chief  of  publications  and  the  catalogue. 

[Attaches. 


Members  of  the  commission. 


Pavilion  architect. 

Architect  of  the  pavilion  of  India  and  the 
colonies;  chief  of  decoration. 


Committee  of  organization  of  fine  arts. 


Marquis  de  Lome . President. 

Sir  Edward  Poynter . Vice-president. 

Eaton . Secretary-general  of  the  section  of  fine  arts. 

Spielmann  . Director  of  the  section  of  fine  arts. 

Thomson  Lyon . Delegate  for  the  royal  pavilion. 

Ware . Delegate  of  the  committee  on  public  instruc¬ 

tion. 


British  Indies  and  Island  of  Ceylon. 

Sir  Owen  T.  Burne . President  of  committee  on  organization. 

Rose . Secretary-general. 

Benedict  . . ' . Assistant  secretary. 

Gamble . Delegate  of  the  Government  of  British  India. 

Muriel . t  Assistant  delegates  of  the  Government  of  British 

Blyth . . . /  India. 

Davidson . . . Delegate  of  the  Government  of  the  Island  of 

Ceylon. 

J.  H.  Renton . 1  Assistant  delegates  of  the  Government  of  the 

W.  W.  Mitchell . J  Island  of  Ceylon. 

Dunlop . Delegate. 

British  Colonies. 

Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal _ President  of  committee  on  organization. 

Collins-Levey . Secretary-general  of  committee  on  organization. 

Eaton . Assistant  secretary  of  committee  on  organiza¬ 

tion. 

J.  I.  Tarte . Commissioner-general  of  Canada. 

Scott . ' 

Jardine . 

Gourdeau .  Assistant  delegates. 

Perrault . 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  101 


Whittall  Venn . 

Aytoun . 

Grainger . 

Holroyd . 

Tronton . 

Elias . 

Galdemar . 

Ulcoq . . 

Louis  de  Rochecouste 


.President  of  Australian  commission  and  prin¬ 
cipal  delegate. 

.Secretary  of  Australian  commission. 

.  Assistant  delegate. 

jin  charge  of  the  section  of  mines  of  Australia. 
■Delegates,  Island  of  Maurice 


Greece. — Office,  4  Place  de  la  Bourse. 


Alexandre  Roma . 

Nicolas  Sacilly . 

Emmanuel-Pierre  Rodocanachi 

Athanase  Vagliano . 

Michel  Vlasto . 

Nicolas  Apostolides . 

Alexis  Kolivas . 

Dr.  Limperopoulo . 

Jean  Vernudachi . 


President. 

Commissioner-general.  . 


^Commissioners. 


Physician. 

Secretary. 


Guatemala. — Office,  29  Avenue  de  Segur. 


Rene  Guerin . Delegate. 

Theodore  H.  Mangel . Special  delegate,  in  charge  of  section  of  the 

cafe. 


Hungary. — Office,  23  Avenue  Rapp. 

Bela  de  Lukats . . . Commissioner-general. 

Edmond  de  Miklos . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Ivo  Mallin . \ 

Joseph  de  Kazy . j  Attaches  to  the  commissioner-general. 

Jules  Kovats . Director  of  the  service  of  administration. 

Aladar  de  Navay  de  Foldeak . Delegate. 

Joseph  Foldvary . Secretary-general;  delegate  to  the  congresses. 

Bela  Kovesdy . Director  of  accounts. 

Eugene  de  Koos . .Secretary. 

Bela  Babocsay . i 

Jules  de  Malcomes . j  Attache  to  the  accountants. 

Camille  Fittler . Architect  in  chief. 

Zoltan  Balint . 1  Architects  of  historical  pavilion  and  of  instal- 

Louis  Jambor . /  lations. 

Alexandre  Szeszler . Architect  of  installations. 

Joseph  Fischer . Inspector  of  architecture. 

Pisacic . ^1 

Herman  Bolle . j  Attaches. 

Alexandre  Lenart . Engineer  and  attache. 

Bela  Mahunka . .’ . Director  of  transportation  and  supervision. 

Jean  Velosy . In  charge  of  inspection  service. 

Ferdinand  Borostyany . Attache. 

Samu  Boros . Principal  reporter. 

Alexandre  de  Bertha . Reporter. 


102  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Commissioners. 


Italy. — Office ,  71  Rue  de  Monceau. 

Tommaso  Villa . Commissioner-general. 

Vico  Mantegazza . Secretary -general  and  delegate. 

Pierre  Barbera . 

Count  Biscaretti . --- 

Gherardo  Callegari . 

Count  J.  Camondo . 

Lamberto  Demarch  i . 

Maxime  de  Vecchi . 

Achille  d’Orsi . 

Ettore  Ferrari . 

Ignazio  Florio . 

Count  Gaetani  di  Laurenzana  .... 

Emile  Lemmi . - . 

Luzzatto  Attilio . 

Louis  Pagliani . 

Henri  Panzacchi . 

Edouard  Philipson . 

Tito  Pasqui . - . 

Adolphe  Pouchain . 

Antoine  Roiti . 

Prince  Lanza  di  Trabia . 

Count  San  Martino  di  Valperga  . 

Count  Savorgnan  di  Brazza . 

Count  Umberto  Serristori . 

Bonaldo  Stringher . 

Prince  Strozzi. . . 

Trezza  di  Musella . 

Teobaldo  Danesi . 

Marquis  Georges  Niccolini . 

Angelo  Pavia . 

Emilio  Pinchia . 

Count  Joseph  Primoli . 

Marquis  Serra  di  Cassano . 

Jean  Silvestri . 

Ascanio  Rubino . 

Alexandre  Lupinacci . 

Alexandre  Stella . 

Annibale  Dalmazzo . J 

Count  Ceppi . 1 

M.  Gilodi . >Architects. 

Count  Salvadori . ) 

Goffi . - . Engineer. 

Simone  Gioda . Inspector. 

Japan. — Office,  129  Rue  de  la  Pompe. 


Bureau  of  administration. 


A.  Sone  . 

T.  Hayashi  . . . 

S.  Minobe - 

T.  Soughi . 

M.  Kawatikita 

H.  Shugio - 

S.  Matsuda  . . . 
H.  Foukouba . 

M.  Adatci _ 

Kawamoura  .. 


President. 

Commissioner-general. 


Commissioners. 


FACADE  OF  PALACE  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  CHAMP  DE  MARS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  103 


K.  Saito . 

S.  Watanabe. ...... 

S.  Toyohara . 

K.  Nakao . 

B.  Serene . 

Y.  Itikawa . 

T.  Shishido . 

G.  Hashizume - 

S.  Sekiguti . 

G.  Miyanaga . 

R.  Tatsui . 

Y.  Sakai . 

S.  Iizuka . 

K.  Kawadzi . 

M.  Fukuti . 

Y.  Ikebe . 

R.  Kohitsu . 

R.  Guy . 

M.  Guejo . 

T.  Okamoto . 

Charles  Regnier _ 

Jacques  Petitgrand 


Assistant  commissioners. 


Honorary  assistant  commissioner. 


Attaches. 


Delegate  to  the  exposition  of  retrospective  arts. 
Inspector  of  products. 

Architects. 


Korea. — Office,  11  Rue  Laffitte. 


Prince  Min- Young-Chan . Honorary  president. 

Charles  Roulina . President. 

Dr.  Mene . Vice-president. 

Maurice  Courant . ^ 

Saltarel . jSecretaries. 

Aleveque  .  .* . Delegate  of  the  Imperial  Government. 

Count  Mimerel . Commissioner-general. 

E.  Ferret . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

E.  Leblanc .  . Secretary-general. 

R.  Dubos . . . Inspector  of  works. 


Liberia. — Office,  59  Rue  Boursault. 


Baron  de  Stein . Commissioner-general. 

Gustave  Renoite . Secretary. 

H.  Heymann . 

Sinauer  de  Stein . 

Jules  Ancion . 

E.  H.  Crone . . . ^Members  of  the  commission. 

E.  R.  Harkema . 

Van  Tilt . 

A.  Madoux . 


Luxemburg. — Office,  Chateau  de  la  Celle-Saint- Cloud  ( Seine-et-Oise ). 


Tony  Dutreux . Commissioner-general. 

Auguste  Dutreux . Assistant  commissioner. 

Alfred  Vaudoyer . Architect. 

Mexico. — Office,  5  Avenue  Bosquet. 

S.  B.  de  Mier . Commissioner-general. 

Antonio  M.  Anza . Assistant  commissioner-general. 


104  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Ramon  Fernandez . ^ 

Manuel  Garcia  Torres . ^Assistants  to  the  commissioner-general. 

Albert  Hans . J 

Enrique  Olarte . Counsel. 

Bernardo  de  Mier 
Emilio  Elizondo  . 


|  Attaches. 


J.  Depelley _ 

Camille  Blanc. . 

Calmette . 

Delfortrie . 

Eugene  de  Milo 

Cabireau  _ _ 

Jenty . 

H.  Depelley _ 

E.  de  Carbonnel 


Monaco. — Office,  25  Avenue  d’  Aniin. 

. Commissioner-general. 

. President  of  the  committee  on  organization. 

. Secretary  of  the  committee  on  organization. 


•Members  of  the  commission. 


Attaches. 


Morocco. — Office,  3  Rue  des  Pyramides. 


Alexis  Muzet . General  delegate. 

Si  El  Arbi  Abarodi . ^  .  . 

Si  El  Hadj  Mohammed  Ben  Djelloul.}  ommlsslonei s- 

De  Laroche . Assessor. 

Alphonse  Muzet . Secretary. 

Saladin . Architect. 

Dr.  Ernest  Richard . Physician. 

Si  El  Arbi  Ben  Daman . Interpreter. 


Netherlands. — Office,  12  Avenue  Rapp. 


Michiels  van  Verduynen 

Van  Asbeck . 

A.  M.  J.  Hendrichs _ 

H.  Zillesen . 

S.  Vancitters . 

Dr.  D.  de  Loos . 

H.  W.  Mesdag . 

Vily  Martens . 

P.  Van  der  Burg . 

J.  F.  W.  Conrad . 


D.  F.  A.  Bauduin . 

J.  D.  Onderwater . 

Dr.  P.  P.  C.  Hoek . 

Baron  Tindal . 

B.  W.  F.  Van  Riemsdvk 

Ch.  Van  der  Poll . 

G.  R.  Hintzen . 


,  Commissioner-general. 

Commissioner-delegate. 

Vice-president. 

Secretary -general. 

Financial  delegate. 

.Delegate  to  Group  I — Education. 

Delegate  to  Group  II — Fine  arts. 

Assistant  delegate  to  Group  II. 

Delegate  to  Group  III — Liberal  arts. 

Delegate  to  Groups  IV,  V,  VI,  and  XI — Ma¬ 
chinery,  electricity,  civil  engineering,  trans¬ 
portation,  and  mines,  etc. 

.Delegate  to  Group  VII — Agriculture. 

.Delegate  to  Group  VIII — Horticulture. 
Delegate  to  Group  IX — Forestry  and  fisheries. 
Delegate  to  Groups  X  and  XV — Food  prod¬ 
ucts  and  diversified  industries. 

Delegate  to  Group  XII — Decoration  and  fur¬ 
nishing. 

.  Delegate  to  Group  XIII — Textiles. 

.Delegate  to  Group  XIV — Chemical  industries. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  105 


Dr.  H.  J.  A.  M.  Schaepman . Delegate  to  Group  XVI — Social  economy  and 

hygiene. 


J.  TV.  Yzerman . ] 

G.  B.  Hooyer . j 

C.  M.  Pleyte . 

Richard  Bouwens  van  der  Boyen . 

J.  Mutters,  jr . 

T.  K.  L.  Sluyterman . 

Th.  G.  Schill . 

E.  von  Saher . 

J.  Z.  Stuten . 

Reynier  Verbeek . 

M.  G.  Tegelberg . 

Dr.  J.  Thyssen . 

J.  P.  Buurman . 


Delegates  to  Group  XVII — Colonization. 

Assistant  delegate. 

Architectural  counsel. 

General  installation  architects. 

Architects  of  the  colonial  section. 

Engineer  of  mechanical  installation. 
Assistant  engineer. 

Physician. 

Secretary. 


Nicaragua. — Office,  3  Rue  Boccador. 


Crisanto  Medina . Commissioner-general. 

Teofilo  Manzano . . . 'i  .  . 

Alberto  Nahmias . jCommissioners. 

Francisco  del  Solar . Secretary. 

Norway. — Office,  12  Avenue  Rapp. 

B.  Kildal . President. 

Thorolf  Prytz . Vice-president. 

K.  V.  Hammer . Secretary -general. 

Dr.  J.  Brunchorst . Delegate  to  Group  IX. 

E.  Ellingsen . Delegate  to  Group  XIV. 

S.  Falch . Delegate  to  Group  IX. 

Th.  Holmboe . Delegate  to  Group  II. 

N.  C.  Ihlen . Delegate  to  Groups  IV  and  V. 

A.  J.  Krogh . Delegate  to  Groups  I  and  III. 

Chr.  Langaard . . Delegate  to  Groups  VII  and  X. 

Peter  Arn-Petersen . . . Delegate  to  Group  XIII. 

Chr.  Thams . Delegate  to  the  Royal  pavilion. 

C.  Hauge  Thiis . . Delegate  to  Group  IX. 

W.  Christophersen . Commissioner-general. 

Chr.  Smith . . . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Fritz  Thaulow . Commissioner  of  fine  arts. 

Halvor  Halvorsen . Delegate. 

Ivar  Aanstad . Secretary. 

Sinding  Larsen . Pavilion  architect. 

Kielland . Engineer  of  Norwegian  section. 

Finn  Knudsen . Architect  of  Norwegian  section. 

Half  dan  Strom . Attache  of  fine  arts  section. 

T.  Wilberg . Decorator. 

Orange. — Office,  3  bis  Rue  LabruyZre. 

Ch.  de  Mosenthal . . Commissioner-general. 

Billard . Secretary. 

H.  Mantelet . Attache. 


10G  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS, 


Persia. — Office,  10  Avenue  Bugeaud. 


Kitabgi-Kahn . 

R.  Odinet . 

Eugene  Edouard  Henry _ 

Fernand  Guyon . . 

Ph.  Meriat . 

Mohammed  Hassan  Serdjani 

Dr.  Ibrahim  Kahn . 

Vincent  Kitabgi . 

Edouard  Kitabgi . 


.  .Commissioner-general. 

\Commissioners. 

.  Secretary. 

. .  Architect. 

..Director  of  the  pavilion. 
. .  Physician. 

..Secretary. 

. .  Attache. 


Peru. — Office,  19  Rue  Bassano. 


Toribio  Sanz . Commissioner-general. 

Pedro  Juan  Sanz . Assistant  commissioner. 

Francisco  Paz  Soldan . Commissioner  of  technique. 

Antero  Aspillaga . Commissioner. 

Manuel  M.  del  Valle . Commissioner  in  charge  of  the  section  of  lit¬ 

erature  and  public  instruction. 

Daniel  Hernandez . Special  commissioner  of  fine  arts  section. 

Jose  A.  de  Yzcue . Commissioner  of  the  section  of  industries. 

Carlos  von  der  Heyde . l 

Augusto  de  Althaus . [Delegates. 

Pedro  E.  Paulet . J 

Ernesto  Diaz . Secretary. 


Portugal. — Office,  3  Rue  Boissiere. 


F.  -Ressano  Garcia . . 

Viscount  de  Faria . . 

A.  de  Portugal  de  Faria . . 

Antonio  Alves  Calem  Junior. 

Antonio  Jose  Arroyo . . 

Antonio  da  Silva  Cunha _ 

B.  C.  Cincinnato  da  Costa _ 

Count  de  Samodaes _ _ _ 

Henrique  Pereira  Taveira. . . 

D.  Luis  Filippe  de  Castro _ 

Pedro  de  Aran  jo . . 

Alberto  da  Silva  Monteiro  . . 

Bartholomeu  Perestrello _ 

Count  de  Bretiaudos . 

Count  de  Carvalhido . . 

Francisco  da  Silveira  Vianna. 
Dr.  Guilherme  Pocas  Falcao. 
Dr.  Heiy'ique  de  Figueiredo. 

Manuel  Jose  Monteiro . . 

Miguel  da  Motta  e  Silva _ 

Salom  Bensaude . . 

Viscount  de  Wildick . . 

J.  G.  Macieira . 

Jose  Luis  Monteiro . . 

Jose  Alexandre  Soares . 


President. 

Commissioner. 

Secretary. 


•Members  of  the  executive  commission. 


Attaches. 


Architect  in  chief. 
Architect. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  107 


Roumania. — Office,  2  Rue  Leonce-Reynaud. 

Demetre  C.  Ollanesco . Commissioner-general. 

Nicolas  Coucou . Special  commissioner. 

Georges  P.  Sterian . Principal  delegate. 

Georges  Bengesco . Special  delegate. 

Const.  C.  Mano . Secretary.  • 

Ferdinand  Ghika . General  delegate  to  the  congresses. 

Nicolas  Grigoresco . General  delegate  of  fine  arts. 

Georges  Th.  Ghitza . Delegate  for  agriculture  and  food  products. 

Emmanuel  Al.  Bibesco . Secretary  to  the  commissioner-general;  dele¬ 

gate  for  forestry. 

Charles  Gr.  Lahovary . . . . Attache  to  the  commissioner-general;  delegate 

for  petroleum. 

Theodore  Floresco . . . Attache. 

Gaston  Sarniguet . Secretary. 

Camille  J.  Formige . Architect  of  pavilions. 

Jean  Mincou . Architect  of  installations. 

Nicolas  Fleva . . .  Honorary  president. 

Nicolas  Gr.  Filipesco . ^ 

Bengesco  Dabija . . 

Georges  Al.  Scortzesco .  Vice-presidents. 

Nicolas  Zanne . J 

Russia. — Office,  2  Rue  Pierre-  Charron. 

De  Kowalewsky . President. 

A.  de  Raffalovicb . Vice-president. 

W.  N.  Tenicheff . . . Commissioner-general. 

M.  de  Wouytch . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

De  Konovaloff . Chief  of  the  ministry  of  finance  and  in  charge 

of  jury  operations. 

De  Bilbassof . ....Assistant  to  the  ministry  of  finance. 

E.  Kovalevsky . Chief  of  Groups  I  and  III. 

J.  Tolstoi . Chief  of  Group  II. 

M.  Loboykoff . ^ 

M  Viesel  >Assistants  to  Group  II. 

C.  Isenberg . Assistant  to  Group  III. 

P.  Zelensky . Assistant  to  Groups  IV,  V,  and  VI — Classes 

30,  31,  and  34. 

S.  E.  M.  V.  Verkhovsky . Chief  of  Group  VI. 

M.  de  Mangouby . . Assistant  to  Group  VI. 

M.  d’ Abramson . Delegate  of  the  administration  of  railroads  of 

the  Empire. 

S.  Lenine . . . Chief  of  Groups  VII  and  VIII. 

J.  Mamontoff . Assistant  to  Groups  VII  and  VIII. 

N.  Philipoff . Chief  of  Group  IX — Forestry. 

O.  Grimm . . . Chief  of  Group  IX — Fishing. 

M.  Protopopoff . Assistant  to  Group  X. 

J .  Lebedkine . Chief  of  Group  XI. 

D.  Sabaneff . Assistant  to  Group  XI. 

W.  de  Pastchenko . . . Assistant  to  Groups  XII  and  XV. 

A.  Nedyklaeff . Assistant  to  Group  XIII. 

N.  Sokovnine . Assistant  to  Group  XIV. 


108  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Tarkhane-Mouravoff . Chief  of  Group  XVI. 

Dr.  Borck . Assistant. 

Verchovtseff . Chief  of  Group  XVIII — War. 

General  Van  der  Hoven . Artillery  delegate. 

General  Fabritius . Engineering  delegate. 

Raptchevski . Hygiene  delegate. 

I^oukel . Managing  delegate. 

N.  Zelenoy . Chief  of  Group  XVIII — Marine. 

Captain  Berr . i 

Lieutenant  Homenko . jAttachSs  of  Group  XVIII. 

L.  d’Assche . ) 

De  Vonlar-Laraky . [-Delegates. 

P.  Apostol . Delegate  to  the  congresses  and  catalogue. 

D.  de  MkTphoroff !  ;}Chiefs  ot  correspondence. 

S.  Latkine . Customs  delegates. 

Freedericksz . 


Attaches;  in  charge  of  special  missions. 


Attaches. 


Agents  of  the  Empire  detailed  to  the 
missioner-general’s  staff. 


E.  de  Kireevsky . 

P.  de  Tesselsky . 

J.  de  Schreyer . . 

P.  de  Chimkievitch . . 

Tcherept-Spiridovitch . 

De  Gasentzer . . 

M.  A.  Hitroff . 

M.  A.  d’Apletcheeff . . 

M.  N.  de  Benardaky . . 

J.  de  Ratkoff-Rojnoff . . 

M.  Ephrussi . . 

J.  de  Stoinovsky . . 

W.  de  Yourkivietch . 

E.  Poliakoff . 

A.  Kirsanoff . 

A.  Solski . 

W.  Koubitsky . 

S.  Raffalovich . 

M.  E.  P.  Semenoff . President 

Russia, 

C.  Nikolaevsky . . 

V.  Semenoff . . 

Dr.  Radde . 

M.  S.  Chaniawski . . 

A.  Bobrinsky . . 

N.  de  Gedrinsky . . 

W.  Iakountchikoff . . 

N.  Bakounine . . 

Pillar  von  Pilchaou . Delegate  to  the  dependencies. 

S.  de  Carriere . \ 

Mrs.  Semetchkine .  Delegates  to  the  institutions  of  Empress  Marie. 

M.  A.  Schwann . ] 

General  Rikatcheff . Delegate  of  meteorology. 

M.  Rouneberg . Agent  for  Finland. 

M.  Sanmarck . Assistant  for  Finland. 

I.  Ivanovski . ^ 

G  Kartzeff  ^Delegates  of  the  monopolies  of  the  Empire. 


of  the  groups  of 
and  the  Caucasus. 


Delegates  to  the  groups  of 
Russia,  and  the  Caucasus. 


Siberia,  Asiatic 


Siberia,  Asiatic 


Delegates  of  the  small  rural  industries. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  109 


M.  Schostack . . 

Galitzine . 

M.  Wachter . 

M.  Diakoff . 

M.  Schoubine-Possdereff 

Robert  Meltzer.  . . . 

Alexandre  Staborowsky . 

Lucien  Leblanc . 

Gesellius  Lindgren . 

Saarinen . 


Delegate  of  the  milling  industry. 


►Delegates  of  stock  raising  industry. 


Architect  in  chief,  Russian  section. 
Assistant  architect,  Russian  section. 
Architect  of  the  commission. 

> Architects  of  Finland  section. 


Saint  Marin. — Office,  44  Avenue  du  Bois  de  Boulogne. 


Jean  de  Bellet . 

Maurice  Bucquet . 

Amedee  Astraudo _ 

Audoynaud,  sr . 

Alfred  Bellard . 

Rene  Fouquier  d’Herouel 

P.  Bourgeois . 

L.  Dalseme . 

Marius  Toudoire . 


Commissioner-general. 

Assistant  commissioner-general. 

^Members  of  the  commission. 

►  Assistant  members. 

Architect. 


Salvador. — Office,  10  Rue  Cimarosa. 


Rafael  Zaldivar . 

Rafael  German  Ribon  . . 
Francisco  R.  de  Urruela 

Gonzales  Mejia . 

Marco  J.  Kelly . 

Leon  Dreyfus . 


President  of  organization  committee. 

.  Commissioner-general. 

.  Assistant  commissioner-general. 

.  Commissioner. 

.Assistant  commissioner;,  in  charge  of  the  sec¬ 
tion  of  ores. 

Secretary. 


Servia. — Office,  66  Chaussee  d’Antin. 


M.  de  Camondo . 

Milan  Kapetanonitch 
Leonce  Tedeschi .... 
B.  Tcholak-Antich  .  _ 
Milan  Georgevitch  . . 
Ambroise  Baudry  . . . 
Dr.  Sava  Petrovitch  . 


Commissioner-general. 
Assistant  commissioner. 
Secretary. 

►Attaches. 

Architect. 

Physician. 


Siam. — Office,  14  Avenue  d’Eylau. 


Phya  Suriya  Nuvatr. . 

Albert  Grehan . . 

Corragioni  d’Orelli . . . 
Phra  Sridhamasasana. 

Hoeylaerts . 

E.  Cuissart . 

A.  Sarazin . 

Eugene  Chastel . 


Commissioner-general. 

Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Delegates. 

Secretaries. 

Architect. 


110  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


South  African  Republic. — Office,  54  Rue  du  Faubourg- Montmartre. 


Johannes  Pierson . Delegate. 

H.  G.  F.  Mock . Secretary  to  the  delegate. 

EdgardLevy . Secretary  of  the  organization  committee  at 

Pretoria. 

J.  G.  Bousquet . In  charge  of  the  installation  and  working  of 

the  mine  at  the  Trocadero. 

Charles  Henbes . Architect. 


Spain. — Office ,  10  bis  Rue  Paul-Baudry. 


De  Sesto . 

Valencia  de  Don  Juan . 

De  Villalobar . 

Jose  Jordana  y  Morera . 

Jose  Urioste  y  Velada . 

Jose  Fernandez  Jimenez . 

Eduardo  Saavedra . 

Celedonio  Rodriganez  . . 

Rafael  Puig  y  Vails . . 

Alexandre  Marcel . 

Eduardo  de  Huertas . 

Alberto  Rusinol . 

Pablo  Alzola . 

De  Villa viciosa . 

De  Mudela. . 

Jose  Espelius  . . . 

Fernando  Fernandez  Cuellar. . . . 

Carlos  Alvarez  del  Campo . . 

Pio  de  Savoie . 

Guadalmina . 

Casa  Eguia . . 

Casa  Valdes . 

Jose  Battlle . 

Emilio  Deutscli . 

Luis  Delatte  de  Carabia . 

Vicente  Lopez  Puigcerver . 

Guillermo  Marti . 

Julio  Santarelli . 

Jose-Martinez  Ibanez . 

Leopoldo  Serrano . 

J  ose  Gil  de  Leon . 

Pablo  Scoubart . 

Jose  Quinonez  de  Leon . 

Ramon  del  Rio  y  Gil . 

Julio  Carrillo  de  Albornoz . 

Manuel  Carrascosa  y  Pinedo  . . . 

Jose  Soler . 

Enrique  Scholtz  de  Hermendori 

Fernando  Landech . 

Joaquin  Aguirre . 

Alejandro  Soler  y  March . 

Rafael  Gimeno  Lasala . 


Commissioner-general . 
.Vice-commissioner-general. 

Royal  delegate. 

Secretary. 

Architect. 

Director  of  fine  arts. 

Director  of  liberal  arts. 

Director  of  agriculture. 

Director  of  industry. 

Assistant  architect. 

Counsel. 

Attach^  to  the  department  of  manufactures. 
Attache  to  the  department  of  silk  industry. 
Attach^  to  the  department  of  metallurgy. 
Attache  to  the  department  of  agriculture. 


Attaches  to  the  commission. 


Secretary  to  the  delegate. 


•Attaches  to  the  commission. 


Honorary  attache  to  the  commission. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  Ill 


Sweden. — Office,  7  Avenue  Rapp. 


R.  Akerman  . 

V.  Adler . 

R.  Almstrom 

O.  Bjorck _ 

E.  Franckel. . 
T.  Odelberg. . 
A.  Wahlberg. 

A.  Zorn . 

H.  Elmqvist . 
A.  Thiel . 

P.  Lamm _ 

F.  Frogren. . . 

C.  Hultgren. . 
C.  Moller. . . . 
Fr.  Lilljekvist 
F.  Boberg _ 


President. 


►Commissioners;  chiefs  of  groups. 


Secretary. 

Commissioner-general. 

Assistant  to  the  commissioner-general. 
Secretary  to  the  commissioner-general. 
Special  delegate. 

Architect  in  chief. 

Architect  of  installations. 

Architect  of  the  pavilion. 


Switzerland. — Office,  20  Avenue  Rapp. 


Gustave  Ador . Commissioner-general . 

Auguste  Duplan . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Francois  Grenier . Secretary. 

L.  de  Roulet . Chief  accountant. 

Paul  Bouvier . \ 

Eugene  Meyer . J  rc  u^ec^s* 

Paul  Hoffet . Engineer. 

B.  Kilchenmann . Electrical  engineer. 

Louis  de  Saugy . Attache. 

Adolphe  Schaerer . Secretary. 


Turkey. — Office,  10  Rue  de  Rresbourg. 

Munir-Bey . Imperial  commissioner. 

E.  Chesnel . Secretary  and  delegate. 

Hector  Passega . Special  delegate  for  exhibition  of  horses. 

Henry  Tenre . Special  delegate  to  the  congresses. 

Abdon-Boisson . Recorder. 

Margossian-Effendi . French  secretary. 

Said-Bey . Turkish  secretary. 

Leon  Bey  Karakehia . Delegate  of  technique. 

Dr.  M.  Kemhadjian . Physician. 

Rene  Dubuisson . Architect. 

Fua . 

Humruz . ^Engineers. 

Calil  Hanna . Administrator  of  Ottoman  section. 

Bardaut . ^ 

ODDenheimer  fin  c^arge  of  the  service  of  installation. 


Organization  Committee. 

Chedid-Effendi . President. 

A.  Folz .  ^ 

Spartali . /Vice-presidents. 

Economos  Bey . Secretary. 


112  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS, 


United  States. — Office,  20  Avenue  Rapp. 


Ferdinand  W.  Peck . Commissioner-General. 

Benjamin  I).  Woodward . Assistant  commissioner-general. 

Fred.  Brackett . Secretary  and  disbursing  officer. 

Bertha  Honore  Palmer . 

James  Allison . 

Brutus  J.  Clay . - 

Charles  A.  Collier . 

Michael  H.  de  Young - . 

William  L.  Elkins . 

Ogden  H.  Fethers . 

Peter  Jansen . 

Calvin  Manning . 

Franklin  Murphy . 

Henry  A.  Parr . 

Henry  M.  Putney . 

Alvin  H.  Sanders . 

Louis  Stern . . . 

William  G.  Thompson . 

William  M.  Thornton . 

Arthur  E.  Valois . 

Thomas  F.  Walsh . 


Commissioners. 


Frederick  J.  V.  Skiff . Director  in  chief  of  exhibit  departments,  di¬ 

rector  of  mines  and  metallurgy. 

Alexander  S.  Capehart . Director  of  liberal  arts  and  chemical  industries. 

Francis  E.  Drake . Director  of  machinery  and  electricity. 

Charles  Richards  Dodge . Director  of  agriculture. 

Willard  A.  Smith . Director  of  civil  engineering  and  t:ansporta- 

tion. 

John  H.  McGibbons . Director  of  exploitation. 

Howard  J.  Rogers . Director  of  education  and  social  economy. 

John  B.  Cauldwell . Director  of  fine  arts. 

M.  II.  Hulbert . Director  of  varied  industries. 

Tarleton  H.  Bean . Director  of  forestry  and  fisheries. 

Dr.  Selim  H.  Peabody . Editor  and  statistician. 

Dr.  William  S.  Ward . Assistant  director  of  mines  and  metallurgy. 

Charles  H.  Simms . Assistant  director  of  liberal  arts  and  chemical 

industries. 

James  S.  Anthony . Assistant  director  of  machinery  and  electricity. 

A.  C.  Baker . . Assistant  director  of  civil  engineering  and 

transportation. 

James  L.  Farmer . Assistant  director  of  agriculture. 

Henry  B.  Snell . Assistant  director  of  fine  arts. 

W.  E.  Crist . Assistant  director  of  varied  industries. 

Ralph  L.  Dougherty . • _ Assistant  director  of  education  and  social 

economy. 

H.  C.  Poundstone . In  charge  of  the  naval  exhibit. 

James  H.  Gore . Director  of  the  section  of  jury  organization. 

Paul  Blackmar . Director  of  affairs. 

William  E.  Cash . Assistant  director  of  affairs. 

James  M.  Allen . Librarian. 

L.  M.  Howland . Director  of  customs. 


ENTRANCE  TO  UNITED  STATES  FINE  ARTS  EXHIBIT,  FIRST  FLOOR,  GRAND  PALACE,  GROUP  II,  SHOWING  THE 

"SHAW  MEMORIAL." 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  113 


C.  S.  Crowninshield . 

Frank  T.  Gilbert . 

Charles  A.  Coolidge . 

Georges  Morin-Goustiaux. 

John  Getz . 

Frank  Millet . 

A.  G.  Spalding . 

B.  Spalding  de  Garmendia 

W.  W.  Brackett . 

Maj.  J.  B.  Kerr . 

Maj.  H.  0.  S.  Heistand... 

. Delegate  to  the  Paris  office. 

. Custodian. 

. American  architect. 

. French  architect. 

. Director  of  decoration. 

. In  charge  of  mural  paintings. 

. Director  of  athletics. 

. Assistant  director  of  athletics. 

. Assistant  to  the  secretary. 

j>Military  attaches. 

Lafayette  Commission. 

Robert  J.  Thompson . 

. Secretary. 

Special  Cuban  Commission. 

Gonzalo  de  Quesada . 

Ricardo  Diaz  Albertini  . . . 

. Commissioner. 

. Secretary. 

Special  Porto  Rican  Commission. 

Jose  T.  Silva . 

. Commissioner. 

Special  Hawaiian  Commission. 

W.  G.  Irwin . 

Alfred  Houle . 

Maj.  G.  C.  Potter . 

. First  commissioner. 

. Second  commissioner. 

Advisory  Council. 

M.  P.  Piexotto . 

Georges  Nagelmackers. . . . 
G.  Dambmann . 

|Members. 

S.  Doc.  232 


■8 


REPORT 


OF  THE 

ASSISTANT  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL 


ON  THE 

WORK  OF  THE  PARIS  OFFICES. 


H.  D.  WOODWARD, 

ASSISTANT  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL, 


115 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


New  York  Offices,  February  16 ,  1901. 
Dear  Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  send  }rou  herewith  my  report  on  the 
work  of  the  Paris  offices. 

Respectfully  yours,  B.  D.  Woodward, 

Assistant  Commissioner-  General. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner- General,  United  States  Commission , 

Paris  Exposition ,  Chicago ,  III. 

117 


REPORT  OF  THE  ASSISTANT  COMMISSIONER-GENERAL  ON  THE 
WORK  OF  THE  PARIS  OFFICES. 


CONTENTS. 

Conditions  at  time  of  appointment.— Additional  exhibit  space  secured  in  the  fall  of 
1898. — In  charge  of  Paris  offices. — Delegated  to  represent  the  Commissioner- 
General. — Relations  with  French  Exposition  and  Government  officers. — Assign¬ 
ment  of  site  for  the  Lafayette  statue. — The  Anthony  Pollok  memorial  prize. — 
The  Turkish  national  pavilion  incident. — New  accessions  of  exhibit  space; 
location  and  amount. — Dissemination  of  general  and  official  Exposition  informa¬ 
tion. — Dates  of  formal  delivery  of  United  States  exhibit  space. — Building  con¬ 
tracts,  subcontracts,  and  insurance  policies. — Filing  of  demands  of  admission  and 
inscriptions  in  the  catalogue. — The  advent  of  the  Prairie  in  Havre  and  Rouen. — 
Representing  the  United  States  on  the  superior  jury. — Visits  of  the  President  of 
France  to  the  United  States  sections. — Distribution  of  Exposition  publications  in 
the  United  States. — United  States  national  and  State  commissioners. — Union  of 
foreign  commissioners;  their  permanent  organization. — Record  established 
abroad  by  the  United  States  Commission. 


Informed  of  his  appointment  September  1,  1898,  the  assistant  com¬ 
missioner-general  of  the  United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition  took 
the  oath  of  office  the  following  day,  and  met  the  request  of  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General  in  accompanying  him  forthwith  to  Europe. 

In  an  address  made  on  the  steamship  La  Touraine ,  September  2, 1898, 
the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States,  on  the  eve  of  his 
departure  from  New  York  for  France,  stated  tersely,  “Three  grave 
difficulties  confronted  the  Commission — lack  of  ample  time,  space, 
and  appropriation.”  This  time  factor,  however,  gradually  eliminated 
itself,  and  Congress  provided  eventually  the  necessary  increases  in 
appropriation.  As  for  exhibit  space,  the  amount  which  in  Septem¬ 
ber,  1898,  stood  conceded  to  the  United  States  was  entirety  inadequate 
for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  properly  the  resources,  the  products,  and 
the  manufactured  industries  of  the  United  States  along  the  lines  of  the 
official  French  classification,  and  on  representations  made  to  that  effect 
by  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States  the  amount  was 
increased  in  October  by  almost  5,000  square  meters,  or  58,750  square 
feet,  ground  area.  This  new  allotment  comprised  some  1,740  square 
meters  in  the  main  exhibit  palaces  and  some  3,250  square  meters  in 

119 


120  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


building  sites.  Latitude  was  allowed  to  erect  a  three-story  annex  in 
agriculture  on  5,800  square  feet  of  allotted  ground  area,  thereby  aggre¬ 
gating  some  17,000  square  feet  of  exhibit  area  under  this  single  roof; 
and  similar  conditions  obtained  for  the  annex  in  merchant  marine. 
The  total  exhibit  area  secured  in  October,  1898,  is  therefore  estimated 
at  a  trifle  over  70,000  square  feet,  or  nearly  50  per  cent  increase  over 
the  amount  previous!}-  secured.  The  amount  of  ground  space  thus 
obtained  was  officially  confirmed  to  the  Commissioner-General  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  in  November,  1898,  as  follows: 

November  14,  1898. 

Hon.  F.  W.  Peck,  New  York: 

Commissioner-General  Picard  computes  you  have  received  personally  53,750  square 
feet  ground  area. 

Woodward, 

Assistant  Commissioner-  General. 

The  assistant  commissioner-general  remained  abroad,  permanently 
assigned  to  the  Paris  offices,  as  representing  the  interests  of  the  United 
States  Commission  in  its  relations  to  the  French  Government  and  in 
its  dealings  with  the  administration  of  the  French  Exposition.  On  two 
occasions  he  proceeded  to  the  United  States  to  study  methods  and  ascer¬ 
tain  results,  remaining  the  while  in  close  touch  with  the  Paris  office 
and  conducting  largely  its  work  from  a  distance. 

It  is  expedient  at  the  outset  to  say  a  word  concerning  the  method  of 
maintaining  relations  and  transacting  business  with  the  French  Expo¬ 
sition  administration.  These  business  methods  being  invariable,  it  is 
not  necessary  to  comment  upon  them,  and  however  arduous  they  ren¬ 
dered  the  task,  it  became  the  part  of  the  United  States  Commission  to 
respect  them  and  to  follow  them.  The  keynote  to  the  situation  is 
given  in  article  12  of  the  official  french  regulations: 

Each  foreign  nation  which  takes  part  in  the  Exposition  must  be  represented  by  a 
delegate  to  the  Commissioner-General. 

This  delegate  is  alone  authorized  to  discuss  with  the  Commissioner-General,  the 
directors-general,  and  the  directors,  all  matters  of  interest  to  his  countrymen,  espe¬ 
cially  those  relating  to  the  allotment  of  space  to  the  several  countries,  the  construc¬ 
tion  of  special  buildings,  and  the  admission  and  installation  of  exhibits. 

Consequently,  the  administration  of  the  Exposition  will  not  correspond  directly 
with  foreign  exhibitors. 

For  the  United  States  the  assistant  commissioner-general  became 
the  logical  delegate,  and  in  his  dealings  he  came  chiefly  in  touch  with 
the  director-general  of  exploitation.  The  latter  had  immediate  con¬ 
trol  over  all  foreign-exhibit  departments,  with  the  possible  excep¬ 
tion  of  fine  arts  and  also  of  athletics.  His  subordinates  took  orders 
from  him  and  reported  to  none  but  him.  His  approval  and  consent 
were  necessary  in  all  matters  affecting  a  foreign  commission,  and  offi¬ 
cial  communications  came  over  his  signature. 

As  official  medium  between  the  commissions,  the  communications 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


121 


from  transgressors  of  article  12  were  invariably  referred  back  to  the 
assistant  commissioner-general  for  consideration.  On  the  whole  some 
13,600  official  communications,  both  French  and  English,  or  on  an 
average  25  letters  a  day,  were  executed  b}^  him  between  May,  1898, 
and  December,  1900.  While  a  perfect  written  record  was  thus  main¬ 
tained,  it  was  usual  to  straighten  out  difficulties  subsequently  in  per¬ 
sonal  interviews  with  the  Director-General. 

Among  the  hundreds  of  matters  that  were  brought  up  in  the  Paris 
office  was  the  idea  conceived  in  the  department  of  liberal  arts  to  pre¬ 
sent  to  the  eye  of  the  visitors  to  the  French  Exposition  the  methods 
followed  in  the  United  States  in  the  production  of  a  daily  newspaper. 
Although  the  privilege  of  printing  a  newspaper  on  the  Exposition 
Grounds  was  denied  to  the  entire  press,  both  French  and  foreign,  the 
necessary  special  permission  was  obtained  from  the  director-general 
of  exploitation  that  under  particular  circumstances  this  might  be  done 
in  the  United  States  annex  (publishers’  building)  on  the  Esplanade 
des  Invalides.  Incidentally  an  additional  grant  of  space  was  secured 
for  the  erection  of  separate  stereotyping  premises  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  press. 

Again,  it  was  proposed  to  establish  an  American  escalator  in  the 
textile  department,  to  connect  the  United  States  exhibits  on  the  ground 
floor  and  in  the  gallery.  Months  of  negotiations  were  spent  in  induc¬ 
ing  the  Director-General  to  accept  the  plan,  which  necessitated  sundry 
structural  changes  in  the  textile  building.  The  projection  of  the 
escalator  by  a  few  inches  in  the  obligatory  aisle  also  caused  for  a 
while  considerable  technical  trouble.  The  courtesy  of  the  German 
commissioner-general  in  receding  by  an  equivalent  amount  with  his 
own  installation  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  aisle  removed  this  particu¬ 
lar  objection,  and  finally  the  escalator  was  admitted. 

Occasionally  in  questions  of  a  perplexing  or  delicate  nature  the 
Director-General  would  evade  or  disclaim  responsibilit}^  of  decision  or 
action.  All  such  matters  were  promptly  referred  to  higher  authori¬ 
ties,  sometimes  through  the  French  Commission,  but  always  accom¬ 
panied  and  followed  up  by  direct  action,  also  pressure  and  appeal. 
Thus  the  minister  of  commerce,  posts,  and  telegraphs  was  asked  to 
sanction  the  establishment  of  an  American  post-office  in  the  United 
States  National  Building;  also  to  grant  a  substantial  reduction  on  the 
regular  rates  of  the  French  trans-Atlantic  cable;  the  minister  of  war  to 
allow  the  firing  of  special  guns  in  maritime  life-saving  experiments; 
the  prefect  of  police  to  permit  our  night  watchmen  to  carry  revolvers; 
the  prime  minister,  together  with  the  minister  of  public  instruction 
and  fine  arts,  to  assign  a  suitable  site  for  the  Lafayette  statue;  the 
minister  of  agriculture  to  reconcile  the  idea  of  international  live-stock 
exhibits  with  the  French  laws  prohibiting  the  introduction  of  cattle 
into  France;  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  to  commemorate  the 


122  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Fourth  of  July,  1900,  by  greeting  the  Stars  and  Stripes  in  the  place 
of  the  French  tricolor  on  the  Eiffel  Tower;  the  minister  of  foreign 
affairs,  together  with  the  minister  of  marine,  to  give  their  moral  sup¬ 
port  to  the  award  of  the  Pollok  prize;  the  minister  of  finance  to  remit 
the  prohibitive  duties  on  printed  advertising  matter  intended  by 
exhibitors  for  free  distribution;  the  minister  of  public  works,  together 
with  the  minister  of  commerce,  to  allow  a  pier  landing  on  the  Seine 
in  front  of  the  United  States  National  Building;  the  mayor  of  Char- 
enton  to  give  a  charter  during  1900  to  operate  an  American  electric- 
car  road  leading  to  the  Exposition  Annex  at  Vincennes;  the  minister 
of  foreign  affairs  to  define  the  political  status  of  Cuba,  Hawaii,  and 
Porto  Rico,  thereby  admitting  these  islands  to  the  Exposition  under 
the  American  flag,  and  leading  the  French  Exposition  authorities  to 
favor  a  grouped  exhibit  of  their  products  on  the  space  conceded  to 
the  United  States  in  the  Palace  of  the  Trocadero. 

It  is  interesting  to  recall  in  particular  the  circumstances  under  which 
a  suitable  site  was  assigned  for  the  statue  of  Lafayette.  The  presen¬ 
tation  of  this  statue  to  France  on  the  part  of  the  school  children  of  the 
United  States  was  designated  under  act  of  Congress  as  a  special  feature 
of  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Paris  Exposition.  The 
Commissioner-General  started  negotiations  to  obtain  a  site,  but  many 
weeks  elapsed  before  final  action  was  taken.  After  separate  inter¬ 
views  between  the  assistant  commissioner-general,  the  prime  minister, 
the  minister  of  public  instruction  and  fine  arts,  the  minister  of  public 
works,  and  Mr.  Jules  Cambon,  ambassador  from  France  to  Washing¬ 
ton,  the  matter  was  finally  brought  up  in  a  cabinet  meeting  by  the 
prime  minister  himself,  Mr.  Dupuy,  whose  personal  interest  in  the 
Lafayette  monument  was  enhanced  from  the  fact  that  he  was  born 
near  Lafayette’s  birthplace,  and  that  his  warmest  political  friend  was 
a  descendant  of  Lafayette.  The  minister  of  public  instruction  and 
fine  arts  was  formally  charged  to  act  in  the  matter  conjointly  with  the 
assistant  commissioner-general,  and  thus  they  spent  the  afternoon  of 
December  12, 1898,  in  the  Tuileries  Gardens  investigating  and  discuss¬ 
ing  the  appropriateness  of  a  variety  of  sites  in  the  company  of  the 
ambassador  for  France  to  Washington,  the  French  director  of  the 
beaux  arts,  and  the  architects  of  the  Louvre  and  of  the  United  States 
Commission.  After  an  exhaustive  conference,  the  minister,  speaking 
for  the  French  Government,  offered  a  choice  site  on  Government 
ground,  intended  originally  for  a  statue  of  Napoleon,  beautifully 
located  in  the  heart  of  the  city  of  Paris  and  within  the  historic  pre¬ 
cincts  of  the  Louvre,  opposite  the  principal  entrance  to  the  celebrated 
gallery  of  paintings,  and  in  close  proximity  to  the  statue  of  the  great 
French  statesman,  Gambetta.  This  site,  known  henceforth  as  Lafay¬ 
ette  Square,  is  located  at  the  head  of  that  magnificent  perspective 
which  extends  from  the  Tuileries  Gardens  past  the  Place  de  la  Con- 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


123 


corde,  up  the  Avenue  des  Champs  Elysees  to  the  Arc  de  Triomphe. 
The  French  Government,  accepting  gratefully  the  monument  to 
Lafayette,  sent  the  title  of  the  site  to  the  United  States  in  an  official 
note  transmitted  through  Ambassador  Cambon. 

It  is  also  appropriate  to  report  here  on  the  negotiations  which  led 
up  to  the  acceptance  of  the  Anthony  Pollok  Memorial  Prize  on  the 
part  of  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  the  minister  of  marine,  and  the 
minister  of  commerce.  This  prize,  instituted  on  the  private  initiative 
of  the  heirs  of  Mr.  Anthony  Pollok,  who  went  down  at  sea  with  the 
ill-fated  Bourgogne ,  July,  1898,  was  to  be  awarded  under  the  auspices 
of  the  United  States  Commission  to  the  best  life-saving  apparatus  or 
device  for  use  in  cases  of  disaster  at  sea.  The  minister  of  commerce 
and  the  French  commissioner-general  allowed  the  competition  to  be 
held  in  connection  with  the  Exposition  of  1900,  and  to  be  judged  by  an 
international  jury  according  to  the  rules  set  forth  in  the  general  regu¬ 
lations  of  the  Exposition.  The  minister  of  foreign  affairs  and  the 
minister  of  marine  having  pledged  their  moral  support  to  the  move¬ 
ment,  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  was  led  to  invite  the 
nations  of  the  world  to  participate  in  this  humane  competition  on 
French  soil.  Direct  authority  was  given  by  the  Department  of  State 
to  the  assistant  commissioner-general  to  make  public,  in  conjunction 
with  the  French  commissioner-general  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  the 
proposed  rules  and  regulations  which  should  control  this  exposition. 
Suitable  rules,  drawn  up  in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  heirs 
and  along  the  lines  suggested  by  the  French  commissioner-general, 
were  printed,  both  in  French  and  in  English,  at  the  Government  print¬ 
ing  office  in  Paris  and  distributed  to  competitors  far  and  wide  through 
the  foreign  commissioners-general,  each  for  his  own  countrymen. 
Inventions  were  sent  in  large  numbers  from  all  parts  of  the  world  to 
be  admitted  as  exhibits  in  class  33  (equipments  for  merchant  marine), 
under  conditions  defined  by  the  general  regulations  of* the  Exposition. 
Accordingly,  the  commissioners-general  of  the  separate  countries 
represented  in  the  competition  passed  on  the  merits  of  these  inven¬ 
tions  considered  in  the  light  of  exhibits,  and  in  some  instances  they 
left  the  selection  to  the  judgment  of  special  committees  on  admission, 
chosen  among  the  naval  officers  and  experts  from  their  respective 
nations.  When  it  came  to  providing  exhibit  space  for  the  competi¬ 
tion,  the  members  of  the  French  committee  on  installation  joined  hands 
with  the  commissioners  for  Russia,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  and  the 
United  States  in  relinquishing  special  spaces  allotted  to  each  of  these 
countries  in  the  main  Merchant  Marine  Building.  Thus  they  enabled 
a  broad  and  well-lighted  gallery  that  extended  the  entire  length  of  the 
building  to  be  devoted  exclusively  to  an  international  display  of  devices 
and  inventions  calculated  to  produce  the  highest  and  truest  results  for 
the  welfare  and  protection  of  mankind. 


124  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


One  dissenting  note,  and  perhaps  the  only  one  of  its  kind,  was 
sounded  in  the  relations  between  the  Commissions  of  the  United  States 
and  France.  The  following  brief  statement  explains  the  nature  of  the 
trouble,  but  can  never  convey  either  the  character  or  the  amount  of 
the  tedious  negotiations  which  it  involved  throughout  December,  1899, 
and  January  and  February,  1900.  It  was  found  that  the  rights  of  the 
United  States  Commission,  in  erecting  a  national  building  on  the  Quai 
d’Orsay,  were  being  seriously  infringed  upon  by  the  neighboring 
Turkish  national  building,  which  was  allowed  to  encroach  upon  the 
building  line  imposed  upon  and  respected  by  all  nations.  In  actual 
point  of  fact,  a  skeleton  structure  showed  that  this  Turkish  building 
was  planned  to  project  25  feet  beyond  the  regulation  building  line,  and 
to  rise  to  a  height  of  four  stories  along  a  full  frontage  of  75  feet,  thereby 
sadly  impairing  the  effectiveness  of  the  United  States  building  when 
viewed  from  the  Pont  des  Invalides.  On  being  advised  of  the  situation 
the  ambassador  from  the  United  States  denounced  the  character  of  the 
Ottoman  structure,  and  his  informal  representations  to  officers  of  the 
French  cabinet  led  them  to  share  in  his  opinion.  The  seriousness  of  the 
question  was  practically  demonstrated  to  the  French  authorities  in 
numerous  photographs  specially  taken  for  the  purpose,  and  the  reports 
which  were  sent  forward  by  every  steamer  to  the  Commissioner-Gen¬ 
eral  in  Chicago  were  similarly  illustrated.  An  official  protest  entered 
with  Commissioner-General  Picard  by  the  assistant  commissioner-gen¬ 
eral  of  the  United  States  resulted  in  stopping  all  work  for  a  while  on 
the  Turkish  national  building.  The  ambassador  from  the  United 
States  was  instructed  by  the  Department  of  State  in  Washington  to 
interfere  officially  with  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  But  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General  for  Turke}r  finally  assented  to  the  justice  of  the 
views  presented  to  him,  and,  after  agreeing  to  a  preliminary  conces¬ 
sion  in  lowering  the  Ottoman  minaret  b}^  5  feet,  reducing  the  width  of 
the  cupola  by  10  feet,  and  throwing  it  5  feet  back  of  the  original  line, 
he  was  allowed  to  resume  work  on  his  building.  The  concession,  how¬ 
ever,  was  too  insignificant  to  afford  satisfaction  to  the  United  States 
Commission,  and  the  protest  was  renewed  with  greater  force.  The 
situation  became  tense,  and  for  a  while  the  relations  between  Commis¬ 
sions  were  strained.  Relief,  however,  came  at  last  with  the  suppres¬ 
sion  of  the  upper  floor  of  the  Turkish  construction  on  a  canted  corner 
measuring  18  feet  from  floor  to  ceiling.  This  obstruction  was  cut  away 
on  13  feet  frontage  by  25  feet  in  depth  and,  the  height  of  the  Turkish 
building  being  reduced  to  a  line  5  feet  below  the  top  of  the  porch  of 
the  United  States  building,  prominence  was  restored  at  least  to  the 
magnificent  quadriga  that  surmounted  its  porch.  The  Commissioner- 
General  received  the  news  of  this  advantage  upon  his  arrival  in  Europe 
in  the  spring  of  1900. 

In  the  communications  emanating  from  the  Paris  office  every  change 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  125 

and  development  in  the  work  abroad  was  fully  and  promptly  brought 
to  the  notice  of  the  Commission’s  headquarters  in  Chicago.  Subse¬ 
quent  to  the  Commissioner-General’s  departure  for  the  United  States 
in  November,  1898,  additional  allotments  of  exhibit  space  footing  up 
a  total  of  157,995  square  feet  were  reported,  as  follows: 

ACCESSIONS  IN  THE  MAIN  EXHIBIT  GROUNDS. 

December  IS,  1898.— A.  site  of  2,200  square  feet  for  the  annex  building  in  Forestry 
and  Fisheries,  Group  IX,  Champ  de  Mars.  • 

March  22,  1899.— 6,700  square  feet  floor  area,  including  550  running  feet  in  wall 
length  for  fine  arts,  exclusive  of  sculpture,  in  Group  II. 

May  11,  1899.  A  change  in  partitions  increases  the  wall  length  by  200  feet. 
September  8,  1899.— A  new  allotment  is  secured,  netting  1,000  square  feet  additional 
floor  area  and  70  feet  in  wall  length.  Subsequently  another  large  room  was 
obtained  for  paintings  and  ample  space  was  also  allotted  for  sculpture. 

April,  1899.— 11,360  square  feet  for  an  American  restaurant  on  the  Champ  de  Mars 
June  10,  1899.  4,340  square  feet  for  an  Army  and  Navy  exhibit  in  Group  XVIII 

June  21,  1899.  1,500  square  feet  in  the  Trocadero  Palace  for  a  Colonial  exhibit  in 
Group  XVII. 

June  23, 1899.  Permission  is  secured  to  build  an  entresol  gallery  in  Groups  VII 
and  X,  agriculture  and  food  products. 

July  1,  1899.  1,300  square  feet  for  horticultural  implements  in  Group  VIII 

October  27 ,1899.- This  amount  is  increased  by  300  square  feet,  giving  a  total  of 
-1,600  square  feet. 

July  6,  1899.  Permission  is  secured  to  build  an  entresol  gallery  in  Group  III 
liberal  arts.  1  ’ 

July  13  1899.- 1,500  square  feet  secured  from  Luxemburg  in  Group  XI,  mining 
and  metallurgy.  ’ 

August  s,  1899— An  increase  of  over  800  square  feet  gallery  space  is  secured  from 
Norway  in  Group  XIII,  textiles. 

September  s,  1899.-2, 000  square  feet  secured  by  negotiations  with  Great  Britain 
in  roup  VI,  civil  engineering  and  transportation. 

October 19,  1899.— 1,400  square  feet  for  an  outdoor  horticultural  exhibit  on  the 
Cours  la  Reine.  Early  in  March,  1900,  this  allotment  was  exchanged  for  a  much 
larger  site  on  the  Trocadero  grounds. 

.  f.  hKW—Space  secured  to  erect  two  small  kiosks  near  the  annex  build- 

390  squareTeeU  ^  ^  InVahde8,  Their  resPective  surfaces  are  175  square  feet  and 

December  13, 1899.— Permission  is  secured  to  excavate  a  cellar  under  the  United 
btates  spaces  in  Groups  VII  and  X,  agriculture  and  food  products. 

March  SI,  1900.— 8,000  square  feet  conceded  in  the  main  merchant  marine  building 
tor  an  international  exhibit  in  competition  for  the  Pollok  prize. 

March  29,  1900.— Sites  secured  for  nine  Kitson  lamps  on  the  Quai  de  Billy 

DroSmitv  iS  secured  to  construct  a  small  dynamo  building  in  close 

proximity  to  the  United  States  national  building. 

ACCESSIONS  IN  THE  ANNEX  AT  VINCENNES. 

April  28,  1899.— 21,520  square  feet  in  Group  VI  for  railroad  rolling  stock.  This 

r21U,920WfeerCreaSed  “  **  4°°  SqUare  ^  re°eiVed  fr0m  Eussia’  a  total 

Apnl  28,  1899.— 2,700  square  feet  for  a  United  States  life-saving  station 

Thia  amount  wa«  raised  to  7,000  square  feet,  but  the  whole  space 
was  subsequently  given  up.  F 


126  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


April  28,  1899. — 8,600  square  feet  for  the  bicycle  trust  building. 

July  13,  1899. — This  amount  was  increased  by  10  per  cent,  giving  a  total  of  0,460 
square  feet. 

April  28, 1899. — 20, 000  square  feet  for  an  annex  in  tool  machinery,  Groups  IV  and  V. 

July  21,  1899. — An  extension  of  6,000  additional  square  feet  is  granted. 

August  9,  1899. — The  total  of  26,000  square  feet  is  confirmed  from  Paris  by  cable. 
Eventually  the  total  ground  floor  area  became  42,000  square  feet. 

April  28,  1899. — 4,300  square  feet  in  the  automobile  building,  Group  VI. 

December  23,  1899. — This. amount  is  increased  by  3,000  square  feet,  giving  a  total  of 
7,300  square  feet. 

May  17,  1899. — 2,000  square  feet  secured  for  an  exhibit  of  oil-well  drilling 
machinery. 

June  27,  1899. — 600  square  feet  for  an  exhibit  of  incubators. 

July  6,  1899. — 10,000  square  feet  for  a  Pullman  vestibule  train.  This  space  was 
given  up  December  4,  1899. 

August  7,  1899. — 400  square  feet  for  an  ostrich  farm.  This  space  was  never 
occupied. 

August  9 ,  1899. — 2,250  square  feet  for  an  exhibit  of  the  Robbins  ore-conveying 
belt. 

August  9,  1899. — 750  square  feet  for  a  shooting  gallerv  to  test  Smith  <k  Wesson 
firearms. 

August  9,  1899. — 24,000  square  feet  for  a  relief  map  of  the  United  States  railroad 
systems.  This  space  was  given  up  August  16,  1899. 

August  9,  1899. — 1,600  square  feet  for  a  model  workman’s  house.  This  space  was 
given  up  October  26,  1899. 

August  9,  1899. — 10,000  square  feet  for  an  annex  building  in  forestry,  Group  IX. 

November  23,  1899. — An  additional  amount  of  5,000  square  feet  is  secured,  giving  a 
total  of  15,000  square  feet. 

August  9,  1899. — 4,500  square  feet  for  a  cotton-gin  compressor.  This  space  was 
never  occupied. 

August  16,  1899. — 6,250  square  feet  for  an  agricultural  annex  building  for  the 
McCormick  harvesting  machine  exhibit. 

January  10,  1900. — An  offer  of  space  for  exhibits  of  an  inflammable  nature  was 
declined. 

Every  week  there  was  sent  to  the  Commission’s  press  bureau  in  New 
York  a  series  of  translations  of  articles  from  the  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish  newspapers  and  hundreds  of  other  clippings  selected  from  the 
general  European  press,  also  illustrated  periodicals,  on  the  Exposition, 
together  with  pictures,  cuts,  maps,  diagrams,  descriptions,  special  pho¬ 
tographs  and  general  information  calculated  to  be  of  interest  and  of  use 
in  exploiting  the  Paris  Exposition  in  the  American  press.  All  official 
pamphlets  issued  by  the  French  administration  on  the  subjects  of  trans¬ 
portation,  handling  of  merchandise,  installation,  exhibits  of  live  stock, 
displays  of  fresh  fruits,  horticultural  exhibits,  sports  and  athletic 
competitions,  etc.,  were  duly  translated  in  the  Paris  office,  and  ihailed 
home  at  once  in  several  typewritten  copies.  Accurate  translations  into 
English  of  the  contracts  and  specifications  for  the  various  buildings  of 
the  United  States  were  forwarded  without  delay  for  file  in  the  Ameri¬ 
can  architect’s  office  and  with  the  director  of  affairs  in  Chicago,  and 
also  with  the  secretary  and  disbursing  agent  in  New  York.  Besides 


AND  EXHIBIT  BOOTHS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  127 

being  supplied  from  the  Paris  office  with  English  translations  of  special 
documents  and  general  items  of  interest,  the  individual  directors  of 
exhibit  departments  in  the  United  States  received  by  fast  steamer  the 
official  plans,  measurements,  and  specifications  of  the  spaces  allotted  in 
each  group,  as  well  as  accurate  notes  on  the  distribution  of  water,  gas, 
steam,  electricity,  motive  power,  and  sewerage,  and  on  the  position  of 
car  tracks,  aisles,  columns,  elevators,  stairways,  escalators,  manholes, 
galleries,  signposts,  and  fire  plugs.  Every  month  an  English  report 
was  transmitted  to  the  Commissioner-General  in  the  United  States, 
embodying  the  minutes  of  the  business  meetings  of  the  united  foreign 
commissioners  to  the  Paris  Exposition.  Fortnightly  reports  were 
forwarded  from  the  Paris  office  advising  the  headquarters  in  Chicago 
of  the  progress  made  in  all  the  main  exhibit  buildings  as  well  as  in  the 
construction  of  the  United  States  Commission’s  building.  Week  by 
week  advance  information  was  collected  systematically  in  Paris  con¬ 
cerning  the  organization  and  plan  of  action  of  each  one  of  the  127  con¬ 
gresses  that  were  invited  to  meet  in  Paris  during  the  summer  of  1900. 
This  material  was  sent  regularly  to  the  United  States  in  readable 
newspaper  form  with  the  object  of  being  diffused  without  delay 
throughout  technical  and  other  American  papers,  thereby  enlisting 
widespread  interest  in  these  congresses.  This  advance  information 
was  supplemented  in  due  time  by  translations  of  the  printed  pro¬ 
grammes  and  items  of  an  official  character  as  they  appeared  in  con¬ 
nection  with  each  one  of  the  congresses. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  no  American  commission  to  a  foreign 
exposition  has  ever  had  so  much  official  information  supplied  from 
abroad  for  publication  in  the  United  States. 

Under  date  of  July  29,  1899,  and  again  in  September  of  the  same 
year,  the  director-general  wrote  to  the  United  States  Commission  and 
called  attention  to  the  terms  of  article  52  of  the  official  regulations, 
reading  as  follows: 

Public  administrations  and  foreign  commissions  will  themselves  conduct  their 
installations  in  the  special  pavilions  which  they  may  have  erected,  or  in  such  parts 
of  the  main  buildings  as  may  have  been  allotted  to  them.  They  must  submit  their 
plans  for  the  approval  of  the  department  of  the  director-general. 

These  general  plans  of  installations,  decorations,  and  treatment  of 
allotted  exhibit  spaces  were  submitted  in  due  time,  as  were  also  the 
plans  of  the  buildings  to  be  erected  by  the  United  States.  Official 
possession  of  these  various  building  sites  and  exhibit  spaces  was  for¬ 
mally  given  to  the  United  States  Commission,  and  personally  accepted 
on  the  grounds  on  the  following  dates: 

October  12,  1899:  Groups  I  and  III. 

February  23,  1900:  Group  II. 

December  27,  1899:  Groups  IV  and  V.  Champ  de  Mars,  ground  floor. 

February  27,  1900:  Groups  IV  and  V.  Champ  de  Mars,  gallery. 


128  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


December  29,  1899:  Groups  IV  and  V.  Vincennes. 

September  21,  1899:  Group  VI.  Champ  de  Mars. 

March  30,  1900:  Group  VI.  Vincennes. 

November  8,  1899:  Groups  VII  and  X.  Ground  floor. 

February  24,  1900:  Groups  VII  and  X.  Gallery. 

March  12,  1900:  Group  VIII. 

March  8,  1900:  Group  IX. 

December  2,  1899:  Group  XI.  Ground  floor. 

January  25,  1900:  Group  XI.  Gallery. 

October  25,  1899:  Groups  XII  and  XV. 

February  3,  1900:  Group  XIII.  Ground  floor. 

January  25,  1900:  Group  XIII.  Gallery. 

February  8,  1900:  Group  XIV. 

February  12,  1900:  Group  XVI. 

January  26,  1900:  Group  XVII. 

February  24,  1900:  Group  XVIII. 

February  19,  1900:  Class  33. 

February  24,  1900:  Classes  74,  111,  and  112. 

May  3,  1899:  Site  for  National  Building. 

August  10,  1899:  Site  for  Annex  in  Agriculture,  Champ  de  Mars. 

August  10,  1899:  Site  for  Annex  in  Liberal  Arts,  Invalides. 

August  10,  1899:  Site  for  Annex  in  Merchant  Marine,  Champ  de  Mars. 

August  10,  1899:  Site  for  Annex  in  Forestry,  Champ  de  Mars. 

January  17,  1900:  Site  for  Bicycle  Building,  Vincennes. 

January  17,  1900:  Site  for  McCormick  Building,  Vincennes. 

January  17,  1900:  Site  for  Annex  in  Forestry,  Vincennes. 

January  17,  1900:  Site  for  Smith  &  Wesson  Gallery,  Vincennes. 

As  fast  as  possession  of  these  building  sites  was  given  and  approval 
was  ^secured  on  the  various  plans  drawn  up  by  the  architects  of  the 
American  Commission,  steps  were  taken  to  start  work  on  the  United 
States  national  building  and  the  different  annex  buildings.  Reputa¬ 
ble  French  contractors  were  invited  to  submit  sealed  bids  on  the  plans 
of  the  Commission’s  architects,  and  contracts  were  invariably  let  to 
the  lowest  bidder.  Contracts,  plans  and  specifications  of  buildings 
were  signed  in  triplicate  in  the  Paris  office,  one  copy  being  handed  to 
the  contractor,  one  to  the  French  architect,  and  one  being  retained  in 
the  Commission  for  the  purpose  of  record. 

Special  insurance  policies  were  taken  out  for  each  building,  repre¬ 
senting,  on  the  opening  day  of  the  Exposition,  the  full  contract  price. 
Day  by  day  the  value  of  the  insurance  decreased  by  a  constant  figure, 
so  that  when  the  Exposition  closed  the  policy  represented  only  the 
value  of  the  building  material.  Under  terms  of  the  contract  this 
material  reverted  then  to  the  contractors,  and  the  latter  were  bound 
to  demolish  the  buildings  and  cart  away  the  material  before  receiving 
the  final  settlement  of  accounts.  Subcontracts  were  also  let  for  the 
installation  of  gas,  water,  and  electricity  in  these  buildings.  They 
involved  many  tedious  negotiations  with  the  fire  committee  especially 
and  with  the  municipal  police  acting  in  the  general  interests  of  public 
safety. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  129 


More  than  40  separate  contracts  were  thus  signed,  and  no  friction  or 
litigation  were  caused  in  the  rigid  observance  of  their  terms. 

A  task  which  assumed  proportions  of  unusual  magnitude  was  accom¬ 
plished  at  the  Paris  office  in  filing  with  the  French  commission  the 
demands  for  admission  of  exhibits  from  the  United  States.  Although 
originally  set  for  February  15,  1899,  the  extreme  date  on  which  to 
make  application  for  the  admission  of  foreign  products  was  changed 
and  finally  maintained  at  January  31,  1900.  Subsequent  to  this  date 
the  French  administration  would  not  guarantee  entries  of  exhibits  in 
the  official  catalogue,  and  after  March  31,  1900,  all  responsibility  was 
disclaimed  as  regarded  any  examination  of  belated  exhibits  at  the  hands 
of  the  jury.  In  the  meanwhile  the  director-general  of  exploitation, 
anxious  to  obtain  these  demands  for  admission,  argued,  in  an  official 
communication  dated  October  11,  1899,  that — 

They  were  indispensable  to  a  correct  classification  of  the  products  of  the  United 
States  sections,  and  furthermore  that  the  information  they  conveyed  was  of  impor¬ 
tance  in  preparing  the  official  catalogue  of  the  Exposition,  which  was  intended  to 
serve  the  international  jury  as  a  basis  for  its  work. 

The  ruling  involved  read  as  follows  in  article  38  of  the  official  regu¬ 
lations: 

Admission  of  foreign  products  will  be  determined  by  the  department  of  the 
director-general  upon  the  application  of  the  commissioner  delegated  by  the  nation  to 
which  the  exhibitor  belongs. 

.  It  is  expedient  to  outline  briefly  the  purport  of  this  ruling.  A 
demand  in  the  French  language  for  the  admission  of  each  exhibit  was 
filed  in  duplicate  with  the  director-general,  who,  on  ascertaining  that 
the  exhibit  was  properly  classified,  issued  in  return  a  numbered  cer¬ 
tificate  of  admission,  this  number  to  be  entered  on  the  shipping  label 
before  the  particular  exhibit  left  the  United  States.  These  shipping 
labels  furnished  by  the  French  administration  indicated  the  group  of 
the  exhibit  and  its  location  within  the  Exposition  grounds,  while  the 
number  affixed  to  each  label  identified  the  exhibit  by  simple  reference 
to  the  certificate  of  admission.  These  certificates  were  kept  at  Havre, 
the  chief  port  of  entiy  for  exhibits  from  the  United  States,  or  they 
were  sent  to  Rouen,  as  occasion  required.  Certified  copies  were  for¬ 
warded  whenever  necessary  to  Boulogne  or  to  Antwerp.  When  iden¬ 
tified  at  the  hands  of  custom-house  and  railroad  officials  the  exhibits 
were  forwarded  to  Paris  under  sealed  cars  in  transit  of  duty,  and  they 
benefited  also  by  the  reduced  freight  rates  conceded  by  the  railroad 
company  on  the  goods  intended  for  the  Exposition. 

The  importance  of  this  point  became  apparent  when  the  Prairie 
was  about  to  sail  for  France  in  December,  1899.  The  necessity  of 
admitting  her  cargo  into  the  country  on  proper  certificates  led  to  the 
rapid  compilation  of  demands  for  admission  both  in  the  Chicago  and 
in  the  New  York  offices.  They  were  made  out  in  duplicate  and  rushed 
S.  Doc.  232 - 9 


130  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


across  the  ocean  to  the  Paris  office,  where  they  were  carefully  trans¬ 
lated  from  English  into  French,  and  in  terms  of  the  official  classifica¬ 
tion,  so  that  the  nature  of  each  exhibit  was  immediately  recognized  in 
the  office  of  the  director-general  of  exploitation  and  the  exhibit  itself 
admitted  in  its  proper  class  and  group.  This  translation  was  first 
made  in  writing  on  one  of  the  English  demands,  and  the  duplicate 
French  copies  necessary  for  the  filing  were  made  from  it.  On  receipt 
of  the  French  certificate  of  admission  its  number  was  plainly  affixed 
to  the  two  corresponding  original  English  demands,  the  one  with  the 
inscribed  French  translation  being  retained  for  permanent  record  in 
the  Paris  office,  the  other  being  returned  at  once  to  the  United  States, 
while  the  certificate  itself  was  sent  to  Havre,  as  explained  above. 

In  anticipation  of  an  early  examination  of  the  exhibits  by  the  inter¬ 
national  jury  the  director-general  of  exploitation  required  the  mate¬ 
rial  for  the  official  French  catalogue  to  be  in  his  hands  by  October  31, 
1899,  but  this  date  was  subsequently  changed  to  January  31, 1900.  A 
first  draft  of  the  catalogue  of  the  American  sections  was  accordingly 
based  on  the  demands  of  admission  filed  in  the  Paris  office  of  the 
United  States  Commission,  and  despite  the  fact  that  in  describing 
exhibits  new  translations  were  frequently  required  in  order  to  remain 
within  the  limitations  of  space  prescribed  for  the  catalogue,  the  great 
bulk  of  the  American  entries  was  made,  nevertheless,  within  the  speci¬ 
fied  delay  of  time. 

Between  demands  for  admission  and  inscriptions  in  the  catalogue 
upward  of  20,000  application  forms  were  prepared  in  the  Paris  office. 
The  work  was  heatly  typewritten,  and  the  officials  of  the  French 
Exposition  were  led  to  state  that  in  form  and  presentation  it  was  most 
admirably  executed,  and  that  the  conformity  in  text  to  the  French 
classification  had  helped  them  considerably  in  their  own  labors. 

Late  in  1899,  and  again  early  in  1900,  the  United  States  cruiser 
Prairie  sailed  from  the  United  States  for  Havre  laden  with  the 
exhibits  of  the  United  States  Government.  Consultation  with  the 
Hydrographic  Bureau  of  the  Seine  having  brought  out  the  fact  that 
navigation  up  the  River  Seine  as  far  as  Rouen  was  feasible  for  a 
vessel  of  the  Prairie’s  dimensions,  the  assistant  commissioner-general 
advocated  on  the  occasion  of  both  trips  the  wisdom  of  bringing  the 
Prairie  to  Rouen.  This  course  effected  a  saving  over  Havre  of  fully 
one-third  on  the  railroad  freight  rates,  and  was  calculated  to  result  in 
cheaper  stevedoring  charges  as  well  as  increased  facilities  in  obtain¬ 
ing  promptly  all  necessary  freight  cars.  On  the  first  trip  of  the 
Prairie ,  however,  it  was  found  expedient  to  dock  at  Havre,  where 
arrangements  for  warehousing  were  perfected  and  necessary  negotia¬ 
tions  started  to  expedite  the  unloading  of  the  vessel  and  sort  out  her 
cargo  so  that  shipments  could  be  made  to  Paris  according  as  calls 
arose  for  particular  structural  materials  or  exhibits.  Friendly  help 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVEESAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  131 


and  cooperation  at  Havre  on  the  part  of  high  officials  in  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  the  Seine-Inferieure,  including  the  chief  officers  of  the  custom¬ 
house,  also  of  the  local  chamber  of  commerce,  and  of  the  Western 
Railroad  Company  were  pledged  by  the  prefect  of  the  department  at 
an  official  reception  tendered  by  the  assistant  commissioner-general  to 
the  officers  of  the  Prairie ,  December  30,  1899.  It  is  a  matter  of  rec¬ 
ord  that  in  forwarding  the  goods  of  the  different  nations  that  came 
via  Havre  or  Rouen  to  Paris  over  the  tracks  of  the  Western  Railroad 
Company,  preference  was  given  invariably  to  the  exhibits  from  the 
U nited  States.  Before  the  Prairie  started  on  her  second  trip  to  France, 
it  was  ascertained  that  the  members  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  of 
Rouen,  actuated  by  civic  pride  to  have  their  city  ranked  in  America  as 
a  seaport  town,  wished  to  inscribe  officially  upon  its  annals  the  advent 
of  a  large  United  States  cruiser.  They  offered  such  inducements  as 
fiee  warehouses,  remittance  of  the  usual  dock  charges,  substantial 
reduction  in  rates  for  the  use  of  cranes,  an  unusually  favorable  steve¬ 
doring  contract,  and  distinct  advantages  over  Havre  in  forwarding 
cars  from  Rouen,  because  fewer  goods  were  shipped  from  there  to  the 
Exposition.  In  presence  of  the  earnest,  representations  that  were  made 
by  cable  to  the  Commissioner-General,  the  Navy  Department  at  Wash¬ 
ington  was  led  to  order  the  Prairie  to  Rouen,  and  the  soundness  as  well 
as  the  expediency  of  the  proposition  were  evidenced  by  its  successful 
execution  and  by  the  economy  over  the  expenses  previously  incurred 
at  Havre. 

The  anival  of  the  entire  staff  of  the  Commission  in  Paris  early  in 
1900  required  a  provision-  for  extra  office  room.  On  the  floor  below 
the  main  offices,  at  20  Avenue  Rapp,  adequate  accommodations  were 
secured. 

The  meetings  of  the  international  jury  were  inaugurated  by  the 
minister  of  commerce,  May  23,  1900.  The  bulk  of  the  work  of  this 
body  was  done  by  class  juries,  of  which  there  were  121  under  the 
French  classification.  Upon  adjourning,  they  handed  in  their  findings 
to  the  juries  of  the  18  groups,  and  these  in  turn  made  their  report  to 
the  superior  jury,  of  which  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United 
States  was  a  member  ex  officio.  The  duties  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  in  this  particular  were  intrusted  by  him  to  the  assistant 
commissioner-general.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  superior  jury, 
August  3,  1900,  a  working  committee  of  this  body  was  appointed^ 
composed  of  the  presidents  of  the  18  group  juries.  This  committee 
received  all  appeals  that  were  submitted  to  it  in  writing  as  late  as 
August  9  and  no  later.  Thereafter,  the  assistant  commissioner-general 
of  the  United  States,  who  on  behalf  of  the  directors  of  the  exhibit 
departments  had  filed  over  his  signature  upward  of  200  appeals  in 
the  interests  of  United  States  exhibitors,  appeared  in  person  before  the 
committee  of  the  superior  jury  in  defense  of  these  claims.  Favorable 


132  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


action  on  the  part  of  the  superior  jury  was  thus  secured  on  more  than 
two-thirds  of  the  appeals  presented. 

The  official  distribution  of  awards  took  place  August  18.  The  num¬ 
ber  and  the  character  of  the  awards  granted  to  the  United  States  are 
undeniably  the  best  evidence  of  the  interesting  nature  and  of  the 
quality  of  the  American  exhibits. 

The  President  of  the  French  Republic,  accompanied  by  the  minister 
of  commerce  and  the  prefect  of  police,  occasionally  also  by  the  ministei 
of  public  instruction  and  fine  arts,  and  by  the  minister  of  public  works, 
and  escorted  by  the  high  officials  of  the  French  Exposition  Adminis¬ 
tration,  honored  the  United  States  sections  with  his  presence  on  the 
following  occasions: 

December  7,  1899,  11  a.  m.:  United  States  national  building  (while  in  course  of 
construction). 

May  1,  1900,  2  p.  m. :  Group  2,  fine  arts. 

May  30,  1900,  9.30  a.  m.:  Groups  12  and  15,  diversified  industries. 

June  8,  1900,  9  a.  m.:  Group  17,  exhibits  of  Cuba  and  Hawaii. 

June  21,  1900,  9.30  a  m.:  United  States  national  building. 

June  28,  1900,  9.15  a.  m.:  Group  11,  mining  and  metallurgy. 

July  5,  1900,  9.40  a.  m.:  Group  13,. textiles. 

July  26,  1900,  9.10  a.  m. :  Classes  74,  111,  112,  hygiene  and  ventilation. 

July  26,  1900,  10.30  a.  m. :  Groups  7  and  10,  agriculture  and  food  products. 

October  18,  1900,  9  a.  m. :  Group  18,  army  and  navy. 

October  18,  1900,  10.15  a.  m.:  Group  9,  forestry  and  fisheries. 

November  8,  1900,  9.30  a.  m. :  Vincennes,  railroad  rolling  stock. 

November  8,  1900,  10.30  a.  m.:  Bicycle  building,  McCormick  building. 


On  each  of  these  visits  the  President  of  the  French  Republic  was 
duly  met,  and  the  honors  of  the  United  States  exhibit  sections  were 
done  to  him. 

During  the  year  1900  there  appeared  a  vast  amount  of  literature 
dealing  with  the  French  Exposition  as  a  whole,  or  with  some  of  its 
specific  features,  or  else  devoted  to  the  interests  of  participating  coun¬ 
tries.  Almost  all  the  foreign  nations  issued  catalogues  of  their  own, 
and  some  went  to  great  expense  in  publishing  works  on  art,  ofttimes 
handsomely  illustrated,  also  statistical,  historical,  and  geographical 
treatises,  monographs  on  railroading  and  general  engineering,  and 
valuable  descriptions  of  the  progress  which  the  nineteenth  century 
had  wrought  in  the  development  of  their  country,  or  in  one  or  the 
other  of  their  home  industries.  About  1,000  volumes  of  these  publi¬ 
cations  were  donated  with  compliments  to  the  I  nited  States  Commis¬ 
sion,  and  were  distributed  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
United  States  from  the  Paris  office,  and  chiefly  in  accordance  with 
the  nature  of  their  subject-matter.  Thus,  some  200  books  and  pam¬ 
phlets  were  sent  to  the  Library  of  Congress  and  the  library  of  the 
Department  of  State  in  Washington,  D.  C.;  to  the  State  Library  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.;  to  the  Public  Library  in  Boston,  Mass.;  to  the  John 
Crerar  Library  in  Chicago,  Ill. ;  to  the  New  York  Public  Library 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  133 

(Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  foundations);  and  to  the  libraries  of  the 
Lawyers’  Club  and  of  the  University  Club  in  New  York  City. 

Between  600  and  700  publications  went  to  the  libraries  of  Amherst 
College,  Amherst,  Mass. ;  Barnard  College,  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  Bryn 
Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. ;  Colgate  University,  Hamilton,  N.  Y. ; 
Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  Cornell  University,  Ithaca, 
N.  Y. ;  Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H. ;  Harvard  University, 
Cambridge,  Mass. ;  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. ;  Prince¬ 
ton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. ;  Radcliffe  College,  Cambridge,  Mass. ; 
Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass.;  Stanford  University,  Palo  Alto, 
Cal.;  Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. ;  University  of  Chicago,  Chi¬ 
cago,  Ill.;  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. ; 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  University  of  Virginia, 
Charlottesville,  Va. ;  Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. ;  Washing¬ 
ton  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Wellesley  College,  Wellesley,  Mass.; 
Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn. ;  Williams  College,Williams- 
town,  Mass.;  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

About  100  volumes  were  addressed  to  the  chambers  of  commerce  in 
Baltimore,  Md. ;  Boston,  Mass.;  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Cleveland,  Ohio; 
Detroit,  Mich.;  Los  4ngeles,  Cal.;  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  Philadelphia, 
Pa. ;  Portland,  Oreg. ;  Richmond,  Va. ;  Sacramento,  Cal. ;  San  Francisco, 
Cal.;  Seattle,  Wash.;  Spokane,  Wash.;  Tacoma,  Wash. ;  also  to  the 
American  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris,  France;  to  the  boards  of 
trade  in  Chicago,  Ill. ;  Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  St.  Paul,  Minn. ;  Savannah, 
Ga. ;  to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  Board  of  Trade  in  New  Orleans, 
La. ;  to  the  Merchants’  Exchange  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  to  the  National  Asso¬ 
ciation  of  Manufacturers;  to  the  Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum;  and, 
finally,  to  various  commercial  bodies  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  Butte,  Mont. ; 
Charlestown,  N.  C. ;  Columbus,  Ohio;  Minneapolis,  Minn.;  San  Diego, 
Cal. ;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  etc. 

A  strong  effort  was  made  in  the  United  States  Commission  abroad 
to  impart  all  desired  information  and  to  extend  courtesies  and  facil¬ 
ities  of  many  kinds  to  the  extensive  colony  of  resident  Americans  in 
France,  as  well  as  to  the  large  number  of  visiting  Americans  in  Paris 
in  1900.  Under  act  of  Congress  the  President  of  the  United  States 
appointed  19  commissioners  to  serve  on  the  Commission  to  the  Paris 
Exposition  during  the  entire  calendar  year  1900.  These  national  com¬ 
missioners  of  the  United  States  were  waited  upon  in  Paris  and  were 
duly  accompanied  on  their  formal  visits  to  the  different  exhibit  sections 
of  the  United  States.  They  were  introduced  in  a  body  to  the  President 
of  the  French  Republic  by  the  ambassador  from  the  United  States 
June  22,  1900,  and  they  met,  formally,  Mr.  Alfred  Picard,  Commis¬ 
sioner-General  of  the  French  Exposition,  July  2,  1900. 

Special  consideration  was  also  shown  to  the  commissioners  whom 
the  governors  of  many  States  delegated  to  visit  the  Exposition  and,  in 


134  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS 


many  instances,  to  report  upon  one  or  another  of  its  features.  The 
names  of  these  State  commissioners  were  duly  registered  in  the  Paris 
offices  of  the  United  States  Commission,  and  facilities  and  courtesies, 
both  of  a  social  and  of  a  business  nature,  were  liberally  extended  to 
them.  The  list  of  State  commissioners  thus  registered  in  Paris 
includes  the  following  names: 


Alabama: 

Mrs.  M.  C.  Beal. 

Mr.  M.  L.  Bernheimer. 
Mr.  L.  Hirsch. 

Mr.  Max  Landauer. 

Mrs.  Geo.  Irwin  Motz. 
Mrs.  Lelia  Seton  Wilder. 
Mr.  Sidney  Winter. 
California: 

Mr.  W.  W.  Foote. 

Mr.  E.  W.  Runyon. 
Major  Ben  Truman. 
Florida: 

Mr.  E.  Delouest. 
Georgia: 

Mr.  Edward  M.  Durant. 
Mr.  James  W.  English. 
Mrs.  Josiah  Kingsley. 
Miss  V.  S.  McDaren. 
Mrs.  I.  C.  Robertson. 
Idaho: 

Mr.  W.  S.  Falk. 

Illinois: 

Mr.  Carpentier. 

Mrs.  Ralph  Emerson. 
Mr.  J.  W.  Gates. 

Mr.  Elmore  Hurst. 

Mr.  H.  A.  Jones. 

Mrs.  N.  F.  Thompson. 
Indiana: 

Mrs.  Cullpo. 

Miss  Rebecca  A.  Insley. 
Miss  Voss. 

Iowa: 

Mrs.  D.  N.  Cooley. 

Mr.  G.  Woelhaff. 
Louisiana: 

Mr.  J.  II.  Pike. 
Maryland: 

Mrs.  W.  Reed. 
Massachusetts: 

Mr.  C.  E.  Adams. 

Mr.  W.  S.  Allen. 

Mr.  W.  P>.  Rion. 
Mississippi : 

Mr.  W.  R.  Craig. 

Mrs.  Gambel. 


Mississippi — Continued. 

Rev.  T.  W.  Graham. 

New  Mexico: 

Mrs.  Franc  L.  Albright. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Carrera. 

Mr.  E.  Martiny. 

New  York: 

Mr.  M.  Lamotte  Blakely. 

Mr.  Horace  C.  Brewster. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Bonestell. 

Mrs.  Marie  Etienne  Burns. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Griffith. 

Miss  Mary  McKee. 

Mr.  William  L.  Marcy. 

Mrs.  George  Metcalfe. 

Mr.  Ludwig  Nissen. 

Mr.  N.  P.  Otis. 

Mr.  H.  A.  Phillips. 

Mr.  Theo.  R.  Proctor. 

Mr.  George  E.  Spring. 

Mr.  Clarkson  G.  Schuyler. 

Mr.  Twyeffort. 

Mr.  Urban  Weldon. 

Mrs.  Edward  G.  Wyckoff. 
North  Carolina: 

Mr.  T.  K.  Brunner. 

Mr.  Clayton  Giles. 

Mr.  William  Durward  Pollock. 
Oregon: 

Mrs.  Jane  C.  Card. 

Mrs.  Dolph. 

Miss  Harrington. 

Mrs.  C.  W.  Knowles. 

Mr.  Louis  Pfunder. 

Ohio: 

Mr.  Henry  Dorn. 

Mrs.  Mary  Frances  Gibson. 
Miss  G.  Hopley. 

Mrs.  I.  E.  Lawrence. 
Pennsylvania: 

Mr.  S.  H.  Ashbridge. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Biddle. 

Mr.  George  M.  von  Bonnhurst. 
Mr.  S.  Horace  Brock. 

Mr.  Ralph  Blum. 

Mr.  James  Elverson. 

Mr.  Henry  E.  Fish. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  135 


Pennsylvania — Continued. 

Mr.  William  B.  Given. 

Mr.  William  F.  Harrity. 

Mrs.  Margaretta  C.  Haldeman. 
Mr.  John  Hastings. 

Mr.  D.  F.  Henry. 

Mr.  Edwin  Hummel. 

Mr.  Joseph  Spencer  Kennard. 
'Mr.  R.  J.  Keenan,  jr. 

Mr.  Samuel  Early  Light. 

Mr.  Charles  Miller. 

Mr.  John  Murphy. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Reynolds. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Sayen. 

Mrs.  Agnes  M.  Scandrett. 

Mrs.  Sara  R.  Stevenson. 

Dr.  J.  V.  Shoemaker. 

Mrs.  Ida  A.  Elkins  Tyler. 

Mr.  George  Widener. 

Mr.  Emil  Winter. 

Rhode  Island: 

Mr.  Aram  J.  Pothier. 

South  Carolina: 

Mrs.  F.  D.  Kendall. 

Tennessee: 

Mr.  G.  E.  Fitzpatrick. 

Miss  M.  P.  Temple. 

Dr.  Gordon  White. 
Washington: 

Mrs.  D.  Percy  Hickling. 


Wyoming: 

Mr.  Idleman. 

Mr.  S.  C.  Parker. 

Scattering: 

Mr.  George  F.  Brownell. 
Mrs.  Hudson  Chamberlain. 
Mr.  Victor  Champien. 

Mr.  D.  A.  Dennison. 

Mrs.  J.  T.  Douglas. 

Mr.  Elliott. 

Mr.  Emhummel. 

Mr.  A.  Gilbert. 

Col.  J.  W.  Hager. 

Miss  Herndon. 

Mr.  Homer. 

Mr.  J.  L.  Johnson. 

Mr.  Kahn. 

Miss  Kelly. 

Mrs.  S.  T.  Kinney. 

Mr.  W.  McEwan. 

Mr.  C.  C.  Martin. 

Mr.  Edward  R.  Rice. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Sandberg. 

Mrs.  M.  W.  Sewall. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  H.  Schoff. 
Mr.  H.  Sutoh. 

Mrs.  Weed. 

Miss  Eola  Willis. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Winter. 

Mr.  Wilson. 


Particular  care  and  attention  was  bestowed  on  the  organization  of 
the  official  and  social  functions  that  were  given  in  Paris  in  1900  in 
connection  with  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Exposi¬ 
tion.  Thus  official  dinners  were  tendered,  May  14,  1900,  to  the  min¬ 
ister  of  commerce,  to  the  officers  of  the  French  Exposition,  and  to 
the  entire  body  of  foreign  commissioners;  again,  July  6,  1900,  to  the 
American  jurors;  July  23,  1900,  to  the  American  athletes,  etc.  The 
United  States  Commission  was  also  responsible  in  a  measure  for 
the  success  of  the  farewell  banquet  tendered  November  15,  1900,  by 
the  united  foreign  commissioners  to  the  entire  French  Government 
and  to  the  high  officials  of  the  French  Exposition  administration. 

Many  months  before  the  Exposition  opened  the  foreign  commis¬ 
sioners  representing  the  great  nations  at  the  Exposition  found  it  expe¬ 
dient  to  meet  once  a  fortnight  to  talk  over  and  discuss  questions  of 
general  interest  to  their  work.  They  organized  a  union  of  foreign 
commissioners,  which  served  a  valuable  purpose  in  promoting  pleas¬ 
ant  relations  among  its  members,  besides  insuring  their  mutual  under¬ 
standing  and  often  their  concerted  action  in  carrying  out  the  work 
intrusted  to  them  by  their  respective  governments.  Many  points 
relative  to  insurance,  customs  duties,  catalogues,  electric  lighting,  dis- 


136  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

tribution  of  motive  power,  transportation,  etc.,  were  thoroughly  dis¬ 
cussed  at  these  meetings,  and  opportunity  was  offered  for  commissions 
to  agree  among  themselves  on  the  nature  of  partitions,  the  harmony 
of  decorative  motives,  communications  between  sections,  and,  in  gen¬ 
eral,  to  effect  an  interchange  of  friendly  offices  and  services.  Genuine 
ties  of  friendship  were  incidentally  established  and  were  constantly 
maintained  between  the  Commission  of  the  United  States  and  the  com¬ 
missions  of  all  the  other  foreign  nations  represented  in  Paris.  Out  of 
this  union  has  now  grown  a  permanent  organization,  presided  over  b}^ 
members  resident  in  Paris,  who  year  after  year  propose  to  provide  for 
anniversary  meetings  on  the  opening  and  closing  days  of  the  great 
Exposition. 

It  is  a  matter  of  real  satisfaction  to  point  to  the  happy  testimonials 
of  regard  received  abroad  by  the  United  States  Commission,  not  only 
from  the  officers  on  the  commissions  of  the  40  different  nations  repre¬ 
sented  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  but  also  from  the  members  of  the 
French  Government,  the  municipal  authorities  of  Paris,  the  officials  of 
the  French  Exposition  administration,  the  prefect  and  the  high  officials 
of  the  department  of  the  Seine  Inferieure,  the  officers  of  the  cham¬ 
bers  of  commerce  at  Havre  and  Rouen,  the  custom-house  and  railroad 
authorities,  and  the  members  of  the  international  jury  on  awards. 

A  final  word  may  be  truthfully  spoken  on  the  cordial  relations  estab¬ 
lished  with  the  leading  members  of  the  French  press.  Acting  inde¬ 
pendently  and  spontaneously,  they  were  always  ready  to  speak  well  of 
the  United  States  Commission  and  of  its  work,  and  repeatedly  they 
bore  testimony  to  the  respect  and  esteem  in  which  the  United  States 
Commission  was  held  on  all  sides  among  nations. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

B.  D.  Woodward, 

Assistant  Commissioner-  General. 


New  York,  February  16,  1901. 


SOUSA  AND  HIS  BAND  AT  THE  OPENING  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  BUILDING, 

MAY  12,  1900. 


REPORT 


OF  THE 

SECRETARY  AND  DISBURSING  AGENT 

t  TO  THE 

INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION, 

PARIS,  1900. 


FRED  BRACKETT, 

SECRETARY. 


137 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  AND  DISBURSING  AGENT  TO  THE 
INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION,  PARIS,  1900. 


Baltimore,  Md.  ,  February  26,  1901. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  in  accordance 
with  the  requirement  of  the  act  of  July  1, 1898,  which  prescribes  that 
you  shall  make  full  report  of  the  results  of  the  International  Exposi¬ 
tion  at  Paris  provided  for  by  said  act.  You  will  observe  that  the 
report  provided  for  is  not  a  final  report,  and  so  far  as  my  office  is  con¬ 
cerned  it  is  not  possible  to  make  at  this  time  a  final  report,  as  there 
remains  to  be  settled  and  paid  many  accounts  against  our  Commission, 
as  well  as  other  work  connected  with  the  delivery  of  awards,  the  pro¬ 
curation  of  medals,  and  the  disposition  of  the  property  of  the  United 
States,  now  in  my  custody,  as  hereinafter  explained  in  detail. 

I  was  appointed  as  secretary  (to  act  also  as  disbursing  agent)  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States  on  August  18, 1898,  and  at  once  entered 
upon  the  duties  pertaining  to  my  office.  I  reported  in  Chicago  by 
your  order  on  August  22,  1898.  On  September  3,  1898,  you  went  to 
Paris,  France,  leaving  me  in  charge  of  Exposition  interests  in  the 
United  States,  together  with  the  headquarters  offices  at  Chicago  and 
the  branch  office  at  New  York.  September  17  to  20  I  visited  the 
Omaha  Exposition  to  secure  exhibits  for  the  Paris  Exposition,  and 
visited  St.  Louis  September  27  to  30  for  the  same  purpose. 

After  your  return  from  Paris,  on  November  12,  1898,  you  directed 
me  to  proceed  to  New  York  and  take  charge  of  the  office  there,  which 
I  did  January  3,  1899,  remaining  there  until  directed  by  you  under 
date  of  February  6,  1900,  to  proceed  to  Paris,  France,  with  such  of 
my  office  force  as  I  might  deem  necessary,  and  to  remain  there  until 
otherwise  ordered.  I  left  New  York  with  my  office  force  on  February 
7  and  arrived  at  Paris,  France,  on  February  18. 

On  December  15,  1900,  you  and  Assistant  Commissioner-General 
Woodward  left  Paris  for  the  United  States,  leaving  me  in  charge  of 
the  Paris  office,  the  reshipment  of  our  exhibits  and  the  demolition  of 
such  structures,  facades,  etc.,  as  were  erected  by  the  United  States 
within  the  Exposition,  both  in  the  city  of  Paris  and  at  Vincennes.  It 
is  proper  to  state  here  that  while  in  New  York  the  duty  of  supervising 
the  loading  of  exhibits  on  board  the  U.  S.  S.  Prairie  was  assigned  to 

139 


140  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

me.  A  full  statement  relative  to  the  loading  of  the  two  cargoes  taken 
to  France  and  the  return  of  one  cargo  from  France  is  hereinafter 
given. 

Appropriations  for  the  Paris  Exposition  were  made  as  follows: 

July  1, 1898 .  $200> 000 

March  3, 1899  .  1,010,000 

February  9, 1900 . . .  187>  500 

Total .  1,397,500 

The  acts  referred  to  making  the  appropriations  are  as  follows: 

ACTS  OF  CONGRESS  PROVIDING  FOR  THE  PARTICIPATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THE 

PARIS  EXPOSITION  OF  1900. 

Paris  Exposition:  The  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  shall  appoint  a  Commissioner-General  to  represent  the  United  States  at  the 
Exposition  to  be  held  in  Paris,  France,  commencing  April  fifteenth  and  closing 
November  fifth,  nineteen  hundred,  and  under  the  general  direction  of  the  President, 
to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  in  reference  to  the  contributions  from  the 
United  States,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  President,  and  to  control  the  expendi¬ 
tures  incident  to  and  necessary  for  the  proper  installation  and  exhibit  thereof;  and 
the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  also  appoint 
an  assistant  commissioner-general,  who  shall  assist  and  act  under  the  direction  of  the 
Commissioner-General,  and  shall  perform  the  duties  of  the  Commissioner-General  in 
case  of  his  death,  disability,  or  temporary  absence;  and  a  secretary,  who  shall  act  as 
disbursing  agent  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the 
Commissioner-General,  shall  render  his  accounts  quarterly  to  the  proper  accounting 
officers  of  the  Treasury,  and  shall  give  bond  in  such  sum  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  require.  The  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  shall  also  appoint  twelve  commissioners,  who  shall  be  subject  to  the  direction 
and  control  of  the  Commissioner-General  and  perform  from  time  to  time  such  service 
as  he  shall  require.  The  Commissioner-General  shall  employ  such  number  of  experts 
as  may  be  needed,  having  special  attainments  in  regard  to  the  subjects  of  the  group 
or  groups  in  said  Exposition  to  which  they  may  be  assigned,  respectively,  and  he  may 
employ  from  time  to  time  such  other  experts  as  he  may  deem  necessary  in  the  prep¬ 
aration  and  installation  of  such  exhibits.  The  Commissioner-General  shall  be  paid  a 
salary  of  eight  thousand  dollars  per  annum;  the  assistant  commissioner-general  a 
salary  of  six  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  and  the  secretary  a  salary  of  four  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars  per  annum,  which  said  sums  shall  be  in  lieu  of  all  personal 
expenses  other  than  actual  traveling  expenses  while  engaged  in  exposition  work; 
and  the  terms  of  service  of  the  Commissioner-General,  assistant  commissioner- 
general,  and  secretary  shall  not  exceed  three  years.  The  commissioners  herein  pro¬ 
vided  for  shall  serve  during  the  entire  calendar  year  nineteen  hundred,  and  they 
shall  be  paid  for  such  service  three  thousand  dollars  each,  which  payments  shall  be 
in  full  for  all  compensation  and  personal  and  traveling  expenses.  The  necessary 
expenses  herein  authorized,  and  expenses  for  the  proper  installation  and  care  of 
exhibits,  together  with  all  other  expenses  that  may  be  authorized  by  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General  incident  to  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  said  Exposition, 
are  hereby  limited  to  the  sum  of  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dol¬ 
lars,  including  not  exceeding  eighty-five  thousand  dollars  for  clerk  hire  in  the  United 
States  and  in  Paris.  The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  prepare 
suitable  exhibits  of  agricultural  products  of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  United 
States,  including  those  mentioned  in  groups  seven,  eight,  and  ten  of  the  plan  of  said 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  141 


Exposition,  and  shall  exhibit  the  same  under  the  direction  and  control  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  the  total  expenses  of  the  said  exhibits  not  to  exceed  in  the  aggregate 
seventy-five  thousand  dollars,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  aforesaid  sum  of  six  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars;  and  reports  respecting  such  exhibits,  printed  in  the  English, 
French,  and  German  languages,  shall  accompany  such  exhibits  as  the  Commissioner- 
General  may  direct.  All  officers  and  employees  of  the  Executive  Departments  and 
of  the  Fish  Commission  and  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  in  charge  of  or  respon¬ 
sible  for  the  safe-keeping  of  exhibits  belonging  to  the  United  States,  may  permit  such 
exhibits  to  pass  out  of  their  possession  for  the  purpose  of  being  transported  to  and 
from  and  exhibited  at  said  Exposition,  as  maybe  requested  by  the  Commissioner- 
General,  whenever  authorized  to  so  do,  respectively,  by  the  heads  of  the  Departments 
and  the  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  and  the  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution;  such  exhibits  and  articles  to  be  returned  to  the  said  respective  Depart¬ 
ments  to  which  they  belong  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Commissioner-General  to  report  to  the  President,  for  transmission  to  Congress  at 
the  beginning  of  each  regular  session,  a  detailed  statement  of  the  expenditures 
incurred  hereunder  during  the  twelve  months  preceding;  and  the  Commissioner- 
General  is  hereby  required,  within  four  months  after  the  close  of  said  Exposition,  to 
make  full  report  of  the  results  thereof,  as  herein  required,  which  report  shall  be  pre¬ 
pared  and  arranged  with  a  view  to  concise  statement  and  convenient  reference,  and 
when  printed  shall  not  exceed  six  volumes  octavo,  containing  an  average  of  not 
exceeding  one  thousand  pages.  Toward  the  expenses  herein  authorized,  incident  to 
the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  said  Exposition,  there  is  hereby  appropriated 
the  sum  of  two  hupdred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately  available,  and  to  remain 
available  until  expended,  of  which  amount  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  may 
be  used  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  the  preparation  of  the  agricultural  exhibit 
herein  provided  for. 

Approved,  July  1,  1898. 

Paris  Exposition:  For  each  and  every  purpose  named  in  the  paragraph  in  the 
sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight,  under  the  heading  “ Paris  Exposition,”  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  of  which  amount  not  exceeding  one-  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  dollars 
may  be  used  for  clerk  hire  in  the  United  States  and  in  Paris,  and  the  limit  of  appro¬ 
priations  provided  for  in  the  provisions  of  said  paragraph  shall  be  extended  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  or  to  nine  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  in  all, 
said  appropriation  to  be  available  until  expended:  Provided ,  That  of  said  latter  sum 
one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  shall  be  for  the  exhibits  by  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  provided  for  in  said  paragraphs. 

For  the  construction  of  necessary  buildings  in  connection  with  said  Exposition, 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  immediately  available. 

For  pay  of  jurors,  sixty  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary, 
to  be  available  until  expended;  and  the  sums  herein  and  heretofore  appropriated  on 
account  of  the  Paris  Exposition  shall  be  in  full  of  all  appropriations  to  be  made  on 
account  of  said  Exposition  by  Congress,  and  no  deficiency  shall  be  created  therein. 

Approved,  March  3,  1899. 

Paris  Exposition:  For  each  and  every  purpose  named  in  the  paragraph  in  the  sun¬ 
dry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  J uly  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninely-eight, 
under  the  heading  “Paris  Exposition,”  one  hundred  and  sixty- nine  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars,  of  which  amount  not  exceeding  ninety-six  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  may  be  expended  for  buildings  and  appurtenances,  including  fire  protection, 
pier  landings,  approaches,  and  other  construction;  not  exceeding  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  may  be  expended  for  an  exhibit  of  negro  education  and  industry,  and  not 
exceeding  twenty  thousand  dollars  may  be  used  for  contingent  expenses  of  the 


142  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Commissioner-General,  to  be  expended  in  his  discretion  and  audited  on  his  certificate; 
and  the  limit  of  the  appropriations  provided  for  in  said  paragraph,  as  amended  by  the 
sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  March  third,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine,  is  hereby  extended  to  one  million  one  hundred  and  nineteen  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars;  the  appropriation  hereby  made  to  be  available  until  expended. 

For  six  additional  commissioners,  to  be  appointed  as  provided  by  the  sundry  civil 
appropriation  act  approved  July  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  who  shall 
perform  the  duties  and  be  subject  to  the  limitations  prescribed  therein,  at  three 
thousand  dollars  each,  eighteen  thousand  dollars.  (Act  of  February  9,  1900.) 

Two  of  the  several  amounts  appropriated,  to  wit,  $60,000  for  pay  of 
jurors  and  $18,000  for  additional  commissioners,  were  specific  and 
could  not  be  used  for  general  purposes.  The  expenditures  for  agri¬ 
cultural  exhibits  were  limited  to  $150,000;  for  clerk  hire,  to  $120,000; 
for  buildings  and  other  construction,  to  $296,500,  and  for  the  negro 
exhibit,  to  $15,000. 

Up  to  and  including  February  15, 1901, 1  have  drawn  from  the  United 

States  Treasury,  upon  requisitions,  the  sum  of .  $1, 364, 357. 89 

I  have  been  credited  in  the  United  States  Treasury,  on  account  of  an 
erroneous  deposit  of  cash  amounting  to  $2,372.17,  collections  made 
from  exhibitors  on  account  of  buildings  and  other  construction,  and 
from  other  sources  currently  reported  to  the  auditing  officers  of  the 


Treasury,  the  sum  of . .  22, 422.  94 

Leaving  a  balance  to  be  accounted  for  of .  1, 341,  934.  95 

And  a  balance  in  the  Treasury  of . . .  55, 565.  05 

Less  transportation  orders  settled  by  Treasury  Department  and 
charged  our  appropriation . . . . .  3, 871.  20 


Net  balance  in  Treasury  subject  to  requisition . — - 

There  was  on  February  15  a  balance  available  in  sub¬ 
treasury  at — 

New  York _ _ _ _ $11, 994.  64 

Chicago _ _  6,949.92 

Agents  in  Paris _  709. 90 


51, 693.  85 


19,  654.  46 


Total  available  balance _ _ _ _  71,  348.  31 

Up  to  and  including  February  15  there  have  been  expenditures 
amounting  to  $1,341,379.40,  made  up  of  the  following  items; 


Annual  dues  Foreign  Commission  Association _ _  $234. 40 

Books  and  binding . . .  744.  86 

Buildings  and  other  construction - - - -  249,  942.  91 

Carriage  hire,  cab,  street-car  fare . . - - -  8, 845. 92 

Cartage  and  drayage - . - - -  1,  774. 53 

Case  construction  (show  cases) - - -  29, 683. 31 

Clerks’  salaries _ _ _ _ _  111,  674.  29 

Cards  and  plates  (official) - - - -  200. 61 

Customs . . . . . — . . .  332.  24 

Coal  supply  (Vincennes) .  6, 945.  75 

Commissioners’  salaries  (under  act  Congress  July  1,  1898) . .  25, 082.  95 

Commissioners,  additional  (under  act  Congress  February  9, 1900) .  15, 499.  86 

Contingent  expenses  (under  act  Congress  February  9, 1900) .  20, 000. 00 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  143 


Catalogue,  English,  French,  and  German  languages .  $14,  338. 68 

Crane .  22.  62 

Corn-kitchen  supplies .  1, 491.  08 

Camera .  223.  65 

Demurrage .  675. 47 

Drafting  material. . .  1, 628.  32 

Drawing  and  maps . -  -  3,  573. 92 

Decorations  and  signs .  12, 903.  65 

Deposits  (gas  and  electricity) .  137.  05 

Exhibits  (purchased  and  constructed)  .  1,  234.  44 

Electrical  installation .  10,  067. 03 

Electric  light . 6,  655.  87 

Exchange .  3,320.29 

Electros  and  prints .  230.  27 

Experts’  salaries .  245, 435.  02 

Expense  opening  National  Pavilion .  300.  00 

Furniture .  20,  966.  73 

Freight . 26,413.17 

Facades  (constructed  around  exhibit  departments) .  45,  340. 66 

Fees  to  letter  carriers,  messengers,  etc.  (Paris) . .  113.  87 

Flags  and  bunting  for  decorating  exhibit  sections .  7,  519.  80 

Final  report .  3, 190.  24 

Gas .  488.45 

Glass .  1, 415. 89 

Guards . 1 .  37,864.74 

Guard  supplies .  883.  02 

Grain  bags,  glass  jars,  etc.  (exhibition  purposes) .  1,  094.  54 

General  employees’  salaries .  53,  534.  29 

Hardware. . 1,708.34 

Indexes  and  files .  40.  88 

Insurance .  10,  788.  81 

Ice  and  water  supplies .  1, 358.  78 

Installation  material  (linen,  burlaps,  sculpture,  etc.) .  2,  858.  02 

Jurors .  55,  012.  75 

Lettering  doors,  etc, .  139.  23 

Linoleum  and  matting .  4?  473.  29 

Lumber  for  cases  and  packing  material .  2, 841.  78 

Labels,  card  holders  and  supports .  522. 42 

Labor  (extra) .  4,320.32 

Messenger  service . ' .  289. 44 

Messenger  uniforms .  147. 95 

Meals . . .  307.  37 

Models .  335.  29 

Manutention .  1?  261.  92 

Minting  machine .  600.  00 

Newspapers  and  clippings . 3?  732.  02 

Negro  exhibit  installation .  809.  74 

Ornamental  plaster .  562.  73 

Office  supplies .  1^  432.  35 

Officers’ salaries .  44,862.88 

Photographs  (for  exhibition  purposes) .  4,  722.  63 

Printing  press . ’  25.00 

Packing  and  labor .  2  000.  84 

Partitions  (wing  frames) .  4  827.90 

Printing . . . . . . .  7, 920. 07 


144  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

Plumbing .  $53.40, 

Postage .  2,067.01 

Repairs . 577.46 

Refrigerator .  1, 472.  71 

Rent .  43,  229.  85 

Repairing  yacht  models . 206.53 

Reshipment .  10,600.41 

Storage  and  labor .  8,  894.  39 

Subsistence,  allowance  of  Government  employees,  detailed .  5,  200.  34 

Stationery .  9,  813. 12 

Stencils  and  pads .  302.  46 

Safe  and  rent .  238.  80 

Stoves .  63. 65 

Towel  supply .  194.  74 

Telephone  service . . .  1,  780. 07 

Telegraph  and  cable .  9,  774.  70 

Trunks  and  bags  (for  official  papers) .  47. 60 

Typewriters,  rent  and  supplies .  1, 583. 30 

Traveling  expenses .  106, 803. 40 

Transparencies .  3, 108.  73 

Tools . . .  1,708.34 

Wood  specimens .  1, 500. 00 

Wood  and  coal  (office  use) .  921.  79 

Weather  Bureau  instruments .  1,  609.  46 


Total .  1,341,379.40 


SYNOPSIS. 

Quarter  ending — 

September  30,  1898 .  $10, 674. 40 

December  31, 1898 .  36, 151.  76 

March  31, 1899 .  48,  606. 02 

June  30, 1899 .  60,972.58 

September  30, 1899  .  94,  871. 57 

December  31, 1899 .  144,  743.  87 

March  31, 1900 .  210,  855.  26 

June  30, 1900 .  294, 164. 91 

September  30, 1900  .  232, 137. 13 

December  31, 1900 .  174, 655. 68 

February  15, 1901  .  33, 546.  22 


1,341,379. 40 

Cash  on  hand  as  heretofore  stated .  19, 654.  46 


Total  credit .  1,  361, 033.  86 

Less  items  in  quarterly  accounts  disallowed  at  my  request  because  of 
collections  made  of  exhibitors  for  publishers’  building,  facades,  etc. .  19, 098.  91 


Total  accounted  for .  1,  341, 934. 95 

The  balance  of  funds  available  will  be  lessened  because  of  specific 
appropriations  as  follows: 

Balance  of  appropriation  for  additional  commissioners  not  expended, 

all  charges  having  been  paid .  $2, 500. 14 

Balance  of  appropriation  for  jurors  not  available  for  other  purposes, 

February  15  .  4, 987.  25 

Making  the  fund  available  for  general  purposes .  63,  860. 92 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  145 


The  liabilities  of  this  Commission,  including  amounts  already  due 
for  final  payments  on  buildings  erected  by  us  in  Paris,  and  for  which 
5  per  cent  of  the  contract  price  was  reserved  until  the  demolition  of 
buildings,  unadjusted  claims  for  freight,  glass,  etc.,  rentals  of  offices, 
distribution  and  return  of  exhibits,  and  salaries  of  officers  and  employees 
until  the  close  of  the  work  of  the  Commission,  will  undoubted^  require 
nearly  all  of  the  present  available  balance  of  the  appropriation,  but 
no  deficiency  will  or  can  be  created. 

The  usual  difficulties  that  beset  the  path  of  a  disbursing  agent,  largely 
increased  by  reason  of  having  to  meet  the  business  requirements  of  a 
foreign  countiy,  have  been  experienced  by  me,  but  happily  most  of 
the  difficulties  were  easily  overcome,  and  need  not  be  detailed  here, 
because  before  another  foreign  exposition  is  held  it  is  probable  that 
new  methods  requiring  new  treatment  will  prevail.  I  earnestly  hope, 
however,  that  the  next  disbursing  officer  who  has  to  expend  a  large 
sum  of  money  in  France  may  by  some  proper  regulation  be  relieved 
of  the  necessity  of  multiplying  every  dollar  and  fraction  of  a  dollar  he 
may  expend  by  5.1813  in  order  to  reduce  the  dollar  to  francs. 

Permit  me  to  call  attention  here  to  the  erroneous  impression  that 
seems  to  have  prevailed  in  some  quarters  as  to  the  method  of  making 
our  expenditures  and  the  measure  of  responsibility  connected  there¬ 
with.  The  law  making  appropriation  for  us  gave  the  Commissioner- 
General  authority  to  control  expenditures  incident  and  necessary  to 
the  making  of  our  exhibits  at  Paris.  The  responsibility,  however,  for 
accounting  of  the  funds  and  the  proper  disposition  thereof  remained 
with  myself.  If,  for  instance,  I  paid  a  voucher  which  the  Commis¬ 
sioner  General  and  myself  thought  proper  to  be  paid  and  which  the 
Auditor  of  the  Treasury  Department  and  the  Comptroller  decided  was 
not  a  proper  one  to  be  paid  from  our  appropriation,  the  responsibility 
for  the  payment  rested  entirely  with  me,  and  the  Treasury  Depart¬ 
ment  looked  to  me  to  redeposit  in  the  Treasury  any  amount  improperly 
expended.  The  expenditures  were  itemized  on  blank  vouchers  pre¬ 
pared  for  such  purpose  in  the  Treasury  Department.  The  main 
voucher  in  each  case,  if  necessary,  was  supported  by  a  sub  voucher  for 
every  item  contained  therein.  Returns  of  expenditures  were  made  at 
the  end  of  each  quarter.  Accounts  were  submitted  first  to  the  Auditor 
for  the  State  and  other  Departments.  He  examined  them  and  ap¬ 
proved  or  disapproved  of  the  expenditures,  as  the  case  might  be.  All 
of  these  accounts  are  subject  to  review  by  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury,  and  I  am  satisfied  from  my  experience  that  there  is  no  more 
attention  given  anywhere  to  the  matter  of  bills  and  expenditures  and 
the  propriety  thereof  than  in  the  offices  of  the  said  Auditor  and 
Comptroller.  While  the  regulations  of  said  offices,  and  their  con¬ 
struction  of  the  law,  have  added  very  much  to  the  work  of  my  office,  I 
have  no  fault  to  find,  as  I  realize  that  there  is  but  one  course  to  pursue 
S.  Doc.  232 - 10 


146  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


in  matters  of  this  kind,  and  that  is  to  hold  the  disbursing  agent  to  a 
strict  accountability  for  the  Government  funds  placed  in  his  possession. 
The  greatest  difficulty  connected  with  the  work  is  that  of  impressing 
the  officers  and  employees  of  a  commission  of  this  character,  with  the 
necessity  of  conforming  to  the  rules  and  regulations  laid  down  for 
their  guidance. 

Referring  to  the  work  done  after  your  departure  from  Paris,  not 
including  shipments  of  exhibits  and  sales  of  materials,  I  have  the  honor 
to  state  that  the  settlement  of  octroi  and  douane  charges,  charges  for 
storage  of  empty  cases,  the  demolition  of  our  buildings  and  facades,  the 
clearing  away  of  foundations,  the  settlement  of  charges  for  electric  cur¬ 
rent  and  gas,  and  also  for  demurrage  charged  on  cars  bringing  exhibits 
into  the  Exposition  before  the  opening,  required  my  close  and  undivided 
attention.  I  can  not  avoid  saying  at  this  point  that  the  apparently 
proper  and  comprehensive  regulations  provided  by  the  department  of 
affairs  for  the  determination  of  our  liabilities  and  the  liabilities  of  the 
private  exhibitor  in  these  matters  proved  entirely  inadequate,  with  the 
result  that  all  these  matters  had  to  be  thrashed  over  at  the  end  of  the 
Exposition  without  a  modicum  of  the  information  necessary  to  make 
a  proper  settlement. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  EXHIBITS  PER  U.  S.  S.  PRAIRIE. 

Through  the  kindness  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Prairie ,  a 
United  States  Government  transport,  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
United  States  Commission  for  the  transportation  of  Government 
exhibits,  and  such  other  exhibits  as  were  termed  loan  exhibits,  includ¬ 
ing  particularly  the  exhibit  of  the  fine-arts  section. 

By  order  of  Secretary  Long,  the  Prairie  reported  at  the  Brooklyn 
Navy-Yard  on  November  1,  1899.  Commander  M.  R.  S.  MacKenzie 
was  directed  to  receive  goods  on  board  the  Prairie  when  accompanied 
by  a  certificate  of  the  secretary  of  the  Commission  that  the  said  goods 
formed  a  part  of  the  Government  exhibit.  He  was  also  authorized  to 
receive  personal  effects,  including  furniture,  etc.,  of  any  members  of 
the  Commission  that  they  might  desire  to  take  with  them  or  send  to 
France  in  connection  with  their  temporary  residence  in  Paris.  I  may 
say  here  that  but  little  advantage  was  taken  of  this  last  provision,  as 
but  few  packages  containing  personal  effects  were  sent  aboard  of  the 
Prairie . 

The  following  is  the  form  of  certificate  prescribed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  to  accompany  goods  loaded  on  the  Prairie: 

No. - 

AUTHORITY  TO  RECEIVE  EXHIBITS  ON  U.  S.  S.  PRAIRIE. 

I  hereby  certify  that  the  packages  in  all  exhibits  contained  in  shipment  this  day 
made  to  you - are  a  part  of  the  Government  exhibit,  for  the  transporta¬ 

tion  of  which,  and  for  the  safe  return  of  which  to  this  country,  the  United  States, 
through  the  Commissioner-General,  is  directly  responsible. 

Fred  Brackett, 
Secretary  and  Disbursing  Agent. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  147 


Shipping  instructions  were  issued  to  officers  and  employees  of  the 
Commission  in  the  following  form: 

SHIPPING  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  GOVERNMENT  EXHIBITS  TO  BE  TRANSPORTED  FROM  INTERIOR 
POINTS  TO  THE  PORTS  OF  NEW  YORK,  BALTIMORE,  AND  NORFOLK. 

All  packages  of  exhibits  which  are  a  part  of  the  governmental  exhibit  for  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1900,  destined  for  export  via  the  port  of  New  York,  should  be 
addressed  to  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States,  and  should  in  addition 
bear  the  labels  (two)  prescribed  by  the  French  Exposition  authorities. 

If  the  exhibits  are  to  be  warehoused  they  should  be  addressed  “Care  of  H.  P. 
Campbell  &  Co.,  Charlton  and  King  streets,  New  York  City.”  The  New  York 
Central  Railroad  has  the  nearest  track  to  the  Campbell  warehouse.  If  the  exhibits 
are  destined  for  immediate  export,  and  can  arrive  here  prior  to  December  1,  they 
should  be  addressed  to  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States,  care  of  U.  S. 
transport  Prairie,  navy-yard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

In  every  case  notice  should  be  sent  to  this  office  describing  the  shipment  in  detail 
and  giving  date  of  shipment,  route  over  which  sent,  and  agreement  made  as  to 
freight  transportation,  together  with  duplicate  invoices,  when  possible,  of  the  con¬ 
tents  of  packages.  Care  should  be  taken  in  providing  that  packages  intended  to  go 
direct  to  the  Brooklyn  Navy- Yard  should  be  billed  for  delivery  at  that  point  by  the 
carrier.  Any  one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  running  east  and  west  and  having  con¬ 
nection  with  New  York  can  be  safely  depended  upon  to  deliver  exhibits  promptly  to 
the  place  for  which  they  are  destined. 

Goods  intended  for  export  via  Baltimore  should  be  addressed  to  Commissioner- 
General  of  the  United  States,  Fort  avenue  warehouse,  Locust  Point,  Baltimore,  Md. 
For  the  first  shipment  via  Baltimore,  goods  arriving  prior  to  December  15  will  be  in 
time.  All  goods  shipped  to  this  point  should  be  sent  over  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad,  as  the  warehouse,  as  well  as  the  pier  at  wThich  the  steamer  Prairie  is  to 
load,  is  within  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  yards. 

As  but  one  shipment,  which  is  already  provided  for,  will  probably  be  made  from 
the  port  of  Norfolk,  and  as  the  said  shipment  is  to  be  presented  there  for  loading  by 
the  Southern  Railway  Company  at  one  of  its  piers,  no  instructions  relative  thereto 
are  necessary  in  this  circular. 

.  Care  must  be  taken  in  attaching  the  labels  to  exhibits  that  the  number  of  the  cer¬ 
tificate  of  admission  is  given  on  the  label  and  that  the  name  of  the  “  Exposant”  is 
given  as  that  of  the  United  States  in  French,  which  is  “Etats-Unis.” 

Observe  also  that  all  packages  should  bear  the  letters  “E.  U.”  surrounded  by  a 
black  circle. 

The  gross  weight  in  kilograms  of  each  package  should  appear  in  plain  figures. 

The  shipping  declaration  (waybill,  receipt,  bill  of  lading)  will  repeat  the  serial 
number  of  the  certificate  of  admission  and  the  name  of  the  exhibitor. 

When  possible,  the  character  of  the  goods  should  be  given  on  package  in  French. 
This  is  important,  as  the  transportation  charges  from  the  port  of  entry  in  France  to 
the  Exposition  grounds  will  have  to  be  paid  in  advance  at  the  port  of  entry. 

All  exhibits  will  be  delivered  by  the  railroad  companies  on  the  interior  of  the 
Exposition  grounds  at  the  points  nearest  their  last  destination  in  the  Exposition. 

The  installation  charges  will  have  to  be  arranged  separately  from  the  railroad 
transportation. 

Such  articles  as  were  intended  for  export  via  New  York  were  loaded 
on  board  the  Prairie  at  a  dock  in  the  Brooktyn  Nav3r-Yard.  The  said 
cruiser  left  New  York  December  3, 1899,  and  proceeded  to  the  port  of 
Norfolk,  Va.,  where  she  received  on  board  logs,  timber,  and  lumber 
contributed  by  the  Southern  Railroad  Company  for  the  Forestry 


148  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Building  at  the  Paris  Exposition.  She  left  Norfolk  on  the  6th  da}r  of 
December  and  proceeded  to  Baltimore,  arriving  there  on  the  7th, 
where  the  loading  of  the  first  cargo  was  completed  in  the  two  days 
following.  This  cargo  consisted  largely  of  structural  steel,  engines, 
facade  material,  machines  of  various  sorts,  lumber  for  cases  and  large 
refrigerator.  The  weight  of  the  first  cargo  was  616,260  kilos,  of 
which  163,636  kilos  was  the  lumber  received  from  the  Southern  Rail¬ 
road  Company,  and  195,452  kilos  the  structural  steel  received  from 
the  Berlin  Iron  Bridge  Company;  altogether  there  were  4,277  cases 
and  pieces. 

Leaving  Baltimore  on  the  morning  of  December  10,  the  cruiser  pro¬ 
ceeded  to  the  port  of  Havre,  France,  arriving  there  on  the  afternoon 
of  December  21,  where  she  discharged  her  cargo,  with  the  aid  of 
Messrs.  Langstaff,  Ehrenberg,  and  Poliak,  with  whom  an  arrangement 
had  been  made  for  said  purpose  upon  the  terms  named  in  the  follow¬ 
ing  letter: 

Paris,  October  17,  1899. 

Dear  Sir:  As  you  are  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  conditions  and  facilities  of 
the  port  of  Havre,  I  will  simply  add  for  your  guidance  the  following: 

Letter  of  the  Chargeurs  Reunis,  addressed  to  you,  dated  October  17,  1899:  “  Refer¬ 
ring  to  negotiations  that  have  been  entered  into  between  ourselves  and  Mr.  Howland, 
we  beg  to  inform  you  that  under  the  condition  that  we  have  the  authorization  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Havre,  and  being  desirous  to  aid  in  every  way  in  our  power 
the  Government  of  the  United  States,  we  are  disposed  to  rent  you  one  of  our  ware¬ 
houses  on  the  Bassin  Bellot  (Warehouse  K)  at  Havre  at  a  price  of  6  francs  per  square 
meter,  and  per  year,  for  a  period  of  three  months,  you  to  have  the  right  to  continue 
in  possession  month  by  month  up  to  the  end  of  the  year  1900.  As  has  been  agreed 
upon  between  ourselves  and  Mr.  Howland,  the  vessel  bringing  exhibits  can  lay  along¬ 
side  the  quay  in  proximity  to  the  said  warehouse  for  three  days,  and  if  it  is  necessary 
for  us  to  occupy  this  space  the  said  steamer  will  be  required  to  haul  out  in  the 
stream  until  such  a  time  as  we  may  no  longer  have  use  for  the  quay  room.  We 
would  be  much  obliged  if  you  would  let  us  know  if  you  accept  these  terms,  and  at  a 
date  not  later  than  the  1st  of  January  next.  (Signed)  J.  Duprat,  director.’' 

In  this  connection  I  beg  to  quote  from  a  letter  to  you  of  Langstaff,  Ehrenberg  & 
Poliak,  dated  October  12,  1899:  “We  have  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  Mr.  Howland 
here  to-day  and  called  with  him  upon  Mr.  Chancerell.  The  result  of  our  conversa¬ 
tion  is  that  although  Mr.  Duprat  insists  that  the  Prairie  shall  not  occupy  the  quay 
berth  more  than  three  days,  this  does  not  offer  any  practical  difficulties,  because,  the 
shed  being  monopolized,  the  quay  berth  could  not  be  used  either  for  discharging  or 
loading  of  their  steamers,  and  they  would  only  require  it  if  they  had  several  vessels 
in  at  the  same  time,  when  this  space  would  be  needed  until  such  time  as  their  other 
berths  became  free.  This  might  mean  that  the  Prairie  would  have  to  haul  out  and 
remain  alongside  a  Chargeurs  Reunis  steamer  for  perhaps  a  couple  of  days;  no  extra 
expense  would  be  caused,  only  a  slight  delay  in  the  discharge;  besides,  Mr.  Chancerell 
would  only  use  the  faculty  if  absolutely  necessary.  *  *  *  Our  relations  with  the 
general  manager  of  the  company  here  (Mr.  Chancerell)  being  of  the  most  cordial 
kind,  we  feel  sure  that  no  obstacle  will  be  put  in  the  way  by  him,  and  with  a  little 
diplomacy  any  small  difficulties  that  may  arise  could  be  overcome.  We  are  there¬ 
fore  of  the  opinion  that  it  is  to  the  interest  of  the  Commission  to  close  with  Mr. 
Duprat  on  his  terms.  (Signed)  Langstaff,  Ehrenberg  &  Poliak.” 

I  beg  to  say  that  I  have  examined,  both  with  you  and  Mr.  Langstaff,  other  proposi- 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  149 

tions  for  berthing  the  transport,  and  that  the  proposition  of  the  Chargeurs  Reunis  is 
the  only  practical  one. 

The  president  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  has  informed  me  that  they  will  facilitate 
the  work  of  this  Commission  in  every  way  in  their  power,  and  have  no  objection  to 
the  Chargeurs  Reunis  subletting  to  this  Commission. 

Under  date  of  October  14,  1899,  Langstaff,  Ehrenberg  &  Poliak  write  me  that  the 
custom-house  and  chamber  of  commerce  dues  which  had  been  remitted  by  the  presi¬ 
dent  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  and  the  director  of  customs  at  Havre  will  amount 
to  1.60  francs  per  ton  gauge.  Supposing  the  steamer  Prairie  is  of  3,000  tons,  the 
amount  remitted  will  sum  up  to  4,800  francs. 

On  October  5,  1899,  Langstaff,  Ehrenberg  &  Poliak  gave  the  following  pro  forma 
account  for  discharging  a  Government  transport  and  handling  goods  for  the  Exposi¬ 
tion: 

For  discharging  case  goods  under  1,000  kilos,  prices  to  be  reckoned  per  ton  of  40 


cubic  feet. 

Francs. 

Discharging  with  ships’  winches . . per  ton..  0.35 

Discharging  with  hydraulic  cranes . do - 1. 10 

These  prices  are  for  packages  not  weighing  more  than  1,000  kilos  per  package. 

Francs. 

Bag  cargo  1,000  kilos  (to  the  ton)  . per  ton. .  0.  35 

Wood  and  rails . . . per  1,000  kilos. .  1.  30 

For  speaks,  bunkers,  alleyways,  and  lazarette,  double  price. 

Discharging  heavy  lifts:  Francs. 

From  1,000  to  2,000  kilos,  with  hydraulic  cranes . per  1,000  kilos. .  1.  25 

From  2,000  to  4,000  kilos,  with  floating  cranes . do _ 10.  00 

From  4,000  to  10,000  kilos,  with  floating  cranes . do _ 15.  00 

From  10,000  to  20,000  kilos,  with  floating  cranes . .do _ 30.  00 

From  20,000  to  30,000  kilos,  with  floating  cranes . do _ 40.  00 

Shore  work:  Allotting  on  quay,  per  marks  or  under  shed,  if  steamer  discharges 
at  a  shed  (ordinary  weights  up  to  1,000  kilos) : 

Cases  under  1,000  kilos  per  ton  of  40  cubic  feet . per  ton. .  1. 10 

Cases  under  1,000  kilos  per  ton  of  40  cubic  feet,  if  three  tiers  high,  .do _  1. 30 

Cooperage  (or  by  day  work) . do . 20 

Loading  from  quay  onto  cars,  ordinary  weights. . . . do _  1.  40 

Shore  work :  If  large  quantity  of  heavy  lifts  necessitating  the  carrying  from 
quay  alongside  vessel  to  inside  shed: 

From  2,000  to  4,000  kilos . per  1,000  kilos. .  2.  00 

From  4,000  to  10,000  kilos . do _  5.  00 

From  10,000  to  20,000  kilos . do _  7.  00 

From  20,000  to  30,000  kilos . do _ 10.  00 


For  loading  on  trucks,  same  price  as  for  discharging,  and  if  heavy  lifts  have  pre¬ 
viously  been  stowed  under  shed  the  price  of  bringing  out  of  the  shed  would  be  the 
same  as  for  carrying  into  the  shed. 

N.  B. — On  account  of  the  responsibility  of  accidents  to  workmen  by  reason  of  the 
new  law,  the  stevedores  will  not  work  with  ship’s  crew,  but  must  supply  their  own 
men. 

The  foregoing  prices  are  made  on  the  supposition  that  the  Government  transport 
will  discharge  in  the  first  darse,  Bassin  Bellot,  at  the  Chargeurs  Reunis. 

In  case  it  should  be  necessary,  in  order  to  obtain  extra  dispatch,  to  discharge  the 
Prairie  outside  the  regular  working  hours  or  at  night,  the  extra  charge  would  be  25 
francs  per  hatch  and  per  hour;  tally  clerks  would  be  paid  double  what  they  earn  for 
day  work.  Only  ordinary  cargo  can  be  discharged  at  night,  not  heavy  lifts. 


150  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  following  is  a  pro  forma  account  of  the  charges  that  would  accrue  to  a  steamer 
of  3,000  tons: 

Protest  at  the  tribunal  of  commerce . 

Surveyors  on  the  cargo . 

Board  of  health . 

Opening  of  bridges  inward . . 

Pilotage  in . 

Pilot  on  board . . . 

Fire  guardian  at  1.50  francs  per  day;  custom-house  and  chamber  of  com¬ 
merce  charges  which  would  amount  to  4,800  francs,  supposing  transport 
gauges  3,000  tons. 

Pilotage  out . . 

Pilot  on  board . 

Opening  of  bridges  outward . 

Consul’s  fees  indorsing  articles . . 

Advertisement . 

Stamping,  printing,  etc . . . . 

Help  boat  in . 

Help  boat  out . 

Sweeping  the  quay . 

Brokerage:  At  0.50  franc  from  1  to  600  tons  delivered;  0.40  franc  from  601 
to  1,000  tons;  0.25  franc  on  balance  of  cargo. 

Port  signals . . 

Advertisements . 

Tallying  expenses  (about) . - . 

Discharging  (according  to  kind  of  goods),  plus  crane  hire. 

Commission,  £10.10.0,  at  25  francs  25  centimes . 

Hire  of  shed  and  tarpaulin . 

Rent  of  offices  on  the  quay,  1  franc  per  day. 

The  above  information  includes  the  amount  the  steamer  would  have  to  pay  for 
entering  the  port,  the  cost  of  discharging,  warehousing,  and  loading  on  cars.  The 
cost  of  transporting  the  various  exhibits  and  delivering  same  on  space  will  form  the 
subject  of  another  communication. 

The  actual  work  of  discharging  the  cargo  was  commenced  on  Decem¬ 
ber  23  and  completed  on  the  afternoon  of  January  24.  A  portion  of 
the  cargo  had  to  be  placed  in  warehouse  for  a  time,  but  the  greater 
portion  was  at  once  transported  to  Paris.  All  of  the  carg’O,  except¬ 
ing  some  boxes  containing  models  of  naval  vessels,  were  received  in 
good  order.  The  damage  done  to  the  naval  exhibit  was  because  of 
improper  boxing  and  the  carrying  of  glass  in  the  cases,  the  glass 
being  broken  and  injuring  a  number  of  models  very  seriously,  all  of 
which  matter  will,  I  presume,  be  treated  by  Lieut.  N.  C.  Poundstone, 
who  was  in  immediate  charge  of  those  exhibits.  4  he  receipt  and 
handling  of  exhibits  at  Paris  is,  I  presume,  referred  to  in  the  report 
of  either  the  director  of  affairs  or  the  director  of  customs. 

The  Prairie  left  Havre  on  her  return  trip  to  New  York  on  January 
6,  1900,  arriving  in  New  York  January  21,  where  she  took  another 
cargo  of  miscellaneous  exhibits,  the  greater  portion  of  which  was  for 
Group  11,  line  arts.  There  was,  in  addition,  a  large  number  of 


Francs. 
11.35 
93.  35 
450. 00 
40.  20 
593.  50 
3.00 


198. 10 
6. 10 
40.  20 
3. 20 
1.50 
12.00 
36.  00 
48.00 
6.  00 


5.00 
16.  40 
450.  00 

265. 15 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  151 


exhibits  for  Group  I  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  fayade  material. 
Every  facility  was  given  by  the  officers  of  the  navy-yard,  where  the 
Prairie  lay  at  dock,  for  the  loading  of  the  exhibits. 

The  Prairie  left  New  York  February  1  and  proceeded  to  Baltimore, 
where  she  arrived  February  2  and  took  on  the  remainder  of  her  cargo, 
consisting  mostly  of  exhibits  prepared  by  the  Agricultural  Depart¬ 
ment  at  Washington,  although  there  were  a  number  of  exhibits  from 
the  Forestry  and  Fisheries  and  the  Treasury  Department,  the  Post- 
Office  Department,  the  Bureau  of  Education,  and  a  retrospective 
electrical  exhibit.  This  second  cargo  was  estimated  at  482  tons,  in 
3,149  cases. 

The  Prairie  left  Baltimore  February  6  and  proceeded  to  France, 
entering  the  Seine  River  at  Havre  and  going  thence  to  Rouen,  where 
she  discharged  her  cargo,  every  facility  being  given  by  the  authorities 
at  Rouen  to  aid  in  the  said  discharge.  The  port  rates  were  also 
remitted  and  the  cost  of  discharging  materially  decreased  in  every 
respect,  the  handling  of  the  exhibit  cases  being  comparatively  easy 
because  of  the  proximity  of  the  railroad  to  the  pier.  The  Prairie 
left  Rouen  on  her  return  trip  to  the  United  States  March  25,  1900. 

The  Prairie  was  again  assigned  by  the  Navy  Department,  under 
the  command  of  Commander  William  Swift,  for  the  use  of  the  United 
States  Commission  for  the  return  of  the  exhibits  from  France.  She 
arrived  at  Havre  on  November  14.  The  following  instructions  were 
at  once  issued  to  the  directors  and  employees  of  the  Commission: 

MEMORANDUM. 

In  relation  to  packing,  shipping,  French  customs  formalities,  and  United  States  cus¬ 
toms  formalities  for  material  belonging  to  the  Commission  or  for  which  the  Com¬ 
mission  must  assume  the  responsibility. 

This  does  not  apply  to  material  belonging  to  exhibitors.  It  is  impossible  for  the 
department  of  affairs  or  any  one  department  to  take  charge  of  any  part  of  this  work 
for  the  various  exhibit  departments.  The  information  necessary  will  be  collected 
and  distributed  by  that  department  for  the  benefit  of  all  concerned,  and  Mr.  Holmes 
and  the  staff  under  him  will  be  ready  at  all  times  to  render  advice,  instructions,  and 
services  in  relation  to  the  customs.  Each  director  must  therefore  provide  in  time 
for  the  doing  of  this  work  complete,  and  this  will  involve  the  necessity  of  one  person 
in  the  department  speaking  French,  who  can  take  charge  of  making  the  French  decla¬ 
rations  of  export,  which  must  conform  to  the  declarations  of  import,  as  it  is  necessary 
to  show  the  reexportation  or  other  proper  disposition  of  all  material  imported,  that 
duties  may  not  have  to  be  paid.  It  will  be  desirable  for  each  director  who  has  not 
such  a  man  already  in  his  department  to  secure  him  immediately,  because  a  month 
hence  the  demand  for  such  men  will  be  so  great  that  it  will  be  impossible  to  secure 
them.  This  was  demonstrated  last  spring,  when  it  was  impossible  for  us  to  secure 
custom-house  men  at  any  price,  and  working  short-handed  has  caused  us  to  be  up  to 
time  clearing  up  the  custom-house  formalities,  which  are  not  yet  entirely  finished. 

Each  director  will  have  assigned  to  him  certain  numbers,  as  below,  which  he  will 
use  upon  the  cases  for  his  department,  beginning  with  the  first  number  assigned  to 
him. 


152 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


John  Getz,  for  material  at  the  United  States  Pavilion,  and  everything  ndt  classified 
in  the  various  groups. 

No.  1  to  999  inclusive,  John  Getz. 

No.  1000  to  1999  inclusive,  Group  I. 

No.  2000  to  2999  inclusive,  Group  II. 

No.  3000  to  3999  inclusive,  Group  III. 

No.  4000  to  4999  inclusive,  Group  IV. 

No.  5000  to  5999  inclusive,  Group  V. 

No.  6000  to  6999  inclusive,  Group  VI. 

No.  7000  to  7999  inclusive,  Group  VII. 

No.  8000  to  8999  inclusive,  Group  VIII. 

No.  9000  to  9999  inclusive,  Group  IX. 

No.  10000  to  10999  inclusive,  Group  X. 

No.  11000  to  11999  inclusive,  Group  XI. 

No.  12000  to  12999  inclusive,  Group  XII. 

No.  13000  to  13999  inclusive,  Group  XIII. 

No.  14000  to  14999  inclusive,  Group  XIV. 

No.  15000  to  15999  inclusive,  Group  XV. 

No.  16000  to  16999  inclusive,  Group  XVI. 

No.  17000  to  17999  inclusive,  Group  XVII. 

No.  18000  to  18999  inclusive,  Group  XVIII. 

Should  the  quota  of  numbers  be  exhausted  by  any  director,  on  application  to  the 
director  of  affairs  he  will  receive  a  further  set  of  inclusive  numbers. 

The  exact  contents  of  each  of  these  boxes,  with  its  numbers,  must  appear  upon  a 
list  carefully  made  and  kept  in  manifold  by  each  director,  which  list  must  be  so  pre¬ 
pared  that  oath  can  be  made  that  the  contents  are  articles  of  American  manufacture 
exported  from  the  United  States  for  use  at  the  Exposition  in  Paris,  and  reimported 
to  the  United  States,  and  should  properly  be  free  of  duty  on  such  reimport. 

UNITED  STATES  CUSTOMS — PACKING  AND  LISTING  CASES. 

In  order  to  reenter  free  of  duty  into  the  United  States  the  goods  must  be  declared 
on  a  consular  invoice  known  as  “Invoice  of  returned  American  goods,”  blanks  for 
which  are  to  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  consul-general,  38  Avenue  de  1’  Opera. 
This  invoice  must  be  in  triplicate  if  goods  are  passed  through  the  custom-house  at 
the  port  of  first  arrival,  and  in  quadruplicate  if  the  entry  is  to  be  made  at  an  interior 
port  of  entry.  This  invoice  is  certified  to  by  the  United  States  consul-general  at 
Paris  (Government  fee  $1).  It  must  state  the  marks  on  the  cases,  contents  and 
value  of  each,  the  vessel  by  which  the  goods  were  exported  from  America,  with  date 
of  sailing,  and  the  vessel  by  which  return  to  America  is  made. 

In  case  of  entry  at  first  port  of  arrival,  which  should  only  be  done  with  material 
to  go  to  the  United  States  cruiser,  one  copy  is  given  to  the  shipper  to  enable  him  to 
make  entry.  One  copy  is  retained  and  filed  in  the  consul’s  office,  and  one  is  mailed 
by  the  consul  to  the  port  of  entry.  A  fourth  copy  should  be  made  for  the  director 
to  retain  permanently  in  the  files  of  his  department. 

In  case  of  entry  at  an  interior  port  other  than  that  where  the  vessel  originally 
lands,  two  copies  of  consular  invoice  are  necessary,  one  of  which  the  director  must  mail 
to  his  agent  at  the  first  port  of  arrival,  to  enable  him  to  make  an  “  immediate  trans¬ 
portation  entry.”  This  enables  the  goods  to  go  forward  immediately  in  customs- 
sealed  cars  to  the  final  port  of  entry. 

Some  proof  that  the  goods  are  of  American  origin  must  be  offered.  The  proper 
proof  is  a  certificate  of  exportation  procured  at  the  port  of  shipment  in  America. 
In  default  of  this,  care  should  be  taken  that  an  adequate  certificate  of  export  is  given 
by  the  French  authorities,  or  a  triplicate  copy  of  the  ‘  ‘  declaration  de  sortie  ’  ’  should 
be  presented. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  153 


NOTE  WELL. 

Under  no  circumstances  must  goods  of  foreign  origin  be  packed  or  invoiced  with 
American  goods.  This  is  contrary  to  Treasury  Department  regulations,  and  will 
cause  goods  to  be  sent  to  a  warehouse  for  opening  and  inspection. 

For  any  goods  of  foreign  origin  special  blank  invoices  must  be  obtained  at  the  con¬ 
sul-general’s  office.  The  fee  for  certification  of  these  invoices  is  $2.50;  but  it  would 
seem  that  there  is  no  reason  why  any  material  of  foreign  manufacture  should  be 
imported  into  the  United  States  by  any  director  in  his  official  capacity,  and  a  special 
permit  from  the  Commissioner-General  will  be  necessary  in  case  this  is  desirable. 

MATERIAL  TRANSPORTED  ON  A  UNITED  STATES  CRUISER. 

For  goods  to  be  sent  by  the  Commission  or  directors  by  United  States  cruiser, 
great  care  must  be  taken  to  list  carefully  all  cases  by  number  and  contents.  Each 
director  will  make  one  consular  invoice  for  material  so  shipped,  but  if  this  can  not 
be  accomplished  a  separate  consular  invoice  must  be  obtained  for  each  shipment  sent 
on  from  Paris.  This  will  be  more  apt  to  make  confusion,  both  at  the  port  of  depar¬ 
ture  and  the  port  of  entry  of  the  cruiser,  and  it  is  recommended  that  such  director 
do  his  utmost  to  make  one  consular  invoice  for  his  department.  The  dates  and  ves¬ 
sels  by  which  shipment  was  made  from  America  should  be  stated  for  each  case. 

The  entire  cargo  will  be  consigned  to  the  Commission’s  agent  or  representative  at 
Baltimore  or  New  York,  and  will  be  passed  through  the  custom-house  by  him. 
Goods  destined  for  private  firms  at  other  places  will  then  be  reshipped  from  Balti¬ 
more.  The  cases  should  of  course  be  originally  marked  for  their  final  destination, 
and  these  marks  should  appear  on  the  lists  or  invoices  made  out  in  Paris,  but  the 
director’s  serial  number  should  in  no  case  be  omitted,  as  this  will  be  the  means  of 
identification  for  the  United  States  customs  formalities. 

Arrangements  were  then  made  for  the  transportation  of  all  exhibits 
from  the  Exposition  Grounds  to  Havre,  and  loading  on  board  the 
Prairie ,  with  a  firm  named  Puthet,  Claret  &  Co. ,  work  to  be  done  at 
the  flat  rate  of  65  francs  per  ton  for  loading  at  the  Exposition  Grounds, 
transportation  to  Havre,  unloading,  and  stowing  away  on  board  the 
Prairie.  The  contract  with  the  firm  further  provided  that  they  were  to 
complete  all  shipments  within  fifteen  days  from  the  time  they  received 
their  first  notice  that  goods  were  ready  for  shipment.  They  were  also 
required  to  complete  the  loading  of  the  Prairie  within  twelve  days  after 
the  last  notice  of  goods  being  ready  for  shipment  should  be  sent  them. 
They  did  their  work  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner,  there  being  but  one 
package  injured  in  transit,  the  damage  to  which  they  have  been  asked 
to  pay.  The  said  firm  were  paid  for  the  transportation  of  about  401 
tons  dead  weight,  which  formed  the  cargo  of  the.Prairie  with  the  addi¬ 
tion  of  certain  cases  sent  by  express  from  Paris  to  Havre,  and  said  by 
the  shippers  to  weigh  30  tons,  thus  making  a  total  cargo  of  431  tons 
dead  weight.  The  total  number  of  cases  was  2,618,  of  which  331  were 
landed  at  New  York  and  2,287  at  Baltimore.  All  the  cases  landed  from 
the  Prairie  except  69,  which  are  awaiting  definite  shipping  instruc¬ 
tions,  nave  at  this  writing  been  delivered  to  the  owners,  the  owners 
being  supplied  with  a  duplicate  bill  of  lading  giving  information  as  to 
the  date  of  shipment,  weight,  etc.  All  cases  containing  Government 


154  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


property  which  is  to  be  disposed  of  have  been  placed  in  the  warehouse 
at  Locust  Point. 

An  entry  had  to  be  made  of  all  goods  landed,  in  order  to  have  them 
admitted  free  of  duty.  A  little  delay  was  occasioned  because  of  the 
fact  that  no  exportation  certificates  were  issued  when  the  cargo  was 
shipped  abroad;  but  I  found  it  impossible  to  secure  such  certificate  at 
the  time  of  the  exportation  of  the  goods,  and  therefore  the  customs 
officials  here  waived  this  requirement  and  all  other  formalities  that 
they  could  conveniently  and  properly. 

Some  difficulty  has  been  experienced  here  in  separating  from  the 
purely  governmental  exhibits  certain  exhibits  belonging  to  the  so-called 
collective  exhibit  scheme,  for  the  management  and  cost  of  which  the 
OAvners  contributed  the  cost  of  transportation,  care  in  Paris,  and  return 
to  the  United  States,  placing  the  funds  in  the  hands  of  a  trustee  whom 
they  selected  for  the  purpose;  but  as  the  amount  collected  proved 
insufficient,  it  became  necessary  for  the  Commission  to  take  charge  of 
and  return  certain  portions  of  the  exhibits  to  the  owners.  This  has 
entailed  an  unexpected  and  additional  expense,  some  of  which  will  be 
paid  by  the  exhibitors,  and  the  balance  by  the  Commission. 

Permit  me  to  say  in  this  connection  that  much  annoyance  was  caused 
my  office  while  in  Paris  by  the  presentation  to  me  of  bills  for  labor 
and  material  furnished  during  the  Exposition  period  for  the  use  of 
collective  exhibits,  sufficient  care  not  being  exercised  in  separating  the 
items  belonging  to  the  collective  exhibits  from  those  belonging  to  the 
governmental  exhibits,  thus  entailing  upon  this  office  unnecessary  and 
improper  work. 

SALE  OF  FURNITURE,  LUMBER,  AND  OTHER  SALVAGE  IN  PARIS. 

The  following  authority  was  given  to  me  on  April  1,  1900,  in  Paris: 

Dear  Sir:  You  are  hereby  authorized  to  sell  at  private  sale,  at  any  time  here¬ 
after,  such  articles  of  public  property  as  may  not  be  needed  for  the  conduct  of  the 
business  of  this  Commission.  Sales  at  public  auction  can  only  be  made  in  cases 
where  the  quantity  of  the  material  and  value  involved  will  warrant  the  use  of  adver¬ 
tisement  and  sale  thereunder.  Such  articles  of  public  property  as  are  worthless,  and 
of  no  further  use,  may  be  dropped  from  the  list  of  furniture  and  fixtures. 

All  moneys  received  for  the  sale  of  articles  and  other  materials  no  longer  required 
by  this  Commission  must  be  deposited  with  the  United  States  Assistant  Treasurer, 
to  the  credit  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  on  account  of  “Miscellaneous 
receipts  derived  from  the  sale  of  condemned  property  belonging  to  the  Government.’ ’ 
Duplicate  receipts  of  deposit  must  be  taken,  and  report  rendered  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  of  the  sales  and  the  deposit  of  the  proceeds  thereof,  semiannually,  J une 
30  and  December  31.  » 

No  article  of  furniture  or  any  material  belonging  to  the  Government  can  be  given 
or  allowed  in  part  payment  for  any  supplies  or  work. 

Very  truly,  yours,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 


NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  PUBLISHERS'  BUILDING,  GROUP  III  ANNEX,  ESPLANADE  DES  INVALIDES. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  155 


Under  this  order  property  of  the  value  of  $117.19  was  sold  prior  to 
the  close  of  the  Exposition.  During  the  first  week  in  November,  the 
Exposition  closing  on  November  12,  preparations  were  made  with 
the  view  of  selling  at  auction  after  the  close  of  the  Exposition  such 
furniture  and  material  as  we  might  be  able  to  gather  into  the  National 
Pavilion.  Negotiations  were  entered  into  with  the  Exposition  authori¬ 
ties  to  secure  the  necessary  permission  for  such  sale,  which  involved 
the  issue  of  passes  to  anyone  who  might  wish  to  attend  the  auction. 
The  final  result  of  the  negotiations  was  that  we  were  denied  this  priv¬ 
ilege,  and  therefore  we  had  to  give  up  the  thought  of  selling  in  this 
manner.  I  therefore  concluded  to  sell  at  private  sale  all  the  articles 
which  it  was  deemed  best  to  dispose  of  in  Paris,  basing  my  action  in 
most  instances  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  director  of  the  group 
in  which  the  article  or  material  had  been  used.  There  was  soon  after 
the  close  of  the  Exposition  an  immense  amount  of  furniture  and  lum¬ 
ber,  electric  wiring,  piping,  and  all  sorts  of  material  thrown  upon  the 
market,  each  of  the  45  nations  exhibiting  at  Paris  having  great  quan¬ 
tities  of  such  material.  The  result  was  that  it  proved  extremely  diffi¬ 
cult  to  get  anything  like  reasonable  prices  for  articles  that  had  to  be 
sold.  Second-hand  lumber,  and  in  many  instances  railings,  partitions, 
etc. ,  could  neither  be  sold  or  given  away,  as  the  question  of  octroi  and 
customs  duty  had  to  be  considered  by  the  purchaser.  All  material 
purchased  in  France  which  could  not  be  sold  on  space- was  stored  in 
the  room  formerly  used  for  guard  headquarters.  Material  which  was 
too  great  in  quantity  or  too  heavy  to  move  was  sold  on  the  various 
spaces. 

Each  purchaser  at  Paris  was  given  a  copy  of  receipt  made  upon  the 
following  form,  the  language  of  which  was  given  both  in  French  and 
English,  so  that  there  could  be  no  misunderstanding  as  to  the  question 
of  octroi  and  customs  duty: 

Paris,  - , - ,  1900. 

Fes. - . 

Received  of - the  sum  of - francs,  in  payment  for  the  following 

described  articles  purchased  by  him  from  the  United  States  of  America,  viz: 


The  delivery  and  acceptance  of  this  receipt  releases  the  United  States  of  America 
from  any  octroi  or  customs  duty  that  may  be  due  or  levied  on  the  aforenamed 
articles  by  the  Republic  of  France. 


Attest: 


No.  250. 


Secretary  and  Disbursing  A  gent,  United  States  Commission 

to  International  Exposition  at  Paris,  1900. 


Purchaser. 


As  the  sales  progressed  and  the  period  for  vacating  the  spaces 
approached,  the  prices  decreased  very  rapidly,  and  in  some  cases  it 


156  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


was  found  impossible  to  protect  property  from  theft  or  destruction. 
We  had  a  large  quantity  of  glass  which  had  to  be  removed  from  the 
show  cases,  but  before  it  could  be  taken  from  the  various  spaces  much 
of  it  was  broken,  some  by  mischievous  boys  and  some  because  of 
unavoidable  accident.  Nothing  could  be  taken  from  the  Exposition 
grounds,  whether  the  articles  were  of  domestic  or  foreign  origin, 
without  a  document  describing  the  article  and  permitting  its  removal. 
This  document  was  called  a  bon  de  sortie.  Indiscriminate  issue  of 
these  documents  by  some  of  our  people  involved  us  in  a  great  amount 
of  trouble  in  preventing  the  improper  removal  of  our  property. 
Although  the  receipt  issued  by  me  was  particularly  plain  in  terms, 
there  were  numerous  disputes  with  purchasers  who  claimed  to  have 
misunderstood  our  terms,  but  in  the  end  all  except  one  or  two  trifling 
matters  were  amicably  disposed  of. 

Our  facades,  the  majority  of  which  were  constructed  with  plaster 
and  staff,  had  to  be  destroyed  and  in  most  cases  given  away,  the  only 
facade  (the  property  of  the  Government)  which  was  sold  bringing  only 
a  small  percentage  of  its  cost. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  glass  used  by  our  Commission  in  Paris 
was  rented  from  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company,  under  an  agree¬ 
ment  which  provided  that  it  could  be  delivered  at  the  close  of  the 
Exposition  to  their  agent  who  resided  in  Paris.  In  shipping  the  glass 
to  Paris  from  the  United  States  a  considerable  quantity  of  it  was 
destroyed  and  had  to  be  replaced  by  French  glass.  The  agent  of  the 
Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company  would  not  take  an}^  French  glass  in  lieu 
of  Pittsburg  glass.  He  determined  for  himself  what  was  Pittsburg 
glass  and  what  was  French  glass,  and  there  was  no  one  to  dispute  his 
decision.  Even  if  there  had  been,  the  consequent  delay  in  settlement 
would  have  endangered  the  glass  and  contributed  to  its  destruction. 
The  presumption  is  that  this  agent  treated  us  fairly  in  the  matter, 
and  there  is  no  way  of  determining  that  fact  absolutely,  for  he  him¬ 
self  was  the  purchaser  of  whatever  glass  he  determined  was  French 
glass,  and  the  price  he  paid  was  extremely  small  in  comparison  to  the 
cost  of  the  glass.  Glass  being  a  glut  upon  the  market,  it  was  almost 
impossible  to  procure  any  price  for  it,  and  we  were  thus  at  the  mercy 
of  the  French  agent  of  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company. 

Many  of  our  cases  were  of  a  construction  which  made  it  practica¬ 
bly  impossible  to  sell  them  in  France.  After  consultation  with  direct¬ 
ors,  a  number  of  the  cases  were  shipped  back  to  the  United  States.  A 
very  considerable  sale  was  made  to  the  city  of  Manchester,  England, 
of  cases  which  had  been  used  in  the  department  of  education,  but  this 
was  about  the  only  sale  of  any  importance  of  this  class  of  material. 

All  material  used  for  electrical  installation  was  difficult  of  sale  and 
brought  low  prices.  Lamps  and  sockets,  being  unlike  those  used  in 
France,  and  the  cost  of  repacking  being  large,  had  to  be  sold  at  a 
sacrifice.  Packing  boxes,  of  which  there  was  an  immense  quantit}^, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS 


157 


not  used  for  the  return  of  fayade  material,  were  unsalable.  This 
was  also  true  of  glass  jars  used  in  the  agricultural  department.  Cer¬ 
tain  food  products  in  the  agricultural  exhibit  were  sold  by  Mr.  Dodge 
for  the  benefit  of  the  owners. 

Carpets  and  linoleum,  most  of  which  were  badly  worn,  brought 
extremely  low  prices. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  sacrifice  which  had  to  be  made  of  Government 
property,  I  might  state  that  there  were  32  chandeliers  provided  for 
one  of  the  buildings,  which  cost  300  francs  each,  and  which  could  only 
be  sold  for  12^  francs  each. 

The  total  amount  of  money  received  for  salvage  of  all  sorts  and 
deposited  in  the  United  States  Treasury,  up  to  January  29,  was 
$7,635.24.  This  money  is  deposited  to  the  credit  of  miscellaneous 
funds  as  the  proceeds  of  sales  of  furniture  and  other  material.  Under 
the  law,  the  list  of  articles  sold  has  to  be  filed  with  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year.  It  is,  therefore,  omitted 
from  this  statement.  Certain  contracts  were  made  for  the  sale  of 
furniture  in  Paris,  to  be  delivered  after  I  left,  and  the  value  thereof 
to  be  forwarded  to  me.  The  amount  of  these  sales,  together  with  the 
money  already  deposited  in  the  United  States  Treasury,  with  such 
additions  as  may  be  made  from  sales  hereafter,  will  probably  aggre¬ 
gate  $10,000. 

It  is  proper  in  this  connection  to  state  the  facts  relative  to  the  fur¬ 
nishing  and  decoration  of  the  national  pavilion,  in  order  that  it  may 
be  understood  why  said  furniture  does  not  appear  among  the  sales 
made  by  me,  except  for  a  trifling  amount,  as  hereinafter  stated. 

The  furnishing  and  decoration  of  the  national  pavilion  was  assigned 
to  an  art  committee  appointed  by  the  Commissioner-General.  This 
committee  was  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  furnishing  and  decora¬ 
tion  which  were  incurred  by  them,  aided  by  the  Commissioner-General. 
The  following  is  the  result,  as  shown  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Hutchinson,  of 
Chicago,  who  was  the  treasurer: 


'  RECEIPTS. 

1900. 

Jan.  8.  Deering  Harvester  Co.,  Chicago .  $2,500.00 

22.  Louis  Stern,  New  York .  2,000.00 

24.  State  of  Massachusetts,  Boston .  5, 000. 00 

31.  State  of  New  York,  New  York . .  5,  000.  00 

Feb.  7.  Wm.  C.  Schermerhorn,  New  York .  100.  00 

7.  Tiffany  &  Co.,  New  York . . .  250.  00 

7.  Rutherford  Stuyvesant,  New  York .  25.  00 

7.  Wm.  E.  Dodge,  New  York .  250.  00 

9.  W.  T.  Walters  &  Co.,  Baltimore .  2,  000.  00 

9.  Seth  Low,  New  York .  100.  00 

10.  Wm.  T.  Evans,  New  York .  100.  00 

23.  J.  F.  O’Shaughnessy,  New  York .  1,000.00 

26.  McCormick  Harvester  Machine  Company,  Chicago .  2,  500.  00 


158  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


1900. 

Mar.  1.  Henry  Siegel,  New  York . $1,000.00 

6.  Thomas  F.  Walsh,  Washington .  1,  000.  00 

9.  W.  L.  Elkins,  Philadelphia .  1,  000.  00 

Aug.  11.  F.  W.  Peck,  account  State  of  California .  2,500.00 


Total. .  26,325.00 


CONTRACTS  SIGNED. 

Elmer  E.  Garnsey,  paintings .  $4, 500.  00 

Robert  Reid,  hemicycle .  3,  000.  00 

The  Oxley  &  Enos  Manufacturing  Co.,  light .  2, 300.  00 

A.  H.  Davenport,  furniture .  12,  709.  00 

G.  W.  Koch  &  Son,  floors .  450.  00 

Baldwin  Bros.  &  Co.,  leather .  300.00 

Wm.  H.  Jackson  Co.,  mantels .  1, 060.  00 

Frank  J.  Millet,  $200  per  week,  paid  for  12  weeks .  2,  400. 00 

Robert  Reid,  ceiling .  1,  500. 00 


Total . 28,219.00 


PAYMENTS. 

1900. 

Jan.  24.  Elmer  E.  Garnsey . $1,000.00 

Feb.  16.  Elmer  E.  Garnsey .  1, 000. 00 

Mar.  24.  Elmer  E.  Garnsey .  1,  000.  00 

Apr.  26.  Elmer  E.  Garnsey .  1,500.00 

Jan.  24.  Robert  Reid .  1,000.00 

Feb.  14.  Robert  Reid .  500.  00 

20.  Robert  Reid .  750. 00 

Apr.  19.  Robert  Reid .  750. 00 

25.  Robert  Reid .  1, 500. 00 

9.  Frank  Millet,  for  12  weeks’  services .  2, 400.  00 

Jan.  9.  A.  H.  Davenport .  12,  000.  00 

Aug.  11.  The  Oxley -Enos  Manufacturing  Co .  2, 300.  00 

11.  Baldwin  Brothers  Co .  300.  00 

22.  Paul  Blackmar — Paris  draft  for  manutention  charges .  1. 12 


26, 001. 12 

Paid  G.  W.  Koch  &  Son .  323.  88 


Total . .  26,325.00 

There  was  therefore  little  salvage  coming  from  the  national  pavilion 
to  be  disposed  of  by  me,  the  greater  portion,  including  paintings  by 
Reid,  having  been  given  by  the  Commissioner-General,  under  agree¬ 
ment  made  at  date  of  their  several  subscriptions,  to  the  commissions 
from  the  States  of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  California,  the  agree¬ 
ment  being  that  they  should  have  furniture  to  the  value,  or  as  nearly 
as  might  be,  of  their  subscriptions. 

As  above  stated,  the  art  committee  made  contracts  for  the  sum  of 
$28,220.12,  while  the  subscriptions  collected  by  the  said  committee 
amounted  to  $26,325,  leaving  a  balance  of  $1,895.12  to  be  paid  out  of 
our  appropriation.  Of  this  sum  $1,186.12  has  been  paid,  leaving 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  159 


unpaid  $709  due  A.  H.  Davenport,  besides  a  claim  of  Frank  Millet  for 
seven  and  one-half  weeks’  services,  amounting  to  $1,500.  I  do  not 
count  the  claim  of  Millet  as  a  liability  against  our  Commission,  as  he 
was  not  employed  directly  by  authority  of  the  Commissioner-General. 
The  payments  of  $1,060  made  to  W.  H.  Jackson  &  Co.  for  use  of  man¬ 
tels,  and  $126.12  to  G.  W.  Koch  &  Sons  for  use  of  hard-wood  floors, 
a  total  of  $1,186.12 — the  art  committee  contracts — were  made  because 
the  United  States  was  bound  by  written  contract  to  make  such  pay¬ 
ment.  The  $709  due  A.  H.  Davenport  will  not  be  paid  out  of  our 
appropriation.  All  the  articles  of  furniture  included  in  their  contract 
and  not  turned  over  to  the  State  commissioners  named,  are  to  be  ulti¬ 
mately  sold  and  the  net  proceeds,  after  payment  of  said  $709,  turned 
into  the  United  States  Treasury  as  miscellaneous  receipts  from  sales 
of  furniture,  etc.  Sales  of  this  particular  furniture  nearly  equaling 
the  amount  due  A.  H.  Davenport  have  already  been  made  or  con¬ 
tracted  for. 

The  dates  of  deposits  of  moneys  received  for  the  sale  of  furniture 
and  other  material  are  as  follows: 


June  27,  1900.  Certificate  6609 
Dec.  10,  1900.  Certificate  8003. 
Jan.  2,  1901.  Certificate  8144 
15,  1901.  Certificate  8241. 
Feb.  5,  1901.  Certificate  8360. 
Jan.  29,  1901.  Certificate  8311 


$93.  69 
794.  78 
1,  643.  32 
3, 101.  57 
558.  38 
1,  313.  75 


Total 


7, 635.  24 


Ten  buildings  and  two  kiosks  were  erected  under  the  supervision  of 
the  Commission.  Six  buildings  and  appurtenances  were  almost  exclu¬ 
sively  paid  for  by  exhibitors,  to  wit: 


Machinery  building  at  Vincennes. 

McCormick  building  at  Vincennes. 

Smith  &  Wesson  building  at  Vincennes. 

Bicycle  building  at  Vincennes. 

Forestry  building  at  Vincennes. 

(All  erected  by  exhibitors.) 

Automobile  building  at  Vincennes,  erected  by  the  Exposition  authorities, 

but  for  which  we  paid  an  assessment  of . 

Transportation  building  at  Vincennes,  erected  by  the  Exposition  authori¬ 
ties,  but  for  which  we  paid  an  assessment  of . 

Publishers’  building  on  Quinconce . 

(Paid  for  by  exhibitors.) 

National  pavilion,  unfurnished,  cost . 

Agricultural  annex,  unfurnished,  cost . 

Merchant  Marine  annex,  unfurnished,  cost . 

Forestry  annex,  cost . 

Kiosks  on  Quinconce . 

(No  wiring  for  electric  lights  included  in  stated  cost  of  any  building.) 


$2,  596.  82 

6, 006.  55 
17,  967.  60 


116,  239.  00 
26,  714.  87 
15,  065.  00 
4,  632.  00 
2,  258.  00 


Certain  payments  were  made  by  me  in  connection  with  the  machinery 
building  at  Vincennes,  which  payments  will  appear  in  their  proper 


160  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


places  in  the  detailed  statement  of  expenditures.  These  payments 
were  for  coal  for  the  purpose  of  running  the  machinery.  It  was  found 
that  the  amount  contributed  by  the  exhibitors  was  insufficient  to  pay 
this  in  addition  to  other  expenses,  and  the  Commissioner-General,  there¬ 
fore,  determined  to  make  these  payments,  as  the  material  had  been 
ordered  in  the  name  of  the  United  States.  Certain  additions  may  have 
to  be  made  to  the  cost. hereinbefore  given  of  the  several  buildings,  as 
there  are  disputed  claims  for  extra  work  connected  with  each  of  them. 
There  are  also  claims  on  the  part  of  the  French  customs  and  octroi 
authorities  which  may  have  to  be  paid. 

In  conclusion,  I  beg  leave  to  state  that  this  report  is  as  complete  as 
it  was  possible  to  make  it  at  this  date.  A  full  and  complete  report 
can  not  be  made  until  the  business  of  the  Commission  is  finished  and  all 
its  expenses  have  been  paid.  I  trust,  however,  that  the  statement  made 
will  be  full  enough  to  answer  the  purpose  of  the  present  report.  I 
shall  take  great  pleasure  at  a  later  date  in  making  a  report  showing  the 
exact  expense  incurred  by  each  group  for  different  purposes,  including 
salaries,  travel,  furniture,  lighting,  and  miscellaneous  expenses. 

Very  respectfully, 

Fred  Brackett, 

Secretary  and  Disbursing  Agent . 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 


APPENDIX. 


I  have  the  honor  to  append  herewith  the  report  of  Mr.  Frank  T. 
Gilbert,  who  superintended,  under  my  direction,  the  loading  of  the 
exhibits  on  the  U.  S.  S.  Prairie .  Mr.  Gilbert  was  not  the  custodian 
of  exhibits  except  during  the  loading  and  unloading  of  the  Prairie 
on  her  two  outward  trips  and  one  homeward  trip.  I  make  this  expla¬ 
nation  in  order  that  the  title  given  to  Mr.  Gilbert  may  not  be  mis¬ 
understood. — Fred  Brackett,  Secretary  and  Disbursing  Agent. 

Baltimore,  February  22,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  I  herewith  submit  my  report  as  custodian  of  exhibits  on 
U.  S.  cruiser  Prairie  for  the  two  trips  carrying  exhibits  to  France 
and  the  one  returning  therefrom. 

In  obedience  to  instructions  received  from  you  by  letter  dated 
November  27,  1899, 1  left  New  York  on  said  cruiser  December  3,  1899, 
prior  to  which  time  there  had  been  loaded  on  the  Prairie  about  200 
tons  of  structural  steel;  about  50  tons  of  merchandise  pertaining  to 
two  steam  boilers  and  the  appurtenances  belonging  thereto  from  the 
Clonbrock  Steam  Boiler  Company,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  a  large  quan¬ 
tity  of  facade  material,  and  a  number  of  other  exhibits,  for  further 
particulars  concerning  which  reference  is  made  to  the  detailed  state¬ 
ment  of  cargo  of  Prairie  herewith  accompanying,  and  which  is  a  part 
of  this  report. 

After  leaving  the  port  of  New  York  we  arrived  at  the  port  of  Nor¬ 
folk  on  the  5th  day  of  December,  where  we  received  on  board  about 
200  tons  of  logs,  timber,  and  lumber,  on  account  of  the  department  of 
forestry  and  fisheries.  Leaving  Norfolk  on  the  6th  day  of  December 
we  arrived  at  Baltimore  on  the  7th,  finishing  there  the  loading  of  the 
Prairie  in  the  two  days  following,  namely — the  8th  and  the  9th.  We 
received  on  board  a  large  quantity  of  cases  pertaining  to  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  agriculture  and  a  large  portion  of  the  naval  exhibit.  Leaving 
Baltimore  on  the  morning  of  December  10,  we  proceeded  to  the  port 
of  Havre,  France,  arriving  in  the  outer  harbor  at  about  1  o’clock  in 
the  afternoon  of  December  21,  and  at  11  p.  m.,  under  the  guidance  of 
the  pilot,  we  steamed  to  our  berth  in  the  Bassin  Belot. 

On  Saturday,  December  23,  at  7.30  o’clock,  we  commenced  the  work 
S.  Doc.  232 - 11  161 


162  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


of  discharging  the  cargo  under  the  immediate  direction  of  Mr.  Le 
Blanc,  representing  Messrs.  Langstaff,  Ehrenberg  &  Pollock,  and  con¬ 
tinued  without  interruption,  except  such  as  were  made  by  reason  of 
holidays  and  Sundays,  until  the  cargo  was  entirely  discharged,  about 
7.30  on  the  evening  of  January  4. 

All  the  cargo  of  the  Prairie  w  as  placed  in  the  warehouse,  except 
some  of  the  heavy  cases  and  pieces  of  machinery,  which  required  the 
floating  crane  and  which  were  disposed  of  by  placing  them  on  the  pier 
and  protecting  them  until  shipped  by  rail  to  Paris. 

It  was  found  on  hoisting  out  the  naval  exhibits  that  the  glass  cover¬ 
ing  three  or  four  of  the  models  was  broken,  but  in  each  case  of  this 
kind  the  box  was  opened,  the  broken  glass  removed,  and  a  careful 
examination  revealed  the  fact  that  the  models  were,  so  far  as  could  be 
determined,  uninjured.  It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  determine 
wherein  lies  the  blame  for  this  damage,  whether  the  result  of  the 
laboring  of  the  ship  in  a  heavy  sea  or  carelessness  in  handling,  either 
at  Baltimore  or  Havre. 

Some  light  castings,  shipped  by  the  Clonbrock  Steam  Boiler  Com¬ 
pany  and  known  as  casing  plates,  six  in  number,  were  found  broken  in 
the  hold  of  the  ship,  as  the  result  of  poor  stowing  on  the  part  of  the 
stevedores.  It  was  inexcusable  carelessness  on  their  part,  stowing 
heavy  cases  on  top  of  these  light  castings,  which,  of  course,  could  not 
stand  the  strain  and  had  to  give  way  with  the  first  movement  of  the 
ship.  With  the  last  sling-load  out  of  the  ship  some  of  the  short  braces 
slipped  through  and  about  four  or  five  fell  overboard.  The  stevedore 
agreed  to  have  them  recovered  by  a  diver. 

With  these  few  exceptions  everything  arrived  at  Havre  in  good 
shape,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  congratulation,  considering  the  high  seas 
encountered  and  the  rolling  propensities  developed  by  the  Prairie ,  that 
the  damage  was  not  greater. 

After  a  couple  of  days  spent  in  taking  out  the  ballast,  the  work  of 
taking  on  the  second  cargo  of  exhibits  commenced  on  the  24th  day  of 
January,  and  continued  until  the  evening  of  the  31st,  when  the  last 
case  was  taken  on  board. 

The  Prairie  sailed  from  New  York  for  Baltimore  at  9  a.  m.  Febru¬ 
ary  1,  1900,  arriving  at  the  latter  city  about  5  p.  m.  February  2. 

On  the  morning  of  February  3  commenced  taking  in  cargo,  which 
continued  until  about  midday  of  February  6,  when  we  were  obliged  to 
call  a  halt,  not  because  everything  was  on  board,  but  because  the  stow¬ 
age  capacity  of  the  ship  was  exhausted,  and  we  were  obliged  to  leave 
a  few  cases  on  the  dock  at  Locust  Point  to  be  forwarded  to  their  des¬ 
tination  by  some  other  steamer. 

The  Prairie  sailed  from  Baltimore  at  3  p.  m.  on  February  6,  and 
arrived  at  Lambert’s  Point,  Norfolk,  on  the  morning  of  February  7, 
where  she  remained  two  days  taking  in  coal,  whence  she  finally  sailed 
at  8.45  a.  m.  February  9. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  163 


On  the  22d  of  February  the  Prairie  arrived  at  Newcastle,  on  the 
Tyne,  where  she  remained  until  the  morning  of  February  27,  landing 
the  crew  of  the  Albany  and  taking  in  coal. 

It  was  not  known  to  Commander  Mackenzie  until  his  arrival  at 
Newcastle  that  he  was  to  discharge  his  present  cargo  at  Rouen  instead 
of  Havre,  but  the  people  of  the  former  city,  and  especially  the  cham¬ 
ber  of  commerce,  were  so  anxious  that  the  Prairie  should  visit  Rouen 
and  offered  so  many  inducements  that  it  was  finally  decided  by  the 
Commissioner-General  that  the  Prairie  should  proceed  to  Rouen,  and 
the  commander  of  the  Prairie  advised  to  that  effect. 

While  it  is  quite  out  of  the  ordinary  for  ships  as  large  as  the  Prairie 
to  ascend  the  Seine  as  far  as  Rouen,  it  was  not  considered  by  those 
who  were  familiar  with  the  river  that  there  was  any  great  danger 
attendant  upon  the  ascent.  However,  to  insure  against  any  possible 
danger  or  any  unforeseen  accident,  the  date  of  her  trip  from  Havre 
to  Rouen  was  so  well  planned  that  she  anchored  off  Havre,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Seine,  at  9  p.  m.  on  February  28  and  left  her  moorings 
at  8  o’clock  on  the  morning  of  March  1  and  proceeded  up  the  river. 
This  date,  which  was  fixed  upon  in  advance,  was  marked  by  the  high¬ 
est  tide  throughout  the  entire  year. 

The  Prairie  arrived  without  accident  of  any  kind  about  3  p.  m.  of 
the  same  day  alongside  the  hangar  or  shed  ifhich  was  to  hold  her 
cargo,  situate  upon  the  Quai  du  Havre,  in  the  city  of  Rouen. 

On  the  morning  of  March  2  began  the  work  of  discharging  the 
cargo. 

Arrangements  had  been  made  with  Messrs.  Duchemin  &  Co.  to  take 
the  goods  from  the  ship  and  load  them  on  the  cars,  who  placed  Mr. 
Barry  in  charge  of  the  work. 

Here,  as  at  Havre,  the  exhibits  were  all  sorted  after  being  landed 
on  the  dock,  and  each  group  placed  by  itself  under  the  shed. 

Those  things  for  which  there  was  immediate  necessity  in  Paris  were 
at  once  placed  on  cars  and  sent  thither,  and  in  some  few  instances 
exhibits  were  placed  on  cars  as  they  were  taken  from  the  ship. 

The  work  of  unloading  continued  until  March  13,  by  which  time  all 
of  the  exhibits  were  out  of  the  ship,  except  an  electric  winch  and  a 
water-tight  door,  which  wrere  too  heavy  to  be  taken  out  by  the  ordi¬ 
nary  cranes  in  service  for  the  balance  of  the  cargo,  which  necessitated 
mooring  the  Prairie  up  the  river  in  front  of  the  Quai  de  la  Bourse, 
where  the  requisite  power  was  available  to  take  out  the  heavy  exhibits. 

After  her  cargo  was  discharged  the  Prairie  remained  in  Rouen  until 
March  25. 

The  second  cargo  arrived  at  its  destination  in  better  condition  than 
the  preceding  one,  the  experience  of  the  former  trip,  perhaps,  enabling 
us  better  to  guard  against  a  repetition  of  the  rough  handling  which 
was  responsible  for  the  damage,  of  which  mention  has  been  hitherto 
made. 


164  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


It  having  been  determined  that  the  Prairie  should  return  to  France 
to  transport  the  Government  exhibits  to  America  at  the  close  of  the 
Exposition,  she  arrived  in  Havre  for  that  purpose  on  the  14th  day  of 
November,  1900.  It  was  considered  as  settled  that  she  should  proceed 
to  Rouen  and  take  on  her  cargo  there,  but  just  before  her  arrival  at 
Havre  the  Commissioner-General  gave  directions  that  she  should  load 
at  Havre,  considering  that  there  was  greater  danger  to  be  apprehended 
from  the  trip  to  Rouen  at  this  time  than  there  was  six  months  previous. 

The  Prairie  was  assigned  by  Monsieur  Le  Tyeke,  the  commandant 
of  the  port,  to  a  berth  in  the  Bassin  de  l’Eure,  in  front  of  the  Quai  de 
Marseille.  Here  she  remained  during  her  long  stay  in  Havre. 

In  the  contract  made  with  Puthet,  Claret  &  Co.  no  provision 
was  made  for  a  warehouse,  but  as  the  loading  proceeded  the  necessity 
for  one  became  more  apparent  each  day.  The  warehouse  in  front  of 
which  the  Prairie  was  lying  was  an  immense  one,  as  long  as  the  ship; 
and  while  the  Prairie ,  being  a  Government  vessel,  could  lie  at  the  dock 
without  paying  any  wharfage,  we  were  precluded  from  using  the 
warehouse  without  paying  the  regular  rates,  which  were  exceedingly 
high,  and  for  a  similar  warehouse  I  think  something  like  4,000  francs 
were  paid  on  our  first  trip  to  Havre;  so  that  the  only  space  available 
for  our  use  was  that  between  the  warehouse  and  the  water,  on  which 
was  a  single  railroad  track,  and  when  it  was  filled  with  cars  there  was 
no  chance  to  unload  the  cars,  except  to  hoist  everything  aboard  the 
ship;  and  when  exhibits  were  trucked  from  the  freight  house  to  the 
ship,  as  they  were  in  many  cases,  the  only  place  to  unload  them  was 
at  the  end  of  the  warehouse. 

This  state  of  things  continued  for  several  days,  until  I  determined  to 
see  if  I  could  not  secure  the  use  of  the  warehouse  on  more  favorable 
terms  than  the  regular  price. 

So  I  called  upon  the  secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
informed  him  that  it  was  a  matter  of  necessity  that  we  should  have  the 
use  of  the  warehouse  alongside  which  the  Prairie  was  lying;  that  the 
Prairie  was  a  Government  ship;  that  on  that  account  she  was  per¬ 
mitted  to  lie  at  the  wharf  without  paying  any  dockage;  that  if  he 
would  also  make  some  concession  in  the  charge  for  the  use  of  the  ware¬ 
house,  it  would  be  very  much  appreciated,  not  only  by  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  but  by  our  Government  as  well. 

As  the  result  of  my  efforts,  the  secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Com¬ 
merce  kindly  consented  to  accept  the  ordinary  price  for  occupying  the 
warehouse,  waiving  the  tonnage  tax  which  is  imposed  while  a  vessel 
is  discharging  at  the  dock,  which  reduced  the  cost  to  a  minimum.  He 
also  informed  me  that  this  was  something  which  had  never  before  been 
done.  We  had  the  freedom  of  the  warehouse  for  two  or  three  weeks, 
for  which  our  bill  was  only  81  francs. 

On  the  21st  day  of  December  I  received  a  telegram  from  Major 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  165 


Brackett  to  the  effect  that  the  railroad  company  were  detaining  at 
Havre  five  cars  laden  with  exhibits  for  the  Prairie ,  on  account  of  an 
old  claim  against  the  Commission  for  demurrage  on  cars  detained  in 
Paris  before  the  opening  of  the  Exposition.  This  telegram  was  fol¬ 
lowed  by  a  letter  stating  that  he  had  received  a  letter  from  Puthet, 
Claret  &  Co.,  informing  him  of  the  detention  at  Havre  of  the  five  cars 
above  referred  to  and  for  the  reasons  already  set  forth,  and  that  said 
cars  could  only  be  released  on  payment  of  250  francs. 

I  at  once  called  upon  Monsieur  Picard,  chef  de  gare  principal,  at 
Havre,  and  asked  him  if  he  was  detaining  any  cars  laden  with  exhibits 
for  the  Prairie ,  and  particularly  the  five  cars  already  referred  to, 
numbered,  respectively,  50137,  50139,  5374,  5301,  and  9216,  for  any 
cause  whatsoever.  He  at  once  informed  me  that  he  was  detaining  no 
cars,  and  that  the  five  cars  in  question  were  then  in  Havre,  and  that  I 
could  have  them  as  soon  as  desired. 

A  few  days  later  I  was  served  by  an  Huissier  with  a  notice  from  Mr. 
Cloez,  representing  Puthet,  Claret  &  Co.,  that  the  railroad  company 
were  holding  the  same  five  cars  to  which  reference  has  already  been 
made  subject  to  the  payment  of  250  francs,  and  that  every  car  with 
exhibits  for  the  Prairie  arriving  thereafter  would  be  held  subject  to 
payment  of  50  francs,  to  apply  on  the  old  claim. 

I  at  once  sent  the  notice  to  Major  Brackett,  who  advised  paying  500 
francs  in  presence  of  an  Huissier  and  demanding  10,000  francs  damages. 

This  course  was  pursued,  and  the  500  francs  paid  to  Mr.  Picard, 
Chef  de  Gare,  on  the  26th  da}r  of  December,  in  the  presence  of  an 
Huissier,  who  at  the  same  time  served  upon  the  Chef  de  Gare  a 
demand  for  10,000  francs  damages. 

The  cars  were  at  once  released  and  we  had  no  further  trouble  from 
that  source. 

I  have  described  this  little  episode  at  some  length,  but  must  confess 
that  I  do  not  understand  it,  and  can  only  imagine  that  it  was  a  scheme 
which  originated  with  Puthet,  Claret  &  Co.  (when  they  saw  the  loaded 
cars  accumulating  at  Havre,  and  were  perhaps  apprehensive  that  they 
would  be  unable  to  complete  their  contract  within  the  required  time) 
to  claim  that  they  were  prevented  from  completing  their  contract  by 
the  detention  of  cars. 

All  this  took  place  before  negotiations  were  entered  into  regarding 
the  warehouse.  As  soon  as  that  was  secured  all  of  the  loaded  cars 
were  immediately  unloaded  therein,  and  we  never  more  heard  of  any 
claim  for  demurrage,  either  ancient  or  modern. 

On  the  9th  day  of  January,  1901,  the  last  case  was  put  aboard  the 
ship. 

After  Puthet,  Claret  &  Co.  had  transported  all  of  the  exhibits 
intrusted  to  their  care,  there  were  still  about  75  cases  which  had  to  be 
sent  from  Paris  by  American  Express;  otherwise  they"  would  not  have 
reached  the  Prairie  in  time. 


166  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


On  the  10th  day  of  January,  at  noon,  the  Prairie  sailed  out  of 
Havre,  having  on  board  2,619  cases,  made  up  as  follows: 

Pavilion,  192;  Group  I,  28;  11,81;  111,63;  IV,  89;  V,  110;  VI,  221; 
VII,  VIII,  and  X,  478;  IX,  183;  XI,  469;  XII  and  XV,  224;  XVI, 
90;  XVII,  119;  XVIII,  194;  Sherman  statue,  6;  miscellaneous,  42. 

The  Prairie  arrived  at  quarantine  in  the  harbor  of  New  York  on 
the  evening  of  January  24,  reaching  her  dock  in  the  Brooklyn  Navy- 
Yard  at  10  o’clock  on  the  morning  of  the  25th. 

Commenced  discharging  cargo  on  the  26th  of  Januaiy,  and  on  the 
30th  finished  discharging  that  portion  of  the  cargo  which  was  to  be 
delivered  at  New  York. 

It  was  originally  contemplated  that  only  the  fine  arts  exhibit,  com¬ 
posed  of  81  cases,  should  be  landed  at  New  York,  but  it  was  later 
decided  to  land  at  New  York  all  of  the  exhibits  going  to  persons  doing 
business  in  New  York  or  Brooklyn  which  could  be  readily  gotten  at, 
which  amounted  in  all  to  331  cases. 

The  reason  why  more  of  the  exhibits  were  not  landed  at  Brooktyn 
was  because  the  only  berth  available  for  the  Prairie  was  at  the  navy- 
yard,  where  there  were  no  facilities  for  warehousing  the  cargo  and 
it  had  to  be  trucked  awaj^  as  it  came  out  of  the  ship,  and  a  large  cargo 
of  that  description  requires  a  large  warehouse  in  which  to  arrange  the 
several  groups. 

The  Prairie  sailed  from  New  York  for  Baltimore  on  the  2d  day  of 
February,  at  8.20  a.  m.,  arriving  at  the  latter  city  the  following  dai% 
at  3  p.  m. 

On  Monday  morning,  February  4,  commenced  discharging  cargo, 
which  continued  without  delay  until  the  end  was  reached,  February  7, 
at  noon,  and  the  Prairie  sailed  away  at  8  o’clock  on  the  following 
morning  for  Boston,  to  go  out  of  commission. 

The  cargo  was  arranged  in  the  warehouse  according  to  groups,  and 
it  required  several  weeks  in  which  to  forward  to  Government  Depart¬ 
ments  and  “loan”  exhibitors  all  that  could  be  shipped  and  to  store  the 
balance  in  the  warehouse. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Frank  T.  Gilbert, 

Custodian  of  Exhibits  on  TJ.  S.  S.  Prairie. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General  of  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


REPORT  OF  THE  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT  COMMISSION. 


(Including  report  on  presentation  of  the  first  Lafayette  souvenir 
dollar  to  the  President  of  the  Republic  of  France. )' 


ROBERT  J.  THOMPSON,  Secretary. 


107 


REPORT  OF  THE  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT  COMMISSION. 


CONTENTS. 

Organization  and  exploitation — Selection  of  sculpture  and  architect — Jurors  and 
advisory  councilors — Act  of  Congress  relative  to  souvenir  dollars — Presentation 
of  original  souvenir  dollar  to  President,  Republic  of  France — Dedication  of  the 
monument — Ambassador  Porter’s  speech — Address  of  Commissioner-General 
Peck — Address  of  M.  Emile  Loubet,  President  of  the  Republic  of  France — 
Address  of  Robert  J.  Thompson — Address  of  Mrs.  Daniel  Manning — Dedication 
ode — Letter  of  President  McKinley — Address  of  Archbishop  Ireland — Financial 
statement. 


THE  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT. 

The  Lafayette  memorial  project  was  first  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  public  by  the  introduction  of  a  joint  resolution  in  Congress  in 
March,  1898.  This  resolution  provided  for  the  formation,  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  of  a  commission,  under  the  auspices  of 
which  the  work  should  be  carried  on.  The  resolution  was  passed  by 
the  Senate  and  favorably  reported  from  the  House  Committee  on  For¬ 
eign  Affairs,  but  was  not  passed  by'  the  House  owing  to  press  of  legis¬ 
lation  in  connection  with  the  Spanish -American  war. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  of  Chicago,  had,  in  the  interest  of  the 
resolution,  appeared  before  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  in  response  to  a  request  of  the  author  of 
the  plan  and  an  invitation  from  said  committee.  When  Mr.  Peck  was 
some  months  later  appointed  Commissioner-General  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Paris  Exposition  lie  readily  approved  the  project,  and 
immediately  gave  it  official  standing  by  making  it  a  collateral  feature 
of  the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  the  Universal  Exposition 
of  1900,  especialty  that  part  of  the  plan  embraced  in  the  proposition 
to  unveil  and  dedicate  the  monument  on  July  4 — United  States  day  at 
the  Exposition — hence, 

ORGANIZATION  AND  EXPLOITATION. 

The  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission  was  formed  September  1, 
1898,  by  the  United  States  Commissioner-General  to  the  Paris  Exposi¬ 
tion  of  1900,  who  appointed  the  following  members  and  officers:  Hon. 

169 


170  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


William  R.  Day,  Hon.  William  B.  Allison,  Rev.  Edward  Everett 
Hale,  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris,  Archbishop  Ireland,  John  W.  Mackay,  Hon. 
Melville  E.  Stone,  Frank  Thompson,  Hon.  Charles  A.  Collier;  honorary 
president,  Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck;  vice-president,  Hon.  Alexander 
H.  Revell;  treasurer,  Hon.  Charles  G.  Dawes;  secretary,  Robert  J. 
Thompson.  Mr.  Frank  Thompson  died  in  June,  1899,  and  was  replaced 
by  Edwin  A.  Potter,  who,  on  July  10,  1899,  succeeded  Hon.  Charles 
G.  Dawes  as  treasurer  of  the  Commission. 

Immediately  after  the  organization  action  was  inaugurated  by  the 
secretary  looking  to  the  enlistment  of  the  schools  of  the  United  States, 
including  Alaska  and  Hawaii,  in  support  of  the  monument  project. 
October  19,  1898,  was  announced  as  Lafayette  Day,  upon  which  day 
it  was  requested  that  collections  be  taken  in  the  schools  and  patriotic 
exercises  held. 

The  movement,  as  well  as  the  date  chosen  (which  is  the  anniversary 
of  the  fall  of  Yorktown)  was  commended  b}'  the  President  in  a  public 
letter  under  date  of  September  17,  1898,  addressed  to  Alexander  H. 
Revell,  vice-president  of  the  commission. 

Following  the  receipt  of  the  President’s  letter  and  prior  to  the  date 
selected  (October  19)  proclamations  or  public  letters  of  indorsement  of 
the  plan  and  celebration  of  Lafayette  Day  were  received  from  42  of 
the  Governors  or  State  superintendents  of  education  of  the  several 
States  and  Territories.  A  representative  of  the  commission,  Prof. 
W.  H.  Butler,  visited  the  school  boards  of  the  large  cities  and  chief 
Catholic  prelates  of  the  various  parochial  dioceses  of  the  country  in 
the  interest  of  the  movement.  From  the  secretary’s  office  upwrard  of 
a  million  circulars,  pamphlets,  specimen  programmes  for  school  exer¬ 
cises,  autograph  letters,  bulletins,  etc.,  were  sent  out,  reaching  every 
State  superintendent  of  schools,  every  county  superintendent  in  the 
United  States,  every  mayor,  newspaper,  school  board,  postmaster, 
etc.,  with  the  result  that  on  the  19th  of  October,  but  six  weeks  after 
the  organization  of  the  commission,  between  4,000,000  and  5,000,000 
of  school  children  contributed  their  pennies  to  the  amount  of  $45,858.30, 
thus  giving  a  splendid  beginning  to  the  fund. 

A  receipt  from  the  treasurer,  Charles  G.  Dawes,  was  furnished  all 
schools  immediately  on  receiving  their  contributions,  and  later,  in  fact 
the  following  October  19,  1899,  one  year  after  the  collections  were 
made,  beautiful  and  appropriate  souvenir  receipts  replacing  these 
earlier  acknowledgments  were  sent  to  contributors  from  the  secre¬ 
tary’s  office.  These  souvenirs  are  now  hanging  in  thousands  of  our 
schools,  a  perpetual  reminder  of  this  movement  and  the  celebration  of 
the  first  Lafayette  Day. 

ACCEPTANCE  OF  MONUMENT  BY  FRANCE. 

In  the  meantime  negotiations  were  being  carried  on  with  the  French 
authorities  respecting  the  acceptance  of  the  monument  and  the  site  to 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  17 1 


be  awarded  it  in  the  city  of  Paris.  These  negotiations  were  most 
friendly  throughout  and  ended  most  happily.  The  choicest  spot  in 
Paris,  the  Court  of  the  Louvre,  was  offered  the  commission  as  a  site  for 
the  monument,  and  the  monument  itself  accepted  with  pleasure  and 
gratitude,  as  is  indicated  in  the  following  report  sent  the  commission. 

Minutes  of  a  meeting  held  in  the  office  of  the  architect  of  the  Louvre,  Paris,  France, 
December  12,  1898. — Present:  The  minister  of  fine  arts  in  the  chair;  M.  Jules  Cam- 
bon,  ambassador  from  France  to  the  United  States;  Mr.  Redon,  architect  of  the 
Louvre;  Mr.  Roujon,  director  of  fine  arts  in  the  ministry  of  fine  arts. 

It  was  agreed  that  the  French  Government  accepted  with  pleasure  and  gratitude  the 
offer  made  by  the  United  States  of  a  statue  to  Lafayette  and  granted  a  site  in  the 
Court  of  the  Louvre. 

Two  provisos  were  made:  First,  that  the  work  of  the  statue  be  carried  out  under 
the  high  artistic  direction  of  Mr.  Redon,  architect  of  the  Louvre;  the  plans  to  be 
signed  by  this  architect  and  to  be  approved  furthermore  by  the  council  of  civil  build¬ 
ings  and  by  the  minister  of  fine  arts.  Second,  that  an  advisory  committee  be  con¬ 
stituted  to  examine  the  plan  and  pass  upon  it;  that  this  committee  be  formed  of  Mr. 
Guillaume,  director  of  the  French  Academy  Division  of  Sculpture,  member  of  the 
French  Institute;  Mr.  Paul  Dubois,  director  of  the  National  School  of  Fine  Arts,  and 
Mr.  Roujon,  director  of  fine  arts  in  the  ministry  of  fine  arts. 

SELECTION  OF  SCULPTURE  AND  ARCHITECT. 

One  of  the  principal  ideas  of  the  Lafayette  memorial  project  was 
that  the  monument  might  be  completed  and  ready  for  dedication  on 
United  States  Day  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  July  4,  1900.  The  work 
was  carried  on  for  some  time  with  this  end  in  view.  It  soon  became 
apparent  that  the  commission  could  do  no  more  on  that  date  than  to 
dedicate  a  staff  reproduction  of  the  designs,  wThich  it  was  determined 
would  answer  the  purpose,  and  stand  in  Paris  throughout  the  exposi¬ 
tion  year,  the  permanent  monument  to  be  erected  as  soon  thereafter 
as  possible.  This  arrangement  was  approved  by  France. 

On  November  7,  1898,  with  but  eighteen  months  before  it  in  which 
to  complete  the  work,  this  commission  addressed  an  inquiry  as  to  the 
advisability  of  competition  to  a  number  (twelve)  of  the  prominent 
sculptors  of  the  country,  notably  Messrs.  St.  Gaudens,  Ward,  French, 
Bartlett,  Niehaus,  Partridge,  and  others,  including  Karl  Bitter  and 
H.  K.  Bush-Brown.  The  consensus  of  opinion  of  these  gentlemen  was 
against  competition,  the  principal  sculptors  above  mentioned  declining 
even  to  enter  competition.  Mr.  Niehaus,  particularly,  expressed  him¬ 
self  in  these  words: 

I  do  not  recommend  a  competition,  and  believe  there  would  be  many  advantages 
in  giving  the  work  to  one  eminent  sculptor  of  proven  ability;  time  would  be  gained 
and  the  excitement  of  a  competition,  which  is  detrimental  to  a  serious  artist’s  best 
work,  would  be  avoided. 

When  it  was  found  that  the  best  sculptors  did  not  approve  of  com¬ 
petition,  and  wTould  not  enter  it,  an  expert  jury  and  council,  composed 
of  the  highest  authorities  in  America  in  art,  was  selected  b}r  the  com¬ 
mission.  This  jury  consists  of  Mr.  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  the  dean  of  Ameri- 


172  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


can  sculptors  and  president  of  the  Sculptors’  Society  of  America;  Mr. 
George  B.  Post,  president  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architecture, 
and  Mr.  John  Lafarge,  president  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists. 

These  gentlemen  have  gratuitously  given  the  commission  much  and 
valuable  service  and  deserve  our  highest  thanks.  In  all  cases  their 
recommendations  have  been  followed  and  no  final  action  regarding 
designs  or  artists  for  the  moment  was  taken  without  procuring  their 
approval.  Letter  of  their  appointment  and  indorsement  of  sculptors 
follows: 

APPOINTMENT  OF  MESSRS.  WARD,  LAFARGE,  AND  POST  AS  JURORS  AND  ADVISORY  COUN¬ 
CILLORS  FOR  THE  LAFAYETTE  MEMORIAL  COMMISSION. 

New  York,  December  17,  1898. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission  it  was  determined  by 
tlr>  commission  to  invite  to  its  assistance  an  advisory  jury  and  council  to  consist  of 
the  presidents  of  the  National  Sculptors’  Society,  the  Society  of  American  Artists, 
and  the  Institute  of  American  Architects,  respectively. 

I  have  the  honor  to  advise  you  of  this  action  and  to  inform  you  of  your  appoint¬ 
ment  on  such  advisory  board. 

With  great  respect,  I  am,  very  faithfully, 

Robert  J.  Thompson, 

[Secretary  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission. 

ACCEPTANCE,  WITH  INDORSEMENT  OF  ARTISTS. 


The  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission. 


New  York,  December  PO,  1898. 


Gentlemen:  We,  the  undersigned,  hereby  consent  to  act  as  advisory  council  and 
jury  in  the  matter  of  the  Lafayette  monument.  Appreciating  the  briefness  of  the 
time  now  intervening  before  your  commission  desires  to  have  the  monument  com¬ 
pleted,  which  fact  would  in  large  measure  preclude  competition,  we  agree  in  the 
recommendation  to  you,  as  artists  eminently  qualified  to  execute  the  proposed  monu¬ 
ment  satisfactorily  (not  only  to  our  own  people,  but  to  the  French),  Messrs.  Paul 
Bartlett,  Karl  Bitter,  and  Hy.  F.  Hornbostel.  We  believe  that  in  their  selection 
your  commission  will  make  no  mistake,  and  it  may  feel  confident  of  the  artistic 
success  of  its  work. 

It  will  give  us  pleasure  to  advise  with  these  gentlemen  on  such  designs  for  the 
monument  as  they  may  produce  and  give  them  from  time  to  time  our  criticisms  and 
suggestions  relating  thereto. 

Very  respectfully, 


J.  Q.  A.  Ward. 


John  Lafarge. 


Geo.  B.  Post. 


The  foregoing  recommendations,  pursuant  to  the  approval  of  the 
members  of  the  commission,  resulted  in  an  agreement  of  award  and 
informal  commission  being  given  the  sculptors  mentioned,  upon  certain 
strict  conditions,  such  as  their  guaranteeing,  without  recourse,  to 
furnish  designs  acceptable  to  the  American  jury  and  also  to  the  French 
authorities,  who,  according  to  the  report  already  recorded,  accepted 
the  monument  and  granted  a  site  therefor. 

After  some  weeks  of  collaboration  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Bartlett  and 


FRENCH  REPUBLIC. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  173 


Mr.  Bitter,  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  artistic  requirements  of 
the  site  and  work  resulted  in  the  withdrawal  of  Mr.  Bitter.  Upon 
final  disapproval  of  the  architectural  designs  of  Mr.  Hornbostel  that 
gentleman  was,  upon  the  demand  of  the  French  authorities,  who 
declined  to  accept  his  work,  substituted  by  Architect  Thomas  F.  Hast¬ 
ings,  of  New  York. 

The  substitution  of  architect,  as  above  indicated,  was  formally 
approved  by  Messrs.  Ward  and  Lafarge,  Mr.  Post’s  approval  being 
given  subject  to  resignation  of  Mr.  Hornbostel.  As  Mr.  Hornbostel 
had  failed  to  meet  the  original  conditions  to  which  he  acquiesced — of 
furnishing  an  acceptable  sketch  for  the  pedestal — and  as  he  as  well  as 
his  designs  had  been  rejected,  the  substitution  of  Architect  Hastings 
for  Architect  Hornbostel  was  necessary,  just,  and  expedient. 

The  work  was  now  pushed  forward  vigorously,  and  on  the  Fourth  of 
July,  1900,  United  States  day  at  the  Universal  Exposition,  all  was  in 
readiness  for  dedication  as  planned  and  designed  in  the  beginning. 

THE  LAFAYETTE  SOUVENIR  DOLLAR. 

On  March  31,  1899,  Congress  made  an  appropriation  for  $50,000  to 
the  Lafayette  monument  fund,  the  clause  from  the  sundry  civil  act 
being  as  follows: 

Lafayette  Dollar  Enactment — Lafayette  Monument. — For  the  purpose  of  aiding 
in  defraying  the  cost  of  a  pedestal  and  completing  in  a  suitable  manner  the  work  of 
erecting  a  monument  in  the  city  of  Paris  to  General  Lafayette,  designed  by  the 
Lafayette  Memorial  Commission  as  a  feature  of  the  participation  of  the  United  States 
in  the  Paris  Exposition  of  nineteen  hundred,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  be, 
and  is  hereby,  authorized  to  purchase  in  the  market  twenty-five  thousand  dollars’ 
worth  of  silver  bullion,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  purpose 
herein  provided  for,  from  which  there  shall  be  coined  at  the  mints  of  the  United 
States  silver  dollars  of  the  legal  weight  and  fineness  to  the  number  of  fifty  thousand 
pieces,  to  be  known  as  the  Lafayette  dollar,  struck  in  commemoration  of  the  erection 
of  a  monument  to  General  Lafayette,  in  the  city  of  Paris,  France,  by  the  youth  of 
the  United  States,  the  devices  and  designs  upon  which  coins  shall  be  prescribed  by 
the  Director  of  the  Mint,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  all 
the  provisions  of  law  relative  to  the  coinage  and  legal-tender  quality  of  the  present 
silver  dollar  shall  be  applicable  to  the  coins  issued  under  this  act,  and  when  so  coined 
there  is  thereby  appropriated  from  the  Treasury  the  said  fifty  thousand  of  souvenir 
dollars;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  authorized  to  place  the  same  at  the  dis¬ 
posal  of  the  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission,  a  commission  organized  under  the 
direction  and  authority  of  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  nineteen  hundred. 

The  designs  for  the  Lafayette  dollar  were  agreed  upon  by  the  execu¬ 
tive  committee  of  the  commission  and  approved  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  and  the  coins  struck  December  14,  1899,  the  one  hun¬ 
dredth  anniversary  of  the  death  of  Washington. 

This  first  coin  of  this  special  issue  was  presented  by  the  commis¬ 
sion  to  President  McKinley,  who  in  turn  presented  the  same  to  Presi¬ 
dent  Loubet,  of  France,  appointing  as  special  envoy  of  the  United 


174  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


States,  for  the  purpose  of  making*  the  presentation,  Robert  J.  Thomp¬ 
son,  of  Illinois.  An  elaborate  receptacle  of  gold  and  silver,  with 
appropriate  emblematic  designs,  was  made  for  the  coin,  and  on  the  3d 
of  March,  1900,  in  special  audience  at  the  President’s  palace  in  Paris, 
the  presentation  was  made.  The  following  brief  address  was  made  by 
the  special  envoy  of  the  United  States: 

Mr.  President:  In  behalf  of  His  Excellency  the  President  of  the  United  States,  I 
have  the  distinguished  honor  of  extending  to  you,  the  high  representative  of  the 
people  of  France,  salutations  and  greetings  of  friendship. 

On  the  19th  of  October,  1898,  the  anniversary  of  the  victory  at  Yorktown  of  the 
French  and  American  arms  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  the  American  school  youth  were 
invited  by  the  President  and  governors  of  the  several  States  of  the  United  States  to 
contribute  their  pennies  toward  the  erection  of  a  monument  in  Paris  to  a  son  of 
France,  our  great  and  venerated  ally,  General  Lafayette.  The  response  of  the  chil¬ 
dren  was  universal,  the  movement  a  splendid  success.  In  further  aid  and  in  honor 
of  the  work  an  issue  of  50,000  souvenir  silver  dollars  was  appropriated  and  ordered 
struck  by  Congress. 

Of  these  50,000  Lafayette  dollars  the  first  to  issue  from  the  mint  was  especially 
preserved  for  Your  Excellency  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  I  have  now 
the  distinguished  honor,  Mr.  President,  of  presenting  to  you  this  coin,  a  simple  and 
sympathetic  token,  in  his  name  and  for  the  people  of  the  United  States. 

I  voice  the  sentiments  of  my  countrymen  when  I  express  the  hope  that  this 
memorial  dollar,  stamped  with  the  likenesses  of  Washington  and  Lafayette,  may 
remain  always,  as  it  is  to-day,  an  emblem  of  the  amity  of  purpose  of  the  two  great 
Republics  of  the  world. 

In  reply",  President  Loubet  said  he  was  deeply  touched  by  the  kind 
thought  of  America’s  President  and  people,  and  particularly  hy  the 
gracious  manner  in  which  the  coin  was  presented  to  him  byT  the  special 
envoy.  He  begged  the  latter  to  be  the  interpreter  to  the  President  of 
his  warmest  thanks  and  sentiments  toward  President  McKinley  and 
the  American  nation,  which  animated  the  President  and  Government 
of  the  French  Republic.  M.  Loubet  said  he  congratulated  himself  on 
receiving  this  souvenir,  which  was  a  fresh  pledge  of  reciprocal  tics  of 
esteem  and  friendship  which  had  so  long  united  France  and  the  United 
States  and  which  he  hoped  to  see  draw  closer  and  stronger  more  and 
more. 

President  Loubet  concluded  with  saying  that  it  was  especially 
agreeable  to  him  that  the  mission  was  intrusted  to  Mr.  Thompson,  in 
view  of  the  initiatory  part  which  he  took  in  the  subscriptions  of  the 
school  children  of  the  United  States  to  erect  a  monument  to  General 
Lafayette  in  Paris. 

Following  is  a  reproduction  of  the  report  made  to  President  McKin¬ 
ley  on  the  presentation  of  the  souvenir  coin  and  casket: 

Paris,  France,  March  8 ,  1900. 

To  tiie  President: 

Pursuant  to  the  performance  of  the  commission  kindly  intrusted  to  me  by  you  of 
presenting  to  the  President  of  the  French  Republic  the  first  Lafayette  dollar,  I  have 
the  honor  to  report  to  you  as  follows: 

On  the  3d  instant,  in  company  of  the  ambassador  of  the  United  States  to  France, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  175 


Gen.  Horace  Porter,  to  whom  the  successful  execution  of  my  mission  should  in  large 
measure  be  credited,  I  was  received  by  the  President  of  the  French  Republic  in 
special  audience  at  the  Elysee  Palais,  where,  in  the  presence  of  his  official  household 
and  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  for  France,  M.  Delcasse,  the  presentation  was 
made. 

I  was  highly  gratified  at  the  pleasure  evidenced  by  the  President  of  the  French 
Republic  in  receiving  the  souvenir  and  casket,  and  profoundly  impressed  by  the 
numerous  official  courtesies  of  a  most  sympathetic  character  shown  your  special  com¬ 
missioner  on  this  occasion. 

The  President  begged  me  to  convey  to  you  his  warmest  thanks  and  to  express  his 
sincere  sentiments  of  sympathy  for  Your  Excellency  and  the  American  nation. 

I  have  the  honor,  Mr.  President,  to  inclose  herewith  copies  of  the  remarks  addressed 
by  your  special  commissioner  to  the  President  and  his  response  thereto. 

With  great  respect,  I  am,  very  faithfully, 

Your  obedient  servant,  Robert  J.  Thompson, 

Special  Commissioner ,  etc. 

It  may  be  remarked  that,  aside  from  the  purely  moral  and  sympa¬ 
thetic  effect  of  the  presentation  of  this  souvenir  medal  or  coin  to  the 
President  of  the  French  Republic,  the  act  had  the  further  effect  of 
acquainting  the  people  of  that  country  and  of  the  world  generally  with 
the  plan  and  significance  of  the  work  of  the  Lafayette  Memorial  Com¬ 
mission  in  giving  to  France,  from  the  children  of  America,  a  monu¬ 
ment  to  General  Lafayette. 

In  further  official  cooperation  with  the  Lafayette  Commission  Con¬ 
gress  passed  the  following  resolution,  introduced  in  the  Senate  May 
12  by  the  late  Senator  Davis,  of  Minnesota: 

Whereas  the  school  children  of  the  United  States  have,  by  their  contributions  of 
the  sum  of  $50,000,  provided  a  statue  of  Lafayette,  which,  with  the  approval  of  the 
French  Government,  is  to  be  unveiled  at  Paris,  France,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1900;  and 

Whereas  the  United  States  by  act  of  Congress  approved  March  3,  1899,  appro¬ 
priated  the  sum  of  50,000  silver  dollars  of  the  United  States  for  the  purpose  of  aid¬ 
ing  in  defraying  the  cost  of  a  pedestal  to  said  statue:  Therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  people  of  the  United  States  anticipate  and  appreciate  this  cere¬ 
mony  with  feelings  of  the  greatest  satisfaction  and  regard  the  statue  as  expressing 
the  honor  and  gratitude  with  which  they  cherish  the  memory  of  Lafayette  and  those 
of  his  countrymen  who,  by  their  arms  and  counsel,  assisted  in  securing  the  inde¬ 
pendence  of  the  United  States. 

That  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  requested  to  transmit  a  copy  of 
the  resolutions  to  the  Government  of  France. 

The  foregoing  resolutions  brought  forth  from  the  French  Govern¬ 
ment  the  following  resolutions  respecting  the  Lafayette  Monument: 

Resolved,  That  on  the  occasion  of  the  inauguration  of  the  monument  erected  to  the 
memory  of  Lafayette  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  expresses  to  the  American  nation  the 
gratitude  of  France  for  the  gift  of  a  monument  which  will  perpetuate  between  the  two 
Republics  memories  equally  dear  to  both. 

M.  Monis,  keeper  of  the  seals,  representing  the  ministry,  said  the 
Government  was  happy  to  see  the  two  French  Chambers  associated  in 
the  sentiments  of  gratitude  which  the  French  Government  was  about 
to  transmit  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States  of  America.  It 
was  a  fresh  guaranty  of  the  friendship  which  united  the  two  peoples. 


176  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


M.  Delcasse,  minister  for  foreign  affairs,  declared  44  the  Government, 
which  has  already  sent  to  Washington  the  expression  of  our  gratitude, 
desires  to  be  associated  with  the  vote.” 

M.  Paul  Deschanel,  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  speaking 
to  the  resolution,  said: 

I  am  happy  to  note  the  unanimity  of  sentiment  which  the  Chamber  has  just 
expressed.  I  shall  immediately  transmit,  through  the  usual  diplomatic  channel,  to 
the  Government  of  the  United  States  a  resolution  which  once  more  shows  the  long¬ 
standing  friendship  which  unites  the  two  Republics. 

DEDICATION  •  OF  THE  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT. 

[July  4,  1900.] 

That  concord  of  purpose  and  arms  in  the  sacred  cause  of  human  lib¬ 
erty  which  has  been  a  peculiar  bond  between  the  American  and  French 
Republics  throughout  the  whole  existence  of  the  one  and  even  before 
the  birth  of  the  latter  was  symbolized  at  Paris,  July  4,  in  a  wa}^  par¬ 
alleled  only  by  the  magnificent  reception  given  the  living  Lafayette 
when  he  revisited  in  1824  the  land  his  sword  had  helped  to  free.  On 
this  the  day  ever  sacred  to  American  liberty  the  Lafayette  Monu¬ 
ment,  given  by  the  school  children  of  the  United  States,  was  unveiled 
in  Paris — an  enduring  monument,  not  only  to  the  personal  man  whose 
memory  will  alwa}Ts  be  a  link  between  these  two  great  peoples,  but  a 
striking  testimonial  of  the  living  faith  of  the  present  generation  in  the 
divine  right  of  man,  which  he  so  gloriously  upheld  on  two  continents. 

In  keen  appreciation  of  the  spirit  in  which  this  testimonial  is  ten¬ 
dered,  and  perfect  sympathy  with  its  purpose,  France  gave  the  best 
she  had  to  make  it  effective  and  complete.  In  the  beautiful  court  of 
the  Louvre,  embowered  in  green  trees  and  surrounded  by  gray  walls 
of  historic  associations,  the  site  once  set  apart  for  the  apotheosis  of 
French  patriotism,  the  first  Napoleon,  now  stands  the  magnificent 
equestrian  statue  of  General  Lafayette.  The  environment  is  ideal. 
The  ceremony  of  inauguration,  impressive  to  the  thousands  present, 
was  carried  out  with  all  the  success  that  could  be  desired. 

Fifty  feet  high  from  the  base  of  the  pedestal  to  the  top  of  the  statue, 
the  monument  stood  draped  with  an  immense  American  flag,  above 
which  part  of  its  white  outlines  showed  in  the  sunlight.  The  final 
work,  which  is  to  be  done  in  bronze,  will  be  completed  in  about  two 
years.  The  sculptor,  Mr.  Paul  W.  Bartlett,  constructed  for  the  occa¬ 
sion  a  plaster  model  of  the  definite  size  of  the  finished  monument. 
Around  the  monument  rose  tiers  of  seats  in  four  tribunes,  occupied 
by  the  highest  official  representatives  of  the  two  countries  and  a 
thousand  invited  guests. 

The  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  were  opened  by  Gen.  Horace 
Porter,  LL.  D.,  ambassador  of  the  United  States  to  France  and  presi¬ 
dent  of  the  day  on  the  dedicatory  programme.  Speaking  in  English 
the  ambassador  said: 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  177 


AMBASSADOR  PORTER’S  SPEECH. 

In  the  name  of  the  school  children  of  the  United  States,  whose  generous  contribu¬ 
tions  made  possible  the  erection  of  the  imposing  statue  which  is  about  to  be  unveiled, 
and  in  the  name  of  our  Government,  which  added  so  liberal  a  donation  to  the  fund, 
I  extend  to  all  here  present  a  cordial  welcome.  Upon  this  day,  the  anniversary  of  our 
country’s  birth,  within  sight  of  yonder  memorable  concourse  of  the  nations,  in  the 
presence  of  this  vast  assemblage  of  the  representatives  and  citizens  of  the  Old  World 
and  the  New,  and  in  memory  of  a  struggle  in  which  French  and  American  blood 
moistened  the  same  soil  in  battles  fought  for  a  common  cause,  it  is  a  fitting  occasion 
upon  which  to  solemnly  dedicate  a  monument  in  honor  of  a  hero  of  two  continents, 
the  immortal  Lafayette.  This  statue  is  a  gift  from  the  land  of  his  adoption  to  the 
land  of  his  birth.  Its  purpose  is  to  recall  the  record  of  his  imperishable  deeds;  to 
testify  that  his  name  is  not  a  dead  memory,  but  a  living  reality;  to  quicken  our  sense 
of  appreciation  and  emphasize  the  fidelity  of  our  affection.  A  recital  of  his  deeds 
inspires  us  with  the  grandeur  of  events  and  the  majesty  of  achievement.  He  needs 
no  eulogist.  His  services  attest  his  worth.  He  honored  the  age  in  which  he  lived, 
and  future  generations  will  be  illumined  by  the  brightness  of  his  fame. 

In  French  the  ambassador  said: 

I  extend  a  cordial  greeting  to  all  who  have  gathered  with  us  to-day  to  take  part  in 
an  event  of  international  importance.  Americans  do  not  fail  to  appreciate  pro¬ 
foundly  this  evidence  of  sympathy,  especially  on  the  part  of  the  high  officials  of  the 
French  Republic  and  the  eminent  representatives  of  foreign  powers  whose  presence 
here  honors  the  occasion  and  adds  distinction  to  the  ceremonies.  We  assemble  here 
upon  the  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of  the  American  Union  to  inaugurate  a  statue 
which  the  school  children  of  the  United  States  present  to  the  country  which  gen¬ 
erously  cast  its  strength  with  us  in  battling  for  our  national  independence.  This 
monument  is  the  tribute  paid  by  grateful  hearts  to  the  memory  of  a  man  who  had 
the  rare  good  fortune  to  be  the  hero  of  two  countries,  and  who  was  the  highest  per¬ 
sonification  of  the  great  principle  of  liberty  secured  by  law;  a  man  who  in  America 
as  well  as  in  France,  at  all  times  and  in  all  places,  was  ever  ready  to  make  the  most 
heroic  sacrifices  whenever  liberty  needed  aid  or  weakness  called  for  help;  the  friend 
and  pupil  of  Washington,  the  chivalrous  Lafayette. 

During  the  sanguinary  struggle  which  resulted  in  securing  liberty  to  the  American 
colonies  there  were  some  who  gave  to  the  cause  their  sympathies,  others  a  part  of 
their  means,  but  Lafayette  shed  his  blood.  He  gave  a  part  of  himself. 

Living,  he  was  honored  by  the  affection  of  his  American  comrades;  dead,  he  is 
enshrined  in  the  hearts  of  their  posterity. 

In  erecting  this  statue  to  this  great  representative  soldier  America  has  at  the  same 
time  raised  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  every  Frenchman  who  fought  for  the 
cause  of  our  national  independence. 

May  the  presentation  of  this  gift  and  the  good  wishes  which  accompany  it 
strengthen  between  the  two  great  sister  Republics  the  bonds  of  friendship  which 
have  so  long  united  them,  and  which  nothing  should  be  permitted  to  weaken. 

The  president  of  the  day  then  introduced  Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 
honorary  president  of  the  Lafayette  Memorial  Commission  and 
Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition, 
who,  in  the  following  address,  presented  the  monument  to  France. 


S.  Doc.  232 - 12 


178  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Mr.  Peck  said: 

ADDRESS  OF  HON.  FERDINAND  W.  PECK,  HONORARY  PRESIDENT  AND  COMMISSIONER- 

GENERAL. 

Mr.  Ambassador,  Mr.  President  of  the  Republic,  Distinguished  Guests,  Ladies, 
and  Gentlemen:  France,  a  great  nation  across  the  sea  salutes  thee  to-day.  Her 
children  bowed  in  gratitude  pay  thee  homage  for  the  heroic  deeds  of  thy  country¬ 
man,  who  came  with  sword  and  treasure  to  succor  a  struggling  people.  On  this, 
the  Independence  Day  of  the  United  States  of  America,  our  youth  plant  a  tribute 
upon  thy  soil  to  the  memory  of  our  knight  of  liberty,  our  champion  of  freedom,  the 
immortal  son  of  France,  the  rescuer  of  the  oppressed — your  Lafayette,  our 
Lafayette.  The  spirit  of  liberty  moved  him  to  leave  home  ties,  comforts,  fortune; 
moved  him  to  cross  boisterous  seas  during  weeks  of  peril,  in  order  to  battle  beside 
our  ancestry  for  that  freedom  which  underlies  the  development  of  the  great  Western 
Empire,  an  empire  which  has  since  contributed  so  much  in  men,  in  thought,  in 
achievement,  to  advance  the  civilization  of  the  world  during  the  century  now  about 
to  close. 

The  love  for  freedom,  that  friendship,  that  sacrifice,  that  patience,  that  heroism, 
which  brought  General  Lafayette  to  the  shores  of  the  new  continent  to  stand  side 
by  side  with  our  Washington  when  a  nation  ^vas  in  the  throes  of  its  birth,  when  our 
forefathers  saw  no  light  through  an  almost  hopeless  gloom,  will  give  an  undying 
incentive  to  patriotism  and  live  in  grateful  memory  so  long  as  our  institutions  shall 
endure.  He  came  that  we  might  live;  he  prayed  for  the  perpetuity  of  the  nation 
for  which  he  fought.  These  are  his  words:  “  May  this  immense  temple  of  freedom 
ever  stand  a  lesson  to  oppressors,  an  example  to  the  oppressed,  and  a  sanctuary  for 
the  rights  of  mankind!  And  may  these  happy  United  States  attain  that  complete 
splendor  and  prosperity  which  shall  illustrate  the  blessings  of  our  Government,  and 
for  ages  to  come  rejoice  the  departed  souls  of  its  founders.”  That  prayer,  by  the 
grace  of  God,  has  proven  a  prophetic  invocation. 

In  thus  eulogizing  thy  son,  we  do  not  forget,  O  France,  thy  generous  gift  in  our 
hour  of  need.  We  do  not  forget  that  out  of  thy  treasury  came  timely  support  to  our 
impoverished  young  country,  when  our  struggle  of  the  Revolution  was  done.  We 
do  not  forget  these  words  you  uttered :  ‘  ‘  Keep  one- third  of  what  we  have  loaned 
you  as  a  gift  of  friendship,  and  when  with  the  years  there  comes  prosperity  you  can 
pay  the  rest  without  interest.”  For  this  our  country  to-day  pays  thee  homage  with 
tears  of  gratitude.  We  also  thank  thee  for  the  hallowed  ground  where  a  nation’s 
children  lovingly  place  this  offering;  for  this  beautiful  site  in  thy  historic  Garden  of 
the  Tuileries,  made  sacred  by  a  thousand  memories  of  thy  past.  Here,  surrounded 
by  great  palaces  filled  with  the  works  of  the  grandest  masters,  will  stand  forever 
this  memorial.  But  we  thank  thee  above  all  for  Lafayette.  From  thy  soil  he 
came  with  his  banner  of  freedom  to  lift  the  yoke  of  oppression  which  our  forefathers 
endured  in  the  eighteenth  century.  When  in  our  struggling  colonies  the  altar  fires 
of  liberty  were  burning  low,  our  hero  fanned  with  his  enthusiasm  the  slumbering 
embers  into  an  undying  flame;  and  after  this  noble  work  was  done  he  caught  up  a 
spark  that,  when  carried  back  to  his  country,  burned  into  the  stones  of  Paris  that 
trinity  of  words  so  dear  to  the  French  heart,  “  Liberte,  egalite,  fraternite.” 

And  now,  in  behalf  of  our  great  Republic,  the  representatives  of  which  in  Congress 
assembled  supplemented  the  gift  of  our  youth  in  placing  here  this  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  a  nation’s  defender,  and  in  behalf  of  the  Lafayette  Memorial  Com¬ 
mission,  organized  to  execute  the  thought  of  our  children,  it  is  our  duty  and  our 
great  privilege  to  present  to  thee,  France,  this  monument  to  the  memory  of  our 
knight,  whose  noble  deeds  a  nation  will  never  forget.  His  ashes  lie  in  a  tomb  which 
needs  no  fragrant  floral  offerings,  for — 

“  The  actions  of  the  just 

Smell  sweet  to  heaven  and  blossom  in  the  dust.” 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  179 


In  this  hour  we  gather  around  the  shrine  of  the  richest,  purest  sentiment.  It  stirs 
the  soul  and  moistens  the  eye  to  think  of  the  thousands  of  little  hearts  from  whose 
impulse  came  the  sacred  fund  that  has  builded  this  tribute  to  the  intrepid  apostle  of 
freedom.  Legends  of  liberty  learned  at  the  knees  of  American  mothers  have  found 
their  holiest  expression  in  this  gift;  and  the  Puritan  boys  and  girls  who  read  the 
story  of  freedom  as  they  read  the  story  of  Christ  have  been  watching  and  waiting 
wit*n  us  for  this  sublime  moment. 

May  the  lovers  of  liberty  from  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  seek  this  sanctuary 
as  an  inspiration  for  the  oppressed  and  a  promise  of  the  redemption  of  mankind 
throughout  all  ages  to  come. 

During  the  rendition  of  a  march  especially  composed  for  the  occa¬ 
sion  by  John  Philip  Sousa,  entitled  “Hail  to  the  Spirit  of  Liberty,” 
played  first  at  this  time  by  “Sousa  and  his  band,”  the  monument  was 
unveiled.  The  unveiling*  was  performed  by  two  boys,  one  a  great- 
grandson  of  Lafayette,  Gustave  Hennoeque  de  Lafayette;  the  other, 
Paul  Thompson,  son  of  the  author  of  the  monument  project,  Robert 
J.  Thompson. 

Following  the  unveiling  of  the  monument,  His  Excellency  M.  Emile 
Loubet,  the  President  of  the  French  Republic,  was  introduced  by  the 
president  of  the  day. 

ADDRESS  OF  HIS  EXCELLENCY  M.  EMILE  LOUBET,  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  FRENCH  REPUBLIC. 

Gentlemen:  This  magnificent  monument  consecrates  the  century — old  friendship 
and  the  union  of  two  great  nations. 

Moved  by  a  generous  impulse,  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  the  Senate  have  associated  themselves  with  the  ceremony 
which  brings  us  together  before  the  image  of  this  common  ancestor;  but  the  credit 
of  originating  this  festival  is  due  to  school  children  fed  with  the  noblest  traditions 
and  the  best  examples  of  histpry.  I  am  happy  to  join  in  the  cordial  thanks  which 
the  Chambers  have  already  sent  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  and  which  I 
repeat  in  the  name  of  the  whole  of  France. 

The  spectacle  of  these  two  republics,  penetrated  at  this  moment  by  the  same 
emotion  and  animated  by  the  same  thoughts,  is  not  less  a  lesson  than  a  f6te.  It 
shows  that  with  nations,  as  with  individuals,  the  calculations  of  selfishness  are  often 
more  hurtful  to  one’s  interest  than  generous  impulses  of  the  heart. 

When  Lafayette  crossed  the  sea  to  help  a  distant  people  to  win  its  independence, 
he  was  not  the  victim  of  a  Quixotic  folly;  he  had  a  deep  political  design;  he  went  to 
found  the  friendship  of  two  peoples  on  the  common  religion  of  patriotism  and 
liberty. 

This  friendship,  born  in  the  comradeship  of  arms,  has  developed  and  grown 
stronger  during  the  century  which  is  ending.  The  generations  which  succeed  us 
will  not  suffer  it  to  grow  weak;  they  will  rather  endeavor  to  multiply  friendly  rela¬ 
tions  and  intercourse  between  the  two  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  and  by  so  doing  give  a 
precious  pledge  of  peace  to  the  world  and  of  progress  to  humanity. 

In  introducing  the  next  speaker  Ambassador  Porter  took  occasion 
to  compliment  the  memorial  commission  and  the  people  of  the  two 
republics  on  the  fact  of  the  project  being  celebrated  having  arisen 
in  the  mind  of  a  schoolboy  to  whose  mature  years  and  zeal  the  success 


180  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARTS, 


of  the  enterprise  was  in  large  measure  due.  Robert  J.  Thompson 
then  spoke  for  the  children  of  America  as  follows: 

ADDRESS  OF  ROBERT  J.  THOMPSON  ON  BEHALF  OF  THE  CHILDREN. 

It  is  my  great  privilege  and  honor  to  speak  here  a  few  words  for  the  millions  of 
builders  of  this  memorial — for  the  children  of  America,  who,  assembled  in  their 
various  study  rooms  throughout  the  United  States,  gave  in  a  single  day  the  funds 
necessary  to  insure  the  success  of  this  monument,  long  deferred,  but  inevitable  from 
the  very  logic  of  history. 

On  that  day  a  tribute  was  paid  to  Lafayette  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  civiliza¬ 
tion.  From  the  great  universities  and  colleges  of  the  cities  to  the  remote  schools  of 
the  forest  and  plains,  in  every  dwelling  of  education  in  our  broad  land,  songs  of 
gratitude  and  praise  were  offered  up,  a  memorial  to  the  youthful  and  generous 
friends  of  our  fathers,  finding  lodgment,  we  doubt  not,  as  ideals  in  the  minds  of 
those  who,  in  the  future  years,  must  shape  the  destiny  of  their  country. 

There  were  schools  for  the  blind  and  the  deaf,  schools  for  the  Indians  of  Oklahoma 
and  Alaska,  scliools  for  the  negroes  of  the  sunny  South,  little  children  of  the  city 
kindergartens,  and  millions  from  the  regular  common  schools — all  sent  up  their  mites 
that  one  who  had  in  fact  offered  up  his  life,  his  fortune,  and  his  sacred  honor  that 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  might  become  a  thing  of  reality  and  life  should 
be  singled  out  more  than  a  century  later  as  the  ideal  patriot  whose  country  was  the 
world  and  whose  religion  was  human  freedom. 

This  monument,  to  be  finally  cast  with  alloys  of  precious  metals,  and  by  a  process 
used  only  by  the  great  masters  of  old,  is  the  work  of  artists  aflame  with  the  signifi¬ 
cance  of  the  subject.  We  believe  it  will  be  a  masterpiece  of  art.  We  know  that 
aesthetically  it  will  be  a  perpetual  testimonial  to  France  of  the  gratitude  of  a  nation 
the  pages  of  whose  history  can  neither  be  dimmed  by  age  nor  made  inglorious  by 
new  friends.  But  if  its  summit  reached  the  heavens  and  its  substance  were  of  pure 
gold  it  would  only  be  the  echo,  the  material  symbol  of  that  greater  monument 
raised  in  the  hearts  of  20,000,000  of  children  of  America  on  the  19th  of  October, 
1898.  To  the  children,  then,  of  our  country,  herself  the  daughter  of  Europe,  let 
the  honor  and  credit  be  of  rearing  this  structure.  Out  of  our  hearts  we  give  it  to 
France  and  the  world — a  monument  to  liberty  and  the  rights  of  man  for  all  times 
and  in  all  places,  a  monument  to  the  ideals  of  our  country,  and  a  challenge  to  the 
world  of  the  success  and  fruition  of  the  principles  of  the  founders  of  that  Govern¬ 
ment  born  on  this  day,  July  Fourth,  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  years  ago. 

Nations,  like  men,  live  largely  in  hopes  for  the  future  and  retrospection  of  the  past. 
We  are  a  puissant  people  to-day;  but,  looking  backward  to  those  days  when,  spring¬ 
ing  from  the  womb  of  the  Revolution,  we  began  the  search  for  progress,  we  observe 
a  nation  of  scarcely  3,000,000  people.  To-day  we  are  passing  into  the  twentieth 
century,  having  in  little  more  than  a  hundred  years  multiplied  our  population 
twenty-five  fold. 

Let  us  look  forward  a  century,  when,  if  it  please  God,  our  children’s  children  may 
gather  again  around  this  spot.  It  is  but  a  day  in  the  evolution  of  man,  and  yet  the 
United  States,  more  youthful  still  than  her  sister  nations  of  the  world,  shall  number 
over  a  billion  people.  A  thousand  million  free  and  independent  souls,  enjoying  the 
heritage  of  the  blessings  of  this  man’s  arms  and  sacrifice!  We  must,  in  the  logic  of 
events,  look  forward  to  that.  A  thousand  million  people  filling  the  plains  and  val¬ 
leys  of  Columbia,  as  the  teeming  millions  now  cover  Europe  and  Asia! 

The  impressions  of  youth  are  the  strongest;  they  stand  out  in  after  years  like 
beckoning  friends  drawing  us  onward  to  deeds  of  greatness  or  disaster.  And  it  is  by 
this  fact  that  the  children  of  America  will  profit  greater  in  this  affair  than  can  be 
measured.  The  inspiration  of  one  high  ideal  implanted  in  the  mind  of  a  boy  may 


THE  LAFAYETTE  MONUMENT,  LAFAYETTE  SQUARE,  PARIS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  181 


change  the  map  of  the  world,  advance  the  civilization  of  man  by  gigantic  strides,  or 
preserve  to  him,  if  need  be,  the  rights  and  institutions  of  liberty  purchased  in  the 
past  by  the  blood  and  brain  of  the  fathers. 

Let  the  boys  and  girls  of  America  build  for  that  portentous  day,  for  come  it  will. 
To  participate  in  the  shaping  for  the  future  of  this  great  structure  shall  be  the  pride 
of  the  twentieth  century  youth  of  America.  And  they  will  be  true  to  the  trust 
we  leave  them,  that  this  great  Government  may  stand  as  viewed  with  prophetic  eye 
by  Lafayette  forever  as  a  lesson  to  oppressors,  an  example  to  the  oppressed,  and  a 
sanctuary  for  the  rights  of  mankind. 

Mrs.  Daniel  Manning,  president  of  the  National  Society  of  Daugh¬ 
ters  of  the  American  Revolution,  was  introduced  by  General  Porter, 
and  spoke  as  follows: 

MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING’S  ADDRESS. 

We  have  come  together  in  this  city  of  romantic  and  historic  interest  to  honor  the 
memory  of  the  illustrious  Lafayette,  and  sunny  France  extends  a  gracious  welcome 
to  every  guest.  In  one  hand  the  brightness  of  the  south,  in  the  other  the  treasures 
of  the  north.  This  beautiful  city,  with  all  its  irresistible  splendor,  is  fortune’s 
favored  spot — between  extremes,  yet  where  they  meet  in  happy  harmony. 

We  are  here  to-day  to  render  our  homage  to  Lafayette,  our  admiration  for  his 
character,  our  gratitude  for  his  help,  and  our  attachment  for  the  principles  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty  for  which  he  encountered  ocean,  exile,  and  war  to  establish. 
The  bells  are  ringing  to-day  throughout  America  to  celebrate  the  birth  of  our  Repub¬ 
lic  and  the  names  of  Lafayette  and  Washington,  for  Lafayette’s  name  is  indissolubly 
linked  in  the  heart  of  every  American  with  the  Fourth  of  July. 

On  this  day,  on  lasting  foundations,  we  laid  the  cornerstone  of  our  Republic,  which 
your  copatriot  helped  us  to  rear.  As  men  of  old  builded  with  their  swords  by  their 
sides,  so  we  laid  stone  upon  stone  of  the  temple  to  liberty,  and  in  dark  and  perilous 
time  a  light  shone  from  over  the  waters.  That  star  of  hope  was  France,  and  the 
friendly  light  has  never  faded  from  our  sight;  and  to-day,  from  city  and  village,  from 
mountain  and  valley,  comes  a  spontaneous  outburst  from  every  heart  of  America  to 
swell  the  note  of  praise  in  our  national  celebration,  and  none  is  more  harmonious 
than  the  sound  that,  as  a  mighty  voice,  echoes  the  name  “Lafayette.” 

No  day  could  be  more  auspicious  for  the  unveiling  of  this  monument  than  the 
anniversary  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence — one  of  the  days  dedicated  ’to  the 
memory  of  Lafayette  on  our  historic  calandar,  our  national  holiday — a  fitting  time  to 
show  our  deep  sense  of  the  value  of  the  work  of  Lafayette. 

The  monument  is  the  loving  gift  of  the  young  people  of  America  who  have  offered 
of  their  treasures,  and  the  monument  will  not  only  be  a  monument  to  a  hero,  but 
the  permanent  memory  of  a  great  life  in  a  thousand  little  minds,  for  one  landmark 
of  history  written  in  stone  is  worth  a  hundred  written  in  ink.  It  is  with  gratitude 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  place  a  tablet  upon  this  monument. 
We  know  that  great  deeds  are  ‘  ‘  most  safely  deposited  in  the  remembrance  of  man¬ 
kind;  ”  we  know  that  no  tablet  less  broad  than  the  earth  itself  can  carry  knowledge 
of  the  American  Revolution  where  it  has  not  already  gone;  that  no  monument  can 
outlive  the  memory  of  the  deeds  of  Lafayette.  But  our  objectin  placing  this  tablet  is 
to  give  some  proof  of  our  gratitude  to  Lafayette  and  of  our  conviction  of  the  benefits 
he  conferred  upon  our  land  and  of  the  happy  influences  that  have  been  produced  by 
the  American  Revolution  upon  the  interests  of  mankind. 

On  this  bright  and  happy  occasion,  when  we  pay  our  tribute  to  the  noble  life  of  a 
hero  and  patriot,  we  are  reminded  that  in  honor,  virtue,  and  valor  the  world  is  one 
nation,  one  people,  with  one  language  and  one  tongue.  No  seas  can  separate  the  ties 
of  sympathy  nor  the  fellowship  of  great  aspirations.  All  nations  and  all  peoples  unite 
with  one  heart  and  one  voice  in  crowning  the  heroes  of  every  land  and  race.  It  is 


182  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


not  then  as  America’s  hero  alone,  nor  as  the  hero  of  France  alone,  that  we  desire  to 
perpetuate  the  memory  of  General  de  Lafayette,  but  as  a  hero  possessing  those  traits 
that  all  mankind  delight  to  honor  wherever  worth  is  valued  and  great  ideals  are  the 
aspiration  and  hope  of  the  brave  and  the  true.  The  fame  of  such  a  character  can 
be  measured  only  by  the  limit  of  the  world’s  gratitude.  As  it  was  said  of  Washing¬ 
ton  that  he  was  “First  in  peace,”  so  General  Lafayette  was  a  soldier  who  fought  only 
to  secure  the  blessings  of  peace,  and  this  is  the  true  hero.  To  a  man  who  wars  for 
strife  and  conquest  only  we  can  never  give  that  warm  admiration  which  is  the  spon- 
taneons  outburst  of  our  praise.  But  Lafayette  was  the  representative,  knight  errant, 
hero,  and  apostle  of  liberty,  and  his  career  is  conspicuous  for  the  rarest  fidelity,  the 
purest  principle,  and  the  most  chivalrous  courage,  not  only  for  his  owTn  country,  but 
for  a  country  then  without  a  name,  united  to  him  by  no  ties  of  blood,  language,  oi* 
traditions.  With  no  spur  of  future  emoluments  nor  incentive  of  personal  ties,  he  came 
to  espouse  the  cause  of  the  American  people  according  to  the  principles  of  the  Declara¬ 
tion  which  unfolded  before  his  eyes  the  consecrated  standard  of  human  rights.  lie 
crossed  the  ocean  and  offered  his  sword  to  distant,  unknown  fellow-men  striving 
for  liberty.  And  how  completely  his  sympathy  was  with  America  is  shown  in  a 
letter  to  his  wife,  when  he  writes:  “I  hope  for  my  sake  you  will  become  a  good 
American.”  His  was  the  most  tender  friendship  to  Washington  that  history  records; 
and  to  the  boy  hero  was  given  the  grateful  thanks  of  a  free  people,  and  the  depth  of 
that  gratitude  was  shown  when  on  his  return  to  America  forty  years  after,  everyone 
vied  in  paying  him  homage,  as  expressed  in  the  words  of  a  popular  song: 

“We  bow  not  the  neck, 

We  bend  not  the  knee, 

But  our  hearts,  Lafayette, 

We  surrender  to  thee.” 

He  cast  his  fortunes  in  with  us  when  we  stood  alone.  He  fought  for  us  when  we 
had  no  credit,  and  his  hand  helped  to  guard  the  cradle  of  America’s  liberty.  And 
now  that  we  have  come  to  a  full  measure  of  our  strength,  we  value  his  proffered  aid 
above  everything  that  can  be  counted  or  told.  We  hailed  him  in  our  adversity,  and  in 
our  prosperity  we  will  redouble  our  acclamations  in  his  honor.  From  the  time  of  the 
discovery  of  our  country  we  owe  a  debt  to  those  nations  who  gave  us  of  their  best — 
from  the  early  Christian  pioneers  from  France  whose  lives  and  deaths  consecrated  our 
soil  to  those  who  later  came  to  help  us  in  our  independence.  And  the  name  of 
Lafayette  is  forever  inscribed  in  letters  of  gold  upon  the  tablet  of  our  memories  and 
the  history  which  commemorates  the  name  “America.” 

And  thus,  “with  hands  across  the  sea,”  America  joins  in  this  tribute  to  her,  to 
our,  to  the  world’s  hero — Lafayette,  the  friend  of  America,  the  fellow-soldier  of 
Washington,  the  patriot  of  two  countries. 

General  Porter  then  introduced  Miss  TarquiniaL.  Voss,  of  Indianapo¬ 
lis,  Ind.,  representative  of  the  General  Society  of  the  Daughters  of 
the  lie  volution,  who  read  the  following  dedication  poem,  written  for 
the  occasion  by  Frank  Arthur  Putnam: 

DEDICATION  ODE. 

1. 

To  France,  as  to  the  sister  of  her  soul, 

Columbia  sends  this  wreath  of  immortelle, 

Green  for  the  grave  of  her  immortal  son. 

Columbia  rears  this  love-engirdled  shaft, 

The  tribute  of  her  children,  and  the  prayer 
That  never  in  all  the  changing  after  years 
Shall  night  o’ertake  the  fame  of  Lafayette. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


183 


2. 

Our  fathers’  fathers  knew  him  face  to  face; 

They  grasped  his  hand  in  gladness  when  he  came; 
They  heard  him,  wise  at  council  in  the  hall; 

They  saw  him  like  a  lion  in  the  field; 

A  light  heart  that  was  stranger  to  despair; 

A  brave  heart  that  was  buoyant  in  the  fight; 

A  true  heart  that  in  triumph  or  defeat 
Was  steadfast  to  its  purpose  as  the  stars. 

3. 

i 

He  did  not  ask  for  honors  or  for  gold; 

He  volunteered  to  follow,  not  to  lead. 

But  chivalry  was  conscious  of  its  kind, 

So  our  great  Captain  took  him  to  his  arms, 

And  love  has  twined  the  chaplet  for  his  brow. 
Where  History,  cowed  and  solemn,  pens  his  tale, 
Beneath  the  line  that  sets  his  titles  forth, 

Be  this  the  legend  writ  across  the  page: 

When  freedom’s  feet  were  weary  in  the  wilds, 

He  thrust  his  sword  between  her  and  her  foes. 

4. 

Republic  to  Republic !  Yonder  sea, 

That  bore  your  standards  to  us  in  our  need, 

Shall  rise  in  mist  and  wonder  amid  the  worlds 
Ere  ever  the  debt  we  owe  you  be  forgot — 

Ere  ever  the  debt  Man  owes  you  be  repaid. 

Yea,  on  this  day  to  Freedom  consecrate, 

We  pledge  anew  beside  the  Hero’s  bier 
Unfaltering  faith  to  that  eternal  Truth 
In  whose  behalf  he  made  our  cause  his  own, 
Beneath  whose  banner  he  led  our  ragged  hosts 
With  Washington  from  darkness  to  the  day. 


5. 

Come  Britain,  elder  brother  of  our  blood; 

Prophetic  Slav  and  German  patriot,  come; 

Italia,  Hellas,  peaks  in  Time’s  long  range; 

Swiss  from  the  heights  where  Freedom’s  holy  fires, 

Through  centuries  of  oppression  on  the  plain, 

Blazed  beacon-like  above  a  struggling  world — 

Come,  brown  men  from  the  emancipated  isles, 

Our  kinsmen  and  copartners  that  shall  be; 

Lovers  of  men  in  all  the  wide  earth’s  lands, 

Columbia  bids  you  kneel  with  her  this  day, 

And  now  above  the  dust  of  Lafayette, 

In  his  white  name  beseech  Almighty  God 
To  quicken  in  us  the  spirit  that  was  his — 

The  son  of  France  and  brother  of  all  mankind. 

The  most  Rev.  Archibishop  John  Ireland,  of  St.  Paul,  the  orator  of 
the  day,  was  then  introduced  by  Ambassador  Porter.  In  introducing 


184  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Archbishop  Ireland  General  Porter  read  the  followng  letter  from 
President  McKinley: 


THE  PRESIDENT’S  LETTER. 


Executive  Mansion, 
Washington ,  D.  C.,  June  11,  1900. 

Dear  Sir:  Within  a  few  days  I  have  approved  a  resolution  of  Congress  which 
voices  in  fitting  terms  the  profound  sympathy  with  which  our  people  regard  the 
presentation  to  France  by  the  youth  of  America  of  a  statue  of  General  Lafayette. 
It  has  given  me  much  pleasure  to  learn  that  you  have  been  selected  to  deliver  the 
address  on  this  most  interesting  occasion. 

No  more  eminent  representation  of  American  eloquence  and  patriotism  could 
have  been  chosen  and  none  who  could  better  give  appropriate  expression  to  the  sen¬ 
timents  of  gratitude  and  affection  which  bind  our  people  to  France. 

I  will  be  grateful  if  you  will  say  how  we  honor  in  our  National  Capital  the  statue 
of  Lafayette,  erected  by  the  French  people,  and  convey  my  hope  that  the  presenta¬ 
tion  of  a  similar  memorial  of  that  knightly  soldier,  whom  both  Republics  are  proud 
to  claim,  may  serve  as  a  new  link  of  friendship  between  the  two  countries  and  anew 
incentive  to  generous  rivalry  in  striving  for  the  good  of  mankind. 

Very  sincerely,  yours, 


William  McKinley. 


Right  Rev.  John  Ireland, 

Archbishop  of  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


ADDRESS  OF  ARCHBISHOP  IRELAND. 


To-day  a  nation  speaks  her  gratitude  to  a  nation,  America  proclaims  her  remem¬ 
brance  of  priceless  favors  conferred  upon  her  by  France. 

France,  America  salutes  thee!  America  thanks  thee.  Great  is  her  obligation;  not 
unequal  to  it  is  her  gratitude. 

We  speak  to  France  in  the  name  of  America,  under  commission  from  her  Chief 
Magistrate,  William  McKinley,  from  her  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  from 
her  youths  who  throng  her  schools,  and  from  the  tens  of  millions  of  her  people  who 
rejoice  in  the  rich  inheritance  won  in  years  past  by  the  allied  armies  of  France  and 
America.  We  are  bidden  by  America  to  give  in  the  hearing  of  the  world  testimony 
of  her  gratitude  to  France. 

Once  weak  and  poor,  in  sore  need  of  sympathy  and  succor,  to-day  the  peer  of  the 
mightiest,  self-sufficing,  asking  for  naught  save  the  respect  and  friendship  to  which 
her  merits  may  entitle  her,  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  of  America  holds  in 
loving  remembrance  the  nation  from  which  in  the  days  of  her  dire  necessity  there 
came  to  her  powerful  and  chivalrous  support. 

Noble  men  and  noble  nations  forgive  injuries;  they  never  forget  favors. 

On  the  fourth  day  of  July,  in  the  year  1776,  the  American  Colonies  of  Great  Britain 
made  proclamation  of  their  freedom  and  independence.  A  nation  was  born — born 
in  the  name  of  the  rights  of  manhood  and  citizenship — in  the  name  of  civil  and 
political  liberty.  But  soon  fleets  and  armies  were  speeding  across  the  sea  to  make 
America’s  proclamation  null  and  void.  Although  large  numbers  of  the  people  of 
Great  Britian  were  not  enemies  of  America,  and  although  the  civil  and  political  right 
in  defense  of  which  the  colonists  had  risen  in  rebellion  were  substantially  such  as  the 
English  people  had  imperiously  demanded  and  won  for  themselves,  yet  King  and 
Parliament  had  resolved  that  liberty  would  not  reign  in  America.  War  burst  forth. 
Was  the  new-born  nation  to  be  allowed  to  live,  or  was  liberty,  at  whose  command 
she  had  sprung  into  being,  to  be  driven  from  earth  before  the  anxious  gaze  of 
humanity?  Such  was  the  awful  issue  that  was  thrown  into  the  scales  of  destiny! 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  185 


Bunker  Hill,  Trenton,  Saratoga,  Monmouth  tells  us  of  the  skill  of  America’s  com¬ 
manders  and  the  valor  of  her  soldiers.  All  that  brave  hearts  and  stout  arms  could 
do,  Washington  and  his  volunteers  were  sure  to  do.  But  yet,  could  America  hope  for 
ultimate  triumph?  She  had  only  a  limited  population  from  which  to  recruit  her 
defenders;  she  was  without  money  to  purchase  food  and  clothing,  arms  and  ammu¬ 
nition;  she  owned  no  navy;  and  the  nation  with  which  she  was  confronted  was  one 
whose  exchequer  was  exhaustless,  whose  soldiers  and  seamen  were  legion,  whose 
ships  plowed  every  ocean  of  the  earth.  There  was  before  America  the  peril  of 
crushing  defeat  on  the  battlefield;  there  was  before  her  the  peril  of  the  gloom  of 
despair,  darkening  the  skies  above  her,  benumbing  the  souls  of  her  people  and  ren¬ 
dering  them  powerless  to  turn  to  best  advantage  even  the  meager  resources  at  their 
disposal. 

There  is  a  land  which  is  above  all  other  lands  the  land  of  chivalry,  of  noble  impulse 
and  generous  sacrifice,  the  land  of  devotion  to  ideals.  At  the  call  of  a  high-born 
principle  her  sons,  with  souls  attuned  by  nature  to  the  harmonies  of  the  true  and 
the  beautiful,  leap  instinctively  into  the  arena,  resolved  at  any  cost  to  render  such 
principle  a  reality  in  the  life  current  of  humanity.  The  pages  of  its  history  are 
glistening  with  the  names  of  heroes  and  martyrs,  of  knightly  soldiers  and  saintly 
missionaries.  It  is  of  France  I  speak. 

At  the  close  of  the  last  century  France  was,  more  than  ever,  ready  to  harken  to  an 
appeal  made  in  the  name  of  human  rights.  The  spirit  of  liberty  was  hovering  over 
the  land,  never  again  to  depart  from  it,  even  if  for  a  time  baffled  in  its  aspirations  by 
the  excesses  of  friends  or  the  oppression  of  foes. 

To  France  America  turned  and  spoke  her  hopes  and  fears;  her  messengers  pleaded 
her  cause  in  Paris.  Quick  and  generous  was  the  response  which  France  gave  to  the 
appeal. 

Gilbert  du  Motier,  Marquis  de  Lafayette.  Oh,  that  words  of  mine  could  express 
the  full  burning  love  which  our  Revolutionary  sires  did  bear  to  this  illustrious  son  of 
old  Auvergne.  Oh,  that  I  could  pronounce  his  name  with  the  reverence  with  which 
my  countrymen  across  the  sea  wish  me  to  pronounce  it  before  the  people  of  France. 

In  America  two  names  are  the  idols  of  our  national  worship,  the  burden  of  fireside 
tales,  the  inspiration  of  the  poet’s  song,  the  theme  of  the  orator’s  discourse— the 
name  of  him  who  was  the  father  of  his  country,  George  Washington,  and  the  name 
of  him  who  was  a  true  and  trusty  friend  of  Washington,  Gilbert  Motier,  Marquis  de 
Lafayette. 

Strange  were  it  if  America  did  not  cherish  the  name  of  Lafayette.  He  loved 
America.  ‘ ‘  From  the  moment  that  I  heard  the  name  of  America, ’ ’  said  he,  “I  loved 
her;  from  the  moment  I  learned  of  her  struggles  for  liberty,  I  was  inflamed  with  the 
desire  of  shedding  my  blood  for  her.”  He  understood,  above  most  men  of  his  time, 
the  full  significance  of  America’s  contest.  “  Never,”  said  he,  “  had  so  noble  a  pur¬ 
pose  offered  itself  to  the  judgment  of  men;  it  was  the  last  struggle  for  liberty,  and 
its  defeat  would  have  left  freedom  without  a  home  and  without  hopes.”  His  devo¬ 
tion  to  America  was  as  unselfish  as  it  was  intense.  “  I  offer  myself,”  he  wrote,  “  to 
serve  the  United  States  with  all  possible  zeal,  without  pension  or  allowance.” 

Wealth  and  rank,  the  favor  of  court  and  king,  high  distinction  in  the  service  of 
his  own  country,  the  endearments  of  wife  and  child— all  that  ambition  could  covet 
or  opportunity  promise,  the  youth  of  nineteen  summers  put  resolutely  aside  to  cast 
his  lot  with  a  far-off  people  battling  against  fearful  odds,  and  that  at  a  moment  when 
their  fortunes  were  at  their  lowest  ebb,  and  hope  had  well-nigh  abandoned  their 
standard.  When  the  agent  of  America  in  France  sadly  confessed  that  he' was  even 
unable  to  furnish  a  ship  to  carry  him  and  other  volunteers,  Lafayette  said,  “I  will 
buy  a  ship  and  take  your  men  with  me.” 

Given  a  command  in  the  army  of  independence,  Lafayette  was  at  all  times  the 
preux  chevalier,  sans  peur  et  sans  reproche.  The  highest  tradition  of  French 


186  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


chivalry  were  revived;  a  Roland,  a  Bayard,  a  Du  Guesclin  lived  again  in  the  camps 
and  on  the  battlefields  of  America. 

First  was  he  ever  in  attack,  last  in  retreat.  When  his  charger  fell,  he  fought  on 
foot;  with  blood  streaming  from  his  wounds,  he  still  faced  the  foe;  when  his  soldiers 
quailed  before  the  overwhelming  masses  of  the  enemy,  he  compelled  them  by  his 
own  unfaltering  courage  to  hold  their  ground  and  turned  defeat  into  victory.  “  The 
Marquis,”  says  an  official  report,  “  is  determined  to  be  in  the  way  of  danger.” 

Fearless  when  fearlessness  availed,  he  was  slow  and  self-controlled  when  haste  was 
fatal.  “This  nobleman,”  wrote  Washington,  “unites  to  all  the  military  fire  of 
youth  an  uncommon  maturity  of  judgment.”  Washington  knew  men  well,  and 
trusted  only  where  trust  was  justified.  To  Lafayette  he  confided  most  important 
and  perilous  enterprises — tasks  which  were  always  fulfilled  with  consummate  ability. 
One  is  lost  in  amazement  at  the  thought  that  this  youth,  bordering  on  his  twentieth 
year,  should  display  so  much  prudence  and  skill  as  characterized  certain  operations 
of  the  war  which  had  fallen  to  his  lot. 

So  hopeless  was  his  position  at  Barren  Hill,  so  certain  seemed  his  defeat,  that 
General  Howe,  before  he  marched  against  him,  invited  friends  to  meet  at  dinner  a  cap¬ 
tive  marquis.  When  the  hour  for  dinner  arrived,  Lafayette  and  his  men  were  far  from 
danger,  and  the  too  confident  general  was  alone  with  his  anger  and  disappointment. 

The  critical  campaign  of  Virginia  was  conducted  entirely  under  the  leadership  of 
Lafayette.  The  opposing  forces  outnumbered  four  to  one  those  under  the  American 
general;  they  had  the  advantage  of  abundant  supplies  and  of  a  perfect  equipment; 
they-were  commanded  by  experienced  and  distinguished  men,  General  Phillips  first, 
and  afterwards  Lord  Cornwallis.  “The  boy  can  not  escape  me,”  said  Cornwallis. 
But  the  “boy”  did  escape  him,  and,  furthermore,  foiled  him  in  all  his  plans.  He 
so  fatigued  and  harassed  the  British  forces  that  they  finally  withdrew  to  the  coast, 
there  to  await  fresh  developments  of  the  campaign. 

Left  in  possession  of  Virginia,  Lafayette  was  soon  able  to  perform  a  most  important 
service  in  what  was  to  be  the  closing  scene  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  held 
Cornwallis  fast  in  Yorktown,  pending  the  arrival  of  Washington  and  Rochambeau. 
It  was  now  the  turn  of  the  “  boy  ”  to  say  “  The  general  can  not  escape  me.” 

By  his  magnanimity  of  soul,  and  by  his  grace  of  manner,  not  less  than  by  his 
military  prowess,  he  won  all  hearts  and  became  the  idol  of  the  American  Army.  He 
proved  himself,  to  the  inmost  fiber  of  his  soul,  an  American,  as  proud  of  America  as 
the  proudest  of  her  patriots,  the  champion  before  all  contestants  of  her  honor  and 
her  fair  name.  More  cheerfully  even  than  his  American  companions  in  arms,  he 
bore  the  terrible  hardships  of  the  war.  Again  and  again  he  pledged  his  personal  for¬ 
tune  to  buy  food  and  clothing  for  his  men,  who  knew  him  by  the  familiar  appella¬ 
tion  of  “The  Marquis,”  “The  soldier’s  friend.”  In  camp  and  in  battle  his  influence 
was  boundless;  a  word  of  cheer  from  his  lips  roused  the  drooping  spirits  of  his 
soldiers,  a  word  of  command  sent  them  headlong  against  the  enemy.  A  visitor  to 
the  American  camp,  the  Marquis  de  Chastellux,  could  not  help  remarking  that 
“  Lafayette  was  never  spoken  of  without  manifest  tokens  of  attachment  and  affection.” 

Like  all  true  soldiers,  he  loved  glory;  yet  at  the  mere  hint  that  the  general  good 
suggested  other  plans,  he  quickly  relinquished  the  opportunity  to  gain  it.  More 
than  once  when  brilliant  achievements  were  within  reach  he  yielded  for  the  sake  of 
harmony  his  recognized  right  to  precedence  of  command.  And  no  episode  of  the 
whole  war  is  so  radiant  with  grandeur  of  soul,  so  redolent  of  sweetness  of  heart  as 
that  of  Lafayette  before  Yorktown,  awaiting  the  coming  of  Washington,  that  the 
honor  of  victory  might  belong  to  his  beloved  commander  in  chief.  De  Grasse  and 
St.  Simon  were  already  in  the  Chesapeake;  Lafayette  by  right  of  rank  was  in  com¬ 
mand;  no  order  had  been  issued  limiting  his  discretion  to  act;  the  ordinary  rules  of 
military  operations  counseled  the  attack;  De  Grasse  and  St.  Simon,  anxious  to  return  to 
their  task  in  the  West  Indies,  urged  it;  success  seemed  assured,  and  to  Lafayette  would 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  187 


belong  the  prestige  of  the  victory.  But  Lafayette,  deaf  alike  to  the  dictates  of  personal 
ambition  and  to  the  entreaties  of  friends  and  allies,  waited  for  .Washington. 

Signal  as  were  Lafayette’s  services  in  the  field,  they  were  the  least  part  of  his  con¬ 
tribution  to  the  cause  of  American  independence.  His  enduring  and  inestimable 
work  for  us  he  performed  as  “the  link  binding  together  the  two  countries,”  France 
and  America.  His  enlistment  in  the  American  Army,  disapproved  though  it  was  at 
the  time  by  the  French  court  for  reasons  of  foreign  policy,  was  in  itself  a  significant 
token  of  the  deep  sympathy  with  which  men  of  thought  and  influence  in  France 
regarded  the  Revolutionary  war.  Such  a  token  comforted  and  cheered  the  sore- 
pressed  patriots,  making  them  more  than  ever  conscious  of  the  justness  and  nobleness 
of  their  cause,  and  giving  them  hopes  that  France  had  other  and  more  substantial 
favors  in  store  for  them.  When  their  hopes  were  realized  and  the  ships  of  the 
Count  d’Estaing  were  sailing  in  American  waters,  Lafayette’s  tactful  mediation  was 
of  inestimable  value  in  maintaining  the  harmonious  cooperation  of  the  two  armies. 
At  a  later  period  of  the  war  it  was  Lafayette’s  powerful  influence  at  the  French 
court  and  his  tireless  persistency  in  putting  before  it  the  needs  of  America  that 
brought  to  her  shores  the  second  expedition  under  De  Terney  and  Rochambeau, 
without  whose  coming  Yorktown  would  not  have  been  possible.  During  his  visit 
to  France  in  the  critical  year  of  the  war,  1779,  he  made  appeal  upon  appeal  to  the 
French  court  urging  argument  upon  argument,  now  in  the  name  of  France’s  own 
honor  and  glory,  now  in  the  name  of  America’s  destitution  and  her  dependency 
upon  her  ally,  insisting,  too,  with  all  delicacy,  that  the  forces  of  France  should  go 
to  America  as  auxiliaries  of  the  American  troops,  and  should  be  under  the  command 
of  Washington.  Success  crowned  his  efforts.  No  difficulty  could  withstand  his 
enthusiasm.  “It  was  well,”  said  De  Maurepas,  “that  Lafayette  did  not  ask  to  be 
allowed  to  strip  Versailles  of  its  furniture  for  his  dear  Americans,  for  stripped  it 
would  have  been.” 

As  long  as  the  starry  banner  shall  float,  so  long  shall  the  name  of  Lafayette  be 
loved  and  honored  beyond  the  sea.  So  long  also  shall  the  country  that  gave  him 
birth,  whose  spirit  of  chivalry  he  personified,  be  loved  and  honored  in  the  United 
States  of  America. 

But  much  as  Lafayette  deserves  and  receives  our  love  and  honor  in  return  for  his 
personal  services  in  the  cause  of  America,  his  chief  title  to  the  gratitude  of  our  people 
is  that  his  historic  figure  ever  looms  up  before  their  entranced  fancy  as  the  symbol 
of  the  magnanimity  which  France  as  a  nation  displayed  toward  our  country  in  her 
laborious  struggle  for  life  and  liberty. 

The  value  of  the  aid  given  to  us  by  France  in  our  war  for  independence  is  inesti¬ 
mable;  the  joy  which  the  memory  of  it  awakens  in  our  souls  is  that  which  comes  to 
us  through  the  consciousness  of  our  national  life  itself. 

France  first  stood  sponsor  for  our  nationhood.  We  entered  into  the  great  family 
of  nations  leaning  on  her  arm,  radiant  with  the  reflection  of  her  historic  splendor, 
and  strong  in  the  protection  of  her  titanic  stature.  When  Franklin  stood  in  the 
Palace  of  Versailles  the  acknowledged  envoy  of  America,  and  General  de  Rayneval 
as  the  minister  of  France  saluted  the  Congress  of  America  at  Philadelphia,  the  young 
Republic  thrilled  with  new  life  and  leaped  at  once  into  a  full  sense  of  security  and 
true  consciousness  of  her  dignity.  The  envoys  of  Great  Britain,  bearing  to  the 
Americans  the  grant  of  all  the  rights  and  privileges  which  before  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  had  been  denied,  were  not  even  accorded  a  hearing.  Congress 
declared  that  independence  was  now  assured,  and  proclaimed  the  existence  of  a  new 
people.  Washington  received  the  news  at  Valley  Forge,  where  cruel  hardships  had 
almost  worn  out  his  heroic  patience,  and  cold  and  hunger  had  reduced  his  men  to 
despair.  He  called  upon  his  Army  to  thank  Almighty  God.  With  new  life  he 
buckled  on  his  sword  again  and  marched  with  resistless  ardor  to  victory,  which  at 
last  he  felt  was  within  his  reach.  A  new  sun  illumed  the  heavens,  dispelling  the 
gloom,  and  shedding  upon  the  land  the  rich  joys  of  life,  and  light,  and  hope. 


188  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


France  poured  into  our  empty  Treasury,  in  loans  and  gifts,  vast  sums  of  money, 
without  which  it  would  not  have  been  possible  for  us  to  keep  our  Army  in  the  field. 
At  the  very  outset  of  the  war  she  placed  a  million  livres  at  our  disposal  for  the  pur¬ 
chase  of  military  supplies,  and  obtained  for  us  for  the  same  purpose  another  million 
from  Spain.  After  she  had  formally  recognized  our  independence,  request  upon 
request  went  from  Congress  to  Paris,  and  in  response,  millions  upon  millions  ilowed 
from  the  treasury  of  France  into  our  coffers.  At  times,  indeed,  a  courteous  remon¬ 
strance  was  made  by  the  French  minister  of  finance  against  “les  immenses  demandes 
du  Congress.”  Nevertheless  “les  immenses  demandes”  were  invariably  accorded, 
and  when  at  last  the  exchequer  of  France  could  no  longer  suffice  for  the  vast 
expenses  of  France’s  own  army  and  navy  and  for  the  increasing  petitions  of  money 
made  by  America,  the  King,  exceeding  the  limits  of  all  that  could  be  expected  from 
the  most  devoted  ally,  pledged  the  security  of  his  Government  for  the  punctual  loan 
of  10,000,000  livres  to  be  obtained  from  Holland.  When,  in  1782,  Franklin  reckoned 
up  our  account  with  France,  he  found  that  besides  guaranteeing  the  interest  upon 
our  Holland  loan  of  10,000,000  livres,  France  had  advanced  to  us  out  of  her  treasury 
loans  amounting  to  18,000,000  livres — a  sum  which  the  following  year  was  augmented 
by  a  further  loan  of  6,000,000  livres — and.  had  furthermore  made  us  free  gifts  to  the 
amount  of  12,000,000  livres,  “from  which,”  wrote  Franklin  to  his  Government,  “no 
returns  but  those  of  gratitude  are  expected.”  It  is  with  good  reason  Franklin 
added,  “These,  I  hope,  may  be  everlasting.” 

France  sent  across  the  sea,  to  shed  their  blood  for  us,  her  brave  soldiers  and  sea¬ 
men,  commanded  by  the  very  flower  of  her  nobility.  It  was  France’s  ships  of  war 
that  protected  our  coasts  and  kept  our  ports  open  to  commerce,  reducing  the  British 
naval  occupation  of  American  waters  to  the  harbor  of  New  York.  It  was  the  coop¬ 
erations  of  France’s  army  and  navy  that  gave  us  the  great  victory  of  Yorktown. 
The  victory  of  Yorktown  was  final  and  decisive.  It  won  the  independence  of 
America.  “It  is  all  over,”  said  Lord  North,  when  the  news  of  it  was  received  in 
London.  America  forgetting  Yorktown,  and  the  men  who  there  fought  for  her  upon 
land  and  sea,  and  the  banners  that  beckoned  them  to  triumph,  she  forgets  her  very 
existence. 

And  at  Yorktown  wast  thou,  banner  of  beloved  France,  entwining  in  affection  and 
hope  thy  folds  with  those  of  the  banner  of  America!  There  were  you,  He  Grasse  and 
De  Barras,  guarding  with  your  superb  ships  of  war  the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake 
against  a  foeman’s  sail!  There  were  you,  bearers  of  most  illustrious  names  in  France’s 
history,  officers  of  her  army — noblest  of  the  noble,  chivalrous  Rochambeau,  De  Chas- 
tellux,  De  Lausan,  De  Rouerie,  De  Dillon,  De  Yiomenil,  Chousy,  De  Deux-Ponts,  the 
De  Laval-Montmorencies,  the  De  St.  Simons — I  would  fain  name  you  all,  vieing  in 
devotion  to  America  with  Lincoln,  Hamilton,  Knox,  Laurens,  Yon  Steuben,  all 
ready,  sword  in  hand,  to  obey  the  word  spoken  by  Washington,  commander  in 
chief  of  the  allied  armies!  There  were  you,  soldiers  of  France,  offering  your  blood 
as  freely  as  American  patriots  for  American  liberty — men  of  far-famed  battalions,  of 
Bournonnais  and  Soissonais,  of  Royal  Deux-Ponts,  of  Saintonge  and  of  Dillon,  of 
Touraine,  of  Auxonne  and  of  Agenais,  and  of  that  gallant  regiment  of  Gatinais  that 
was  to  win  back  the  coveted  name  of  Royal  Auvergne!  And  shall  I  forget  thee, 
Lafayette?  Rather  shall  I  not  give  thee  a  place  apart  in  my  roll  of  heroes.  There 
wast  thou,  American  and  Frenchman,  loving  passionately  America  and  France,  and 
shedding  undying  glory  upon  both ! 

“It  was  the  participation  of  France  in  the  War  of  Independence  that  made  Ameri¬ 
can  liberty  possible  in  the  eighteenth  century.”  Such  is  the  verdict  of  history  as 
expressed  by  the  learned  and  accomplished  biographer  of  Lafayette,  our  present 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg.  So  resolute  were  the  colonists  in  their 
determination  to  be  free,  so  exalted  was  their  spirit  of  sacrifice,  so  intelligent  their 
methods,  that  sooner  or  later  their  independence  was  assured.  But  that  the  war 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  189 


begun  in  1776  would,  without  the  aid  of  France,  have  won  for  them  their  independ¬ 
ence,  we  can  hardly  allow  ourselves  to  believe. 

Let  historians  narrate  as  they  will  that  the  King  and  ministers  of  France  saw,  in 
the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies,  and  in  the  assistance  that  might  be  given  them, 
an  opportunity  for  France  to  avenge  the  humiliation  of  the  treaty  of  1763.  It  is  not 
for  us  to  demand  that  statesmen  become  for  our  sake  oblivious  of  the  interests  of 
their  own  country.  What  America  knows,  that  she  will  never  fail  to  know,  is  that 
King  and  ministers  of  France  gave  us  the  aid  through  which  we  won  our  independ¬ 
ence,  that  they  gave  it  to  us  in  the  warmest  friendliness  and  with  most  chivalrous 
generosity,  and  that  in  giving  to  us  such  aid  they  were  applauded  by  the  noble- 
hearted  people  of  France,  who  loved  America  and  encouraged  the  alliance  of  their 
country  with  her,  because  of  the  great  principles  which  were  linked  with  the  triumph 
or  the  defeat  of  the  new  Republic  of  the  West. 

The  friendliness  and  the  chivalry  of  France !  She  maintained  at  her  own  expense 
her  army  and  navy  while  they  were  doing  service  in  America;  she  required  no  return 
for  the  cost  of  any  of  her  military  operations  in  our  behalf.  Lest  she  might  awaken  in 
us  suspicion  of  her  motives,  she  forbade  her  commanders  even  to  contemplate  the 
reconquest  of  Canada,  and  to  give  every  legitimate  satisfaction  to  our  national  pride, 
she  insisted  that  she  should  be  our  auxiliary — that  her  veteran  battalions  should 
take  second  place,  and  that  her  admirals  and  generals,  survivors  of  the  historic 
battles,  should  give  way  to  Americans  of  equal  grade,  and  all  obey  the  supreme  com¬ 
mand  of  Washington,  the  “  generalissime  ’  ’  of  the  allied  forces  of  America  and  France. 
Our  friend  she  remained  to  the  last  moment,  steadfastly  refusing  any  overtures  for 
peace  that  did  not  offer  full  satisfaction  to  all  the  legitimate  ambitions  of  America. 

Yes,  America’s  gratitude  is  due  and  is  given  to  the  France  of  a  century  ago — to 
Louis  XVI,  De  Vergennes,  De  Maurepas,  who  ruled  in  those  days  her  destinies;  to 
the  people  of  France,  who  cheerfully  bore  the  burdens  which  our  war  brought  upon 
them;  to  the  seamen  and  soldiers  of  France,  who  offered  their  lives  in  sacrifice  upon 
the  altars  of  American  liberty;  and  America’s  gratitude  is  due  and  is  given  to  the 
France  of  to-day,  the  living  heir  to  the  rights  and  the  glories  of  rulers  and  soldiers 
and  people  of  former  ages.  Rulers  and  soldiers  and  people  of  a  century  ago  have 
passed  away,  but  the  country  they  loved  and  represented  remains.  France  remains, 
and  to  France  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  of  to-day  pledges  her  gratitude  and 
her  friendship,  and  promises  that  both  shall  be  ‘  ‘  everlasting.  ’  ’ 

The  new  nation  had  triumphed  through  the  valor  of  her  own  and  France’s  sol¬ 
diers  and  was  now  set  forth  in  the  world  to  grow  and  prosper — to  become  the  United 
States  of  America  as  we  behold  it  in  the  dawn  of  the  twentieth  century.  But  not  to 
the  founding  of  a  new  commonwealth,  whatever  the  power  and  the  greatness  which 
that  commonwealth  was  to  attain,  shall  we  limit  the  significance  of  the  American 
war  of  independence.  The  founding  of  a  new  commonwealth — such  had  been  the 
result  of  a  hundred  wars  whose  records  weigh  down  the  pages  of  history.  The  war 
of  America  was  waged  for  a  mighty  principle  of  deepest  import  to  the  welfare  of 
humanity.  It  rose  thereby  immensely  above  other  wars  in  solemn  grandeur  of 
meaning.  The  principle  at  stake  was  that  of  civil  and  political  liberty,  the  triumph 
of  which  in  America  would  be  the  presage  of  its  triumph  in  the  world.  It  was  this 
principle  that  shed  singular  glory  upon  the  battlefields  of  America. 

America  rose  in  rebellion  against  arbitrary  and  absolute  government ;  she  unsheathed 
the  sword  in  the  name  of  the  rights  of  man  and  of  the  citizen. 

There  is  but  One  who  in  His  own  right  has  power  to  rule  over  men — Almighty 
God — and  from  Him  is  derived  whatever  authority  is  exercised  in  human  society. 
That  authority  is  not,  however,  directly  given  to  the  one  nor  the  few;  it  is  communi¬ 
cated  by  Him  to  the  people  to  be  exercised  in  the  form  which  they  choose,  by  those 
whom  they  designate.  And  the  men  in  whom  this  authority  is  invested  by  delega¬ 
tions  of  the  people  are  to  use  it  not  for  the  benefit  of  the  one  nor  the  few,  but  for  the 
good  of  the  people.  All  this  is  the  plain  teaching  of  reason  and  religion,  and  yet  not 


190  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


seldom  were  such  simple  truths  forgotten;  not  seldom  in  practice  was  power  held  as 
if  it  belonged  to  dynasties  and  classes,  and  exercised  as  if  “the  human  race  lived  for 
the  few.”  The  rebellion  of  a  people  on  so  large  a  scale  as  was  the  uprising  of  the 
American  colonies  could  not  but  challenge  universal  attention,  and  the  triumph  of 
such  a  rebellion  could  not  but  stir  other  peoples  to  a  sense  of  their  rights  and  to  a 
stern  resolve  to  maintain  them. 

The  American  colonies  went  further.  In  order  to  make  it  more  certain  that  civil 
and  political  power  should  be  recognized  as  coming  from  the  people,  and  as  being 
given  for  the  good  of  the  people,  they  declared  that  with  them  it  should  be  exercised 
by  the  people  through  as  large  and  as  direct  a  representation  of  the  people  as  was 
found  compatible  with  peace  and  order  in  the  community.  Hence  the  republican 
form  of  government  adopted  by  them. 

It  will  not,  assuredly,  be  said  that  the  republican  form  of  government  is  vital  to 
a  well-ordered  state,  nor  that  without  it  the  rights  of  the  people  can  not  be  safe¬ 
guarded,  nor  that  it  is  the  best  and  proper  policy  of  every  people.  The  form  of  a 
government  is  a  question  that  must  rest  with  the  people  of  each  nation,  to  be  deter¬ 
mined  solely  by  them  according  to  their  special  needs  and  their  dispositions  of  char¬ 
acter.  It  is,  nevertheless,  true  that  the  republican  form  of  government  is  of  itself 
peculiarly  expressive  of  the  limitations  and  re  ponsibilities  of  power,  and  conse¬ 
quently  the  founding  of  a  republic  such  as  that  of  the  United  States  was  a  momen¬ 
tous  event  for  liberty  throughout  the  entire  world.  In  every  commonwealth  the. 
people’s  sense  of  their  right  and  power  was  quickened,  and  there  sprung  up  in  the 
consciences  of  rulers  of  nations  a  new  conception  of  their  responsibilities  toward  the 
people.  Whatever  to-day  in  any  country  the  particular  form  of  government,  democ¬ 
racy  is  there  in  some  degree;  and  it  is  there  because  of  its  plenary  triumph  in  America, 
whence  went  forth  the  charmed  spell  that  reached,  were  it  but  in  weakened  waves, 
the  uttermost  bounds  of  civilized  humanity. 

The  creation  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  was  the  inauguration  of  a  new 
era  in  the  life  of  the  human  race — the  era  of  the  rights  of  manhood  and  of  citizen¬ 
ship  and  of  the  rights  of  the  people. 

Such  is  the  true  meaning  of  the  American  Revolution;  the  full  significance  of  the 
work  done  in  America  by  Lafayette  and  France. 

This  is  the  age  of  the  people.  Every  decade  will  mark  a  new  advance  in  the  tri¬ 
umphant  march  of  democracy.  Political  movements  do  not  go  backward;  the  peo¬ 
ple  do  not  abandon  except  under  duress,  and  then  only  for  a  time,  rights  of  which 
they  were  once  possessed,  or  the  power  which  they  have  once  wielded  to  maintain 
and  enlarge  those  rights.  To  seek  for  arguments  against  democracy  in  its  apparent 
perils  is  a  waste  of  time.  The  part  of  true  statesmanship  is  to  study  the  perils,  such 
as  they  may  be,  and  take  measures  to  avert  them.  The  progress  of  democracy  can 
not  be  stayed.  He  who  would  rule  must  rule  through  the  people,  through  the  indi¬ 
vidual  man,  who  constitutes  the  people.  To  obtain  results  in  the  civil  and  political 
world  he  must  go  to  the  individual,  enlighten  his  mind,  form  his  conscience,  and 
then  enlist  his  sympathies  and  win  his  intelligent  cooperation. 

He  who  does  this  will  succeed;  he  who  uses  other  methods  fail.  The  task  for 
those  who  would  rule  men  is  made  more  difficult.  The  time  is  long  gone  by  when 
men  can  be  swayed  by  sword  or  proclamation.  But  manhood  in  man  has  mean¬ 
while  grown,  and  they  who  love  manhood  in  men  should  rejoice. 

Why  should  we  be  asked  to  regret  the  coming  of  democracy?  What  is  it  in  its 
ultimate  analysis  but  the  practical  assertion  of  the  dignity  of  man  indelibly  impressed 
upon  him  when  he  was  fashioned  to  the  image  of  the  Creator?  What  is  it  but  trust 
in  the  power  of  truth  and  righteousness  and  in  the  readiness  of  the  human  soul 
to  respond  in  the  proper  manner  to  such  influences?  The  growth  of  mind  and 
will  in  the  individual  is  what  all  must  hail  who  believe  in  human  progress  or  in  the 
strength  of  Christian  civilization.  And  as  mind  and  will  grow  in  man,  so  grow  in 
him  the  consciousness  of  his  rights  and  power  and  the  resolve  to  uphold  rights,  to 


VIEW  IN  HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  191 


put  power  into  act,  and  to  resist  all  irrational  or  unnecessary  restraint  upon  either 
rights  or  power,  and  thus  is  begotten  democracy.  The  new  age  has  dawned  for  all 
humanity;  but  where  men  have  the  more  quickly  and  the  more  thoroughly  under¬ 
stood  their  dignity  there  its  golden  rays  have  risen  higher  above  the  horizon  and 
shed  more  richly  their  light  upon  human  thought  and  action. 

And  here  behold  the  final  consequence,  the  crowning  glory,  of  the  alliance  of 
America  and  France  in  the  war  of  independence.  Behold  the  realization  of  the 
fondest  dreams  of  our  Lafayette.  In  the  world’s  arena  as  the  mighty  champions  of 
humanity’s  new  age  there  stand  side  by  side,  as  once  they  stood  at  Yorktown, 
America  and  France — both  Republics  to-day,  both  Republics  to-morrow — Republics 
by  decree  of  what  among  men  is  the  final  absolute  arbiter  of  the  political  destinies  of 
nations,  the  will  of  the  people. 

To  America  and  France  is  given  the  noble  mission  to  be  to  the  world  the  exem¬ 
plars  of  civil  and  political  liberty.  That  they  be  true  to  their  mission  must  be  the 
prayer  of  all  friends  of  liberty,  of  all  friends  of  humanity.  The  better  to  insure  the 
possession  of  liberty,  they  have  taken  to  themselves  the  highest  form  of  democracy — 
,  they  have  made  themselves  republics.  They  must  show  that  such  form  of  liberty  is 
capable  of  enduring  amid  all  the  writhings  and  passions  of  humanity,  and  that 
beneath  it  in  harmony  with  its  promises  there  are  to  be  found  liberty’s  best  and 
sweetest  blessings.  Do  as  our  Republics  may,  they  will  not  reach  the  ideal  which 
they  have  put  before  themselves.  While  men  are  the  representatives  and  the  agents 
of  an  ideal,  there  will  necessarily  be  in  the  realization  of  it  the  shortcomings  of  men; 
there  will  be  from  time  to  time  the  inconsistencies  and  the  contradictions  which  the 
limitations  of  the  human  mind  and  the  play  of  human  interests  bring  into  the  prac¬ 
tical  life  of  men.  But  despite  all  this,  and,  indeed,  because  of  all  this,  must  the 
world’s  great  Republics  never  relax  in  loyal  and  strenuous  efforts  to  be  in  their  whole 
national  life  the  embodiment  of  liberty  as  far  as  this  beauteous  spirit  of  the  heavens 
can  find  embodiment  upon  earth.  To  them  is  assigned  the  task  of  proving  that  the 
fullest  democracy  guarantees  to  the  people,  together  with  liberty,  the  security  of  law 
and  order  and  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  nation;  that  the  fullest  democracy, 
ever  true  to  its  name  and  profession,  means  for  the  individual  man  and  citizen  the 
actual  and  assured  enjoyment  of  the  personal  rights  which  he  inherits  from  nature  and 
nature’s  God,  save  only  inasmuch  as  a  retrenchment  of  such  rights  is  imperative  for 
the  maintenance  of  public  order  and  the  safeguarding  of  the  rights  of  other  members 
of  the  community. 

And  now,  what  is  said  to-day  be  it  said  to-morrow;  be  it  said  adown  the  ages  to 
come. 

Here,  upon  this  historic  “Place,”  in  France’s  own  capital  city,  where  meet  the 
nations  of  the  earth,  there  will  stand,  with  France’s  gracious  permission,  an  abiding 
interpreter  of  America’s  gratitude  to  France  for  her  participation  in  America’s  war, 
and  of  the  principles  of  civil  and  political  liberty  which  were  the  life  and  soul  of  that 
momentous  struggle. 

Our  interpreter,  who  shall  it  be?  Who  could  it  be,  if  truth  has  rights  and  merit 
has  award,  but  Gilbert  Motier,  Marquis  de  Lafayette? 

Then,  genius  of  art,  we  pray  thee  give  us  back  the  form  of  our  loved  Lafayette. 
Bid  him  live  again  in  his  own  France  to  speak  in  America’s  name  to  France  and  to 
the  world. 

Who  more  fittingly  than  Lafayette  could  be  bidden  to  speak  to  France  the  grati¬ 
tude  of  America?  Lafayette  knew  the  full  extent  of  France’s  favors  and  the  full 
extent  of  America’s  gratitude.  Often  did  he  speak  of  America  to  France,  always 
interpreting  aright  the  heart  of  America,  always  touching  aright  the  responsive 
chords  in  the  heart  of  France.  Let  him  speak  again,  speak  to-day,  and  speak  to¬ 
morrow  for  America  to  France. 

And  who  more  fittingly  than  Lafayette  could  stand  forth  before  the  world  as  the 
representative  of  the  principles  of  civil  and  political  liberty  for  which  he  and  Wash- 


192  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


ington  fought?  The  passion  of  his  soul,  the  inspiration  of  his  thoughts  and  acts,  were 
liberty.  Liberty  drew  him  to  America;  liberty  put  words  of  fire  upon  his  lips  in 
the  States;  general  liberty  led  him  to  the  prison  of  Olmutz.  He  understood — no  one 
ever  understood  better — what  true  liberty  is,  and  as  he  understood  it,  so  he  loved  it 
and  defended  it  unto  death.  Liberty  he  loved  as  the  fullness  of  enjoyment  of  one’s 
ow  n  natural  rights  with  proper  regard  to  the  proper  rights  of  others,  the  fullest  play 
of  one’s  own  powers  of  mind  and  heart  consistent  with  public  welfare  and  public 
order.  The  enemies  of  liberty  he  hated;  absolutism  in  its  arbitrary  authority  and 
anarchy  in  its  chaotic  rioting.  He  stood  the  strenuous  defender  of  the  rights  of  man 
and  of  the  citizen  which  absolutism  would  fain  destroy,  and  championed  them  in 
the  name  of  manhood,  in  the  name  of  citizenship,  in  the  name  of  conscience.  He 
championed  them  beneath  the  frown  of  the  potentate  and  in  defiance  of  bribe 
and  threat.  He  stood  the  strenuous  defender  of  law  and  order,  w  hich  are  the  con¬ 
victions  of  liberty  and  which  anarchy  would  fain  subvert.  When  the  struggle  in 
France  for  liberty  degenerated  into  mad  riot  he  cast  aside  the  leadership  w  hich  he 
had  taken  in  the  name  of  liberty,  and  which  he  could  have  retained  if  he  bore  it  in 
the  name  of  law  lessness,  and  he  sought  the  exile  which  ended  for  him  in  the  prison 
of  Olmutz.  He  suffered  persecutions  from  the  extremist  on  both  sides.  He  strove 
for  the  golden  mean,  and  for  this  wre  respect  and  revere  his  name.  Absolutism  and 
anarchy  alike  hate  Lafayette  as  they  alike  hate  liberty;  the  friends  of  liberty  love 
Lafayette  as  they  hate  absolutism  and  anarchy. 

And  now,  Lafayette,  thy  task  is  given  thee.  Speak,  we  charge  thee,  the  gratitude 
of  America  to  France.  Speak  of  the  liberty  for  which  America  and  France  once 
fought  together,  and  which  to-day  they  together  cherish  and  uphold.  Speak,  we 
charge  thee,  through  endless  years.  Through  endless  years  America’s  gratitude 
shall  last,  and  liberty  shall  reign  in  America  and  France. 

UNFINISHED  WORK — REPLICA. 

As  before  stated,. the  Lafayette  Monument  dedicated  on  July  4, 1900, 
was  a  machette,  or  complete  model  of  the  monument  as  it  will  be  when 
finished.  The  finished  monument  will  be  of  fine  bronze  and  marble, 
and  it  is  thought  that  the  work  can  not  be  perfected  for  eighteen 
months  or  two  years. 

In  calculating  the  expenditures  and  further  liabilities  in  the  work  of 
the  Paris  monument,  that  is,  to  bring  it  to  its  final  completion,  it  was 
found  that  a  surplus,  consisting  of  unsold  Lafayette  dollars  remaining 
in  the  hands  of  the  commission  amounting  to  about  15,000  coins,  and, 
at  the  current  price  of  $2  for  each  souvenir  coin,  making  assets  of 
$30,000,  will  be  in  the  treasury  of  the  commission  on  the  completion 
of  the  work. 

In  view  of  this  fact  and  the  very  general  interest  in  the  monument, 
the  commission  passed  a  resolution  at  a  meeting  held  January  3,  .1901, 
to  the  end  that  such  surplus  should  be  used  in  the  construction  of  a 
replica  to  be  placed,  subject  to  the  approval  of  Congress,  in  the  city 
of  Washington,  D.  C.  Steps  have  been  taken  toward  the  accomplish¬ 
ment  of  this  plan,  and  it  is  proposed,  in  the  event  of  favorable  action  by 
Congress,  to  have  the  two  statues  and  two  pedestals  made  at  the  same 
time,  so  far  as  possible.  It  is  further  proposed  by  the  Lafayette 
Memorial  Commission  to  prepare  and  publish,  on  the  completion  of  its 
work,  a  complete  history  of  the  monument  movement. 

Robert  J.  Thompson. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  193 


Treasurer’s  statement  of  Lafayette  monument  fund. 

December  1,  1900. 

.  RECEIPTS. 

Receipts  of  former  treasurer,  as  per  statement  of  July  18,  1899 . $45,  858.  30 

Appropriation  by  State  legislature  of  New  York .  10,  000.  00 

Contributions  received  from  schools,  etc .  1,  459.  59 

Appropriation  by  Congress  of  50,000  Lafayette  dollars .  50,  000.  00 

Premium  realized  on  sale  of  Lafayette  dollars,  •. .  34,  247.  00 


Total . .  141,564.89 


•  DISBURSEMENTS. 

Disbursements  made  by  former  treasurer,  as  per  statement  of  July  18, 1899.  11,  617.  00 

Disbursements  made  since  July  18,  1899 .  37, 693.  07 

Lafayette  dollars  on  hand  at  face  value .  15,  753.  00 

Cash  on  hand  in  the  American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank .  76, 501.  82 


Total . . . .  141,564.89 

S.  Doc.  232 - 13 


REPORT  OF  THE  ARCHITECT. 


CHARLES  A.  COOLIDGK,  Architec 


TT. 


Rakjs  Exposition  or  1900. 

Ground  Floor,  Plan  op  United  States  Pavilion 

Quai  d'  Orsay 


). 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Dear  Sir:  Permit  me  to  herewith  hand  you  my  report  as  your 
architect  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 

Respectfully,  yours, 

Charles  A.  Coolidge, 

Architect. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner- General  United  States 

Paris  Exposition  Commission ,  Chicago. 


197 


REPORT  OF  THE  ARCHITECT. 


f  CONTENTS. 

Key  to  illustrations — National  Pavilion — Associate  French  architect — Labors  of  the 
architect  in  Paris — Furnishing  and  decorating  the  national  pavilion — Mural 
paintings  used  in  National  Pavilion — Other  special  United  States  buildings: 
Publishers’  building;  Agricultural  Annex;  Marine  and  Weather  Bureau  build¬ 
ing — Architectural  features  in  above  buildings. 

KEY  AND  TITLES  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  VIEWS. 

1.  United  States  National  Pavilion. 

2.  Rotunda  of  national  pavilion,  ground  floor. 

3.  Rotunda  of  national  pavilion,  ground  floor. 

4.  Rotunda  of  national  pavilion,  from  second  balcony. 

5.  Waiting  room,  national  pavilion,  ground  floor. 

6.  Writing  room,  national  pavilion. 


THE  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 

In  December,  1898,  at  the  request  of  the  Commissioner-General  I 
submitted  to  him  sketches  for  a  national  pavilion  to  be  erected  at  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1900.  This  action  was  taken  with  the  under¬ 
standing  that  if  the  Government  made  appropriation  for  the  building 
I  should  assist  in  the  preparation  of  drawings  and  contracts,  but  that 
my  services  should  be  advisory  and  without  pay,  as  I  could  not  spare 
the  time  to  actually  superintend  the  erection  of  the  building.  It  was 
also  agreed  that  in  event  of  the  consummation  of  the  plans  in  view  I 
should  go  to  Paris  during  the  preparation  of  the  drawings,  as  the 
many  requirements  of  the  French  authorities  and  the  delay  in  getting 
information  from  them  would  make  it  necessary  to  prepare  the  work¬ 
ing  drawings  there  and  submit  and  alter  them  on  the  spot  until  they 
were  complete  and  acceptable. 

Accordingly,  the  needed  appropriation  having  been  made  on  March 
3,  1899,  I  started  at  once  for  Paris,  arriving  there  March  17,  1899. 
Previous  to  my  selection  by  the  Commissioner-General  for  the  work, 
and  in  anticipation  of  the  fact  that  the  building  should  be  properly 
looked  after  and  superintended  during  its  construction,  he  had 
appointed  Mr.  Morin-Goustiaux,  a  French  architect  of  excellent  refer- 

199 


200  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


ence  and  of  extensive  experience  in  his  profession,  as  special  architect 
upon  the  ground  in  Paris.  Mr.  Morin-Goustiaux  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Beaux  Arts,  and,  as  a  result  of  early  residence  and  education  in  the 
United  States,  speaks  excellent  English.  I  found  him  engaged  in  his 
duties  upon  my  arrival  in  Paris,  and  we  thereupon  together  proceeded 
with  the  details  of  the  work,  having  been  given  by  the  Commissioner- 
General  the  respective  titles  of  American  and  French  architect  to  the 
United  States  Commission. 

The  sketches  first  submitted  to  the  French  authorities,  prepared  in 
this  country,  were  not  entirely  satisfactory  either  to  them  or  to  the 
Commissioner-General.  A  set  of  drawings  prepared  by  Mr.  Morin- 
Goustiaux  before  my  arrival  in  Paris,  to  see  if  an  impressive  building 
could  be  placed  upon  the  site  available,  was  also  not  considered  desir¬ 
able,  as  the  sketches  did  not  correspond  to  the  Commissioner-General’s 
idea,  which  was  that  the  building  should  be  expressive  of  the  style  of 
architecture  used  in  America.  A  reproduction  or  modification,  if 
possible,  of  the  Administration  building  at  the  World’s  Fair  in  Chicago 
was  preferred  as  a  design  for  the  pavilion,  and  to  carry  out  this  idea 
as  nearly  as  possible  I  at  once,  with  all  care  and  speed,  proceeded  to 
work,  and  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Morin-Goustiaux  and  draftsmen  and 
computers  under  his  charge  prepared  a  new  set  of  drawings  in  Paris. 

The  site  given  to  the  United  States  by  the  French  authorities  was  an 
extremely  difficult  one  to  improve,  being  only  a  little  over  80  feet  long 
on  the  Quay  d’Orsay  and  but  little  more  in  depth,  which  dimensions 
about  equaled  the  size  of  one  of  the  side  flanking  pavilions  on  the 
Administration  building,  or  was  less  than  one-third  of  its  frontage. 
Beneath  one-half  of  the  building  the  underground  railroad  passed,  on 
which  it  was  not  possible  to  put  any  load,  so  that  a  larger  amount  of 
money  in  proportion  would  have  to  be  put  into  the  foundations  of  the 
building.  The  other  half  was  on  the  soil  next  to  the  river.  It  was 
impossible  to  use  the  platform  and  foundation  here  furnished  by  the 
French  authorities,  and  which  had  to  be  paid  for  by  the  Commissioner- 
General  to  get  the  site,  so  that  instead  of  being  a  help  this  arrange¬ 
ment  considerably  hampered  the  planning  of  the  building  as  well  as 
added  to  its  expense. 

Not  having  a  broad  enough  front  to  make  an  impressive  long  facade 
on  the  river  it  was  necessary  to  build  in  the  air;  the  best  solution  of 
the  problem  seeming  to  be  a  dome.  This  arrangement  would  provide 
a  spacious  central  rotunda,  so  that  on  occasions  a  large  meeting  place 
would  be  available  in  the  building. 

A  structure  in  classic  style,  with  pilasters  similar  to  the  White  House, 
surmounted  with  a  dome  and  cupola  and  supplemented  in  front  with  a 
high  portico  was  finally  adopted.  The  exterior  of  the  building  was  to 
be  white,  with  panels  of  the  dome  in  green,  a  quadriga  in  gold  to  crown 
the  portico,  and  golden  eagles  to  surmount  the  dome  and  the  four  cor- 


Paris  Exposition  of  I900 

First  Feoor  Peak  of  Unites  States  Bwieion 

Quai  D'ORSAY 


-  SCAI_E  OP  EETT  - 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  201 


ners  of  the  building.  The  interior  was  to  be  a  four-story  succession  of 
balconies  and  open  apartments  rising  around  a  rotunda,  which  apart¬ 
ments  would  be  arranged  into  reception  rooms,  writing  rooms,  assem¬ 
bly  rooms,  toilet  rooms,  space  for  United  States  post-office,  etc.  Room 
for  an  American  restaurant  was  to  be  provided  in  the  front  section  of 
the  basement. 

I  stayed  in  Paris  for  three  months  from  the  middle  of  March,  in 
1899,  and  in  connection  with  Mr.  Morin-Goustiaux  endeavored  to  get 
the  drawings  of  the  United  States  Pavilion  (and  of  other  United  States 
buildings)  passed  by  the  French  authorities.  There  were  long  delays 
and  many  interviews,  owing  to  the  universally  slow  methods  of  the 
French  authorities.  All  the  other  nations  had  long  since  sent  in  their 
drawings,  but  this  was  impossible  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  as 
the  appropriation  had  not  been  passed  by  Congress  in  time.  At 
length,  when  I  was  obliged  to  leave  Paris  in  June,  the  plans  for  the 
national  pavilion  were  so  far  approved  that  the  drawings  and  specifi¬ 
cations  could  be  figured,  though  the  French  authorities  still  reserved 
the  right  of  final  approval.  Twelve  contractors  were  thereupon 
invited  to  submit  bids  for  the  national  pavilion,  and  the  contract  was 
let  to  the  lowest  bidder  by  the  assistant  commissioner-general  after  I 
had  departed. 

While  in  Paris  and  at  home  I  sought  the  best  advice  in  regard  to 
sculptors  in  order  to  select  the  best  men  available  for  the  various 
pieces  and  groups  which  it  had  been  decided  were  to  go  on  and  about 
the  national  pavilion.  Contracts  in  this  connection  were  later  made 
with  Mr.  Daniel  Chester  French  for  a  statue  of  Washington  placed 
under  the  portico  and  in  front  of  the  main  entrance  of  the  pavilion; 
with  Mr.  Proctor,  the  well-known  animal  sculptor,  for  a  quadriga 
group  on  the  top  of  the  portico;  with  Mr.  Flanigan  (who  executed 
the  clock  on  the  Congressional  Library)  for  the  eagles  on  the  top  and 
four  corners  of  the  building;  and  with  Mr.  MacNeil,  who  won  the 
scholarship  to  Rome,  for  the  spandrels  on  the  central  arch  of  the 
portico — all  Americans  and  men  of  talent.  These  men  were  recom¬ 
mended  to  the  Commissioner-General,  and  he  commissioned  them  to  do 
the  work. 

It  was  decided  by  the  Commissioner-General  in  March,  1900,  that  it 
would  be  best  for  me  to  go  to  Paris  again  and  help  facilitate  the  work. 
When  I  arrived  the  exterior  of  the  structure  was  practically  com¬ 
pleted,  but  much  of  the  material  for  the  interior  had  not  arrived  owing 
to  the  custom-house  routine  and  the  inability  of  the  French  railroad 
companies  to  transport  such  a  mass  of  freight.  There  was  so  much 
to  be  done  on  all  the  Exposition  buildings  that  workmen  were  very 
hard  to  obtain  and  still  harder  to  keep  at  work.  They  did  not  wish 
the  work  completed,  and  endeavored  to  spin  it  out  as  long  as  possible. 
This  made  the  contractors  very  hard  to  deal  with,  and  it  was  necessary 


202  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


to  pay  exorbitant  prices  to  get  anything  accomplished.  The  base¬ 
boards,  trims,  and  cornices  of  some  of  the  rooms  in  the  pavilion  had 
not  been  contracted  for  at  the  time  the  building  was  let  in  1899,  as 
several  firms  in  America  thought  they  would  like  to  take  each  a  room 
and  furnish  it  complete  as  an  exhibit,  but  finally,  as  time  pressed  and 
the}"  did  not  move  rapidly  enough  in  the  matter,  the  scheme  had  to  be 
abandoned.  The  Commissioner-General  had  set  a  day  for  the  opening 
of  the  building,  and  every  exertion  was  made  by  all  concerned  to  have 
it  ready  by  that  time. 

Another  and  vital  annoyance  had  developed  about  this  time  as  a 
result  of  the  fact  of  the  French  authorities  having  given  permission 
to  the  Turkish  commission  to  extend  the  whole  front  wall  of  its 
building  to  the  line  of  the  balustrade  of  the  upper  terrace  of  the  Rue 
des  Nations. 

At  the  time  the  site  was  given  for  the  United  States  Pavilion  by 
the  Exposition  administration  the  grant  included  the  privilege  of 
projecting  a  portico  in  front  of  the  main  entrance  of  the  building  to 
the  outside  line  of  this  upper  terrace.  The  width  of  the  portico 
covered  about  one-third  of  the  front  of  the  building,  and  the  arrange¬ 
ment  for  it  was  considered  as  a  special  concession  to  the  United  States, 
being  distinctly  so  understood  by  the  Commissioner-General. 

This  situation  disturbed  the  arrangements  very  much.  Many  inter¬ 
views  were  had  with  the  French  authorities,  including  the  minister  of 
commerce  and  Turkish  minister,  as  well  as  the  Exposition  authorities, 
to  endeavor  to  have  this  encroachment  recalled,  as  it  seriously  impaired 
the  appearance  of  the  United  States  Pavilion  by  blanketing  it  from 
the  river  and  the  nearest  bridge,  which  was  one  of  the  most  popular 
means  of  approach  to  the  Exposition  grounds.  Everything  was  done 
in  this  behalf  that  ingenuity  could  devise,  with  no  satisfactory  result. 

Considerable  attention  was  paid  to  the  subject  of  the  furniture  and 
decoration  of  the  pavilion.  In  the  spring  of  1899  numerous  commu¬ 
nications  were  received  by  the  Commissioner-General  from  various  art 
societies  all  over  the  country,  requesting  that  the  decoration  and  fur¬ 
nishing  of  the  national  pavilion  be  intrusted  to  a  specially  appointed 
committee  of  men  conversant  with  such  matters,  whose  opinion  would 
be  of  the  utmost  value.  These  communications  were  referred  to  me, 
and  after  consulting  with  Mr.  John  B.  Cauldwell,  the  director  of  fine 
arts,  we  decided  to  recommend  to  the  Commissioner-General  that  he 
appoint  a  representative  committee  of  the  best  available  men  in  such 
matters.  He  therefore  appointed  the  commission  for  the  furnishing 
and  decorating  of  the  national  pavilion.  Mr.  George  B.  Post,  of  New 
York,  was  elected  president,  Mr.  Howard  Russell  Butler,  of  New 
York,  secretary,  and  Mr.  Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  of  Chicago,  treasurer, 
of  this  committee.  The  committee  undertook  to  raise  money  for  the 
special  decoration  and  furnishing  of  the  national  pavilion.  It,  with 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  203 


the  help  of  the  Commissioner-General,  succeeded  in  raising  about 
$25,000,  and  after  several  meetings  of  those  of  its  members  who  were 
able  to  come  together,  an  executive  committee  was  appointed  with 
power  to  proceed.  The  result  of  several  conferences  was  that  the  decor¬ 
ation  of  the  building  should  be  put  in  the  hands  of  some  one  experienced 
man,  and  after  several  suggestions  it  was  decided  to  select  for  this 
purpose  Mr.  Frank  D.  Millet,  who  had  had  charge  of  the  decoration 
at  the  World’s  Fair  in  Chicago.  As  time  was  now  pressing  and  it  was 
necessary  to  act  quickl}T,  Mr.  Millet  determined  to  divide  the  work  of 
decoration  between  two  men,  giving  the  principal  decoration  of  the 
exterior  over  the  doorway  and  ceiling  of  the  portico  to  Mr.  Robert 
Reid  and  the  interior  decoration  to  Mr.  Elmer  E.  Garnsey,  both  of  whom 
are  representative  Americans  and  contributed  to  the  decoration  of  the 
Congressional  Library  as  well  as  of  many  other  notable  buildings. 
The  provision  of  the  furniture  and  draperies  was  intrusted  to  the 
A.  H.  Davenport  Company  as  being  a  truly  representative  American 
firm  capable  of  providing  suitable  equipment  both  in  design  and  man¬ 
ufacture.  The  company  received  a  gold  medal,  which  in  itself  is  a 
sufficient  guaranty  of  the  excellence  of  its  work.  All  of  the  above 
arrangements  were  submitted  by  Mr.  Millet  and  approved  by  the  art 
commission.  Mr.  Getz,  the  chief  of  decoration,  also  contributed  to 
the  furnishings  and  rendered  valuable  assistance.  The  aim  was  to 
keep  everything  in  this  line  essentially  American  and  not  to  copy 
French  or  English  furniture,  which  has  lately  become  so  popular. 

The  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  interior  of  the  United  States 
National  Pavilion,  which  was  mainly  dictated  b}^  the  necessity  of 
utilizing  every  available  portion  of  the  space  for  offices,  committee 
and  reception  rooms,  etc.,  detracted  notably  from  the  monumental 
character  of  the  rotunda.  Three  balconies,  each  with  a  continuous 
background  of  archways  and  other  doorways,  gave  an  unsubstantial 
look  to  the  side  walls,  and  the  multitude  of  openings  left  very  little 
wall  space  inviting  decoration.  Consequently  the  only  areas  which  it 
was  possible  to  embellish  by  paintings  were  the  four  lunettes  under 
the  dome,  the  warped  surface  of  the  dome  itself,  and  the  saucer-shaped 
ceiling  of  the  lantern.  It  was  intended  at  the  outset  to  relieve  the 
bald  expanse  of  the  dome  by  some  design  in  the  four  pendentures,  but 
delays  in  construction  made  it  impossible  to  do  this,  for  the  plaster 
was  not  sufficiently  dry  to  work  on  until  within  a  day  or  two  before  it 
became  necessary  to  remove  the  scaffolding.  A  border  of  laurel 
leaves  was,  however,  painted  all  around  the  dome,  following  the 
moldings  around  the  lunettes  and  encircling  the  lantern,  and  the  rest 
of  the  surface  was  tinted  with  a  delicate  buff  color.  The  saucer¬ 
shaped  ceiling  of  the  lantern  was  decorated  with  a  painting  of  a  large 
United  States  flag  so  designed  as  to  appear  floating  in  graceful  folds 
against  a  blue  sky.  This  was  the  work  of  Mr.  E.  E.  Garnsey,  of  New 


204  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


York,  and  was  painted  on  canvas  which  was  pasted  on  the  ceiling 
after  the  great  scaffolding  was  removed,  by  the  use  of  a  temporary 
platform  rigged  across  the  lantern.  The  four  lunettes  or  tympana, 
each  2T  feet  long  by  9  feet  high,  were  the  work  of  the  same  artist, 
and  were  applied  to  the  wall  after  the  scaffolding  was  removed. 

Although  similar  in  composition  and  in  color  and  with  a  uniform 
gold  background,  these  tympana  differed  from  one  another  in  detail. 
The  center  of  each  design  was  the  great  seal  of  the  United  States,  dis¬ 
played  in  its  proper  heraldic  colors,  surrounded  by  a  wreath  of  laurel 
leaves.  In  two  of  the  tympana  the  obverse  of  the  seal  was  shown,  and 
in  the  other  two  the  reverse.  On  either  side  of  the  central  wreath 
were  cartouches,  bearing,  in  the  order  of  office,  the  names  of  the  Presi¬ 
dents  of  the  United  States  from  Washington  to  McKinley — three 
names  in  each  cartouche.  Between  the  wreath  and  the  cartouches 
were  sheaves  of  Indian  corn,  balanced  on  the  other  side  by  bundles  of 
sugar  cane.  Above  the  wreath  a  panel  bore  the  inscription  “  United 
States  of  America,”  below  which  hung  garlands  of  fruit  and  leaves, 
the  outer  ends  of  which  were  attached  to  the  symbol  of  commerce, 
the  winged  staff,  poised  above  the  cartouches.  Garlands  of  cotton 
bolls  hung  below  the  cartouches,  and  below  these  dolphins  symbolized 
the  fishing  industries.  The  extreme  corners  of  the  composition  were 
occupied  by  cornucopias  of  grains  and  fruits.  A  border  of  leaves  and 
stars  surrounded  the  whole,  each  design  bearing  a  different  leaf— the 
oak,  maple,  cotton,  and  laurel,  respectively. 

In  order  to  embellish  further  the  upper  part  of  the  rotunda  and 
to  attract  the  eye  from  the  bald  surface  of  the  dome,  large  circular 
escutcheons  with  the  painted  representations  of  the  seals  of  the  eight 
Departments  of  the  Government  were  hung  in  pairs  at  the  corners 
between  the  tympana  at  the  spring  of  the  dome,  and  these  served  as  a 
support  for  clusters  of  flags.  Further,  with  the  intention  of  relieving 
the  meager  appearance  of  the  balcony  railings,  plaster  shields,  painted 
in  heraldic  colors,  were  hung  at  frequent  intervals,  each  bearing  the 
name  of  a  State.  These  were  arranged  in  chronological  sequence 
according  to  the  date  of  the  admission  of  the  States  into  the  Union. 

This  practically  concluded  the  artistic  decoration  of  the  interior. 
The  small  wall  surfaces,  the  moldings,  cornices,  and  pilasters  were 
tinted  with  shades  of  gray,  and  the  staircase  walls  were  painted  strong 
buff  color. 

The  furnishing  of  the  different  rooms  was  a  complex  problem: 
Firstly,  because  it  was  not  decided  at  the  outset  to  what  uses  certain  of 
the  different  rooms  wrould  ultimately  be  devoted;  secondly,  the  lack  of 
funds  for  the  purpose,  and  lastly,  the  peculiar  plan  of  the  large  rooms, 
each  of  which  opened  directly  upon  the  balcony  with  three  broad 
arches  which  occupied  the  whole  of  one  side  of  the  room,  and,  with 
the  windows  and  the  fireplace,  left  very  little  space  for  wall  furniture 


Rario  Exposition  of  I900. 

5^cqhd  FXoor.  pj^ax  of  United  SmT^s  m/moN. 

QUA!  D  OR5AX.  lo 

IT - -.Scale  of  Feet - 


'  '  "  '  ■'  '-iA.  *’  I  V'!  «  ift  n  'O-X-ir;, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  205 


and  gave  little  opportunity  to  hang  pictures.  The  arches  necessitated 
the  use  of  portieres,  and  these  were  all  made  of  a  uniform  plain  green 
velour.  The  Commissioner-General  assigned  the  three  reception 
rooms  in  the  second  story  to  the  States  of  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
and  California,  on  condition  that  these  States  should  subscribe  certain 
sums  toward  the  furnishing,  and  this  concession,  as  well  as  the  general 
idea  of  propriety,  made  it  seem  best  to  limit  the  furnishing,  with  a 
certain  rigor,  to  the  characteristic  American  manufactures.  Conse¬ 
quently  the  general  contract  for  the  furniture  was  given  to  Davenport, 
of  Boston,  whose  designs  are  notably  unaffected  by  foreign  influence. 
The  furniture  selected  was  of  the  style  in  use  in  clubs  and  in  similar 
institutions,  and  had  a  simple  utilitarian  character  quite  distinct  from 
the  ornate  and  unsubstantial  productions  of  the  French  manufacturers. 
Exception  was  made  in  the  case  of  the  Massachusetts  room,  which  was 
furnished  with  copies  of  good  Colonial  pieces.  The  New  York  room 
was  more  sumptuously  furnished  than  the  others,  for  its  size  admitted 
of  more  variety  of  articles,  and  the  walls  were  hung  with  stamped 
leather.  A  Pavanazzo  marble  mantlepiece  and  a  fine  parquet  floor 
were  also  prominent  features  of  this  interior.  The  California  room 
was  sheathed  throughout  with  redwood,  and  the  larger  pieces  of  fur¬ 
niture  were  made  of  the  same  material.  The  main  idea  that  the  fur¬ 
nishing  should  bear  a  distinctively  American  character  was  carried 
out  at  first  through  the  whole  building,  but  the  effect  was  modified  to 
a  great  degree  as  the  Exposition  progressed,  by  the  introduction  of 
many  pieces  of  French  furniture  and  by  a  variety  of  embellishments 
in  the  French  taste,  laying  us  open  to  the  common  but  unwarranted 
reproach  that  we  have  no  style  of  our  own,  not  even  in  furniture. 

In  addition  to  the  furniture  contract,  others  were  given  at  a  reduced 
figure,  on  the  understanding  that  the  articles  should  .be  entered  as 
exhibits,  and  certain  things  were  hired  for  the  duration  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion.  The  electric-light  fixtures  were  provided  by  Oxley  &  Enos,  the 
parquet  flooring  b}7  Koch  &  Sons,  the  mantelpieces  by  Jackson,  and 
the  stamped  leather  by  Baldwin  Brothers,  all  of  New  York. 

The  portico,  which  spanned  the  promenade  along  the  Seine  and  was 
a  prominent  architectural  feature  in  the  long  row  of  national  pavilions, 
gave  the  opportunity  for  a  certain  amount  of  artistic  decoration  and  a 
hemicycle  above  the  main  door  and  the  ceiling  of  the  portico  itself 
were  decorated  by  Robert  Reid,  of  New  York.  The  figure  composi¬ 
tion  in  the  hemicycle  was  painted  on  canvas  and  applied  to  the  surface 
in  the  usual  manner,  while  the  patriotic  group  on  the  ceiling  was 
painted  directly  on  the  plaster  by  the  artist  himself. 

•  The  building  was  thrown  open  to  the  public  at  the  exact  time  set  by 
the  Commissioner-General  and  the  exercises  were  attended  by  a  crowd 
so  large  that  every  square  inch  of  standing  room  on  all  floors  was 
occupied.  In  contemplation  of  such  crowds  the  structure  had  been 


206  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


rendered  especially  secure  in  all  respects.  It  had  been  made  fully 
fireproof  and  as  an  extra  precaution  in  the  way  of  stability  long 
wrought-iron  knees  and  an  iron  rail  were  put  in  around  the  balconies 
circling  the  rotunda  instead  of  a  wooden  rail,  so  as  to  make  sure  that 
the  press  of  a  mass  of  people  would  not  push  it  over.  As  a  result  of 
the  provisions  made,  although  the  building  was  thronged  to  its  fullest 
capacity  a  number  of  times  during  the  period  of  the  Exposition,  it 
never  showed  any  evidence  of  strain. 

The  completed  structure  was  satisfying  in  all  respects.  From  an 
exterior  point  of  view  there  was  nothing  more  to  be  desired.  Indeed, 
the  graceful  beauty  of  the  United  States  Pavilion  marked  it  as  one  of 
the  first  attractions  of  the  famous  Rue  des  Nations.  Its  praises  have 
been  recorded  and  repeated  b}^  the  press  of  the  United  States  and  of 
France. 

The  interior  of  the  building  in  appearance  and  arrangement  was 
equally  gratifying.  The  idea  of  the  use  of  the  pavilion  was  that  it 
should  serve  as  an  attractive  and  comfortable  place  for  Americans  in 
Paris  where  they  might  meet  and  rest,  write,  examine  the  American 
papers,  and  make  appointments  with  their  friends.  Its  arrangement 
and  equipment  looked  to  this  end.  On  the  first  floor  was  a  regular 
United  States  post-office  actually  working,  with  boxes  and  complete 
outfit,  a  ladies’  reception  room,  and  a  smoking  and  writing  room.  On 
the  second  floor  were  rooms  for  the  different  States  which  had  made 
appropriations,  which  were  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  California. 
On  the  third  floor  were  the  private  rooms  of  the  Commissioner-Gen¬ 
eral,  assistant  commissioner-general,  and  secretary,  their  reception 
rooms,  and  a  large  room  for  luncheons  and  meetings.  On  the  fourth 
floor  were  a  large  room  for  various  women’s  organizations,  offices  of 
the  juries,  and  the  American  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Paris.  In  the 
somewhat  limited  space  between  the  underground  railway  and  the  front 
line  of  the  building,  in  the  basement,  was  an  American  restaurant  fully 
installed. 

The  building  was  furnished  with  two  quick-running,  latest  model 
Otis  elevators,  with  decorative  wrought-iron  screens  and  latest  fittings. 

The  effect  of  the  interior  decoration  was  very  fine,  the  mural  paint¬ 
ings  being  particularly  attractive. 

The  subject  of  the  decoration  done  by  Mr.  Reid  was  America  reveal¬ 
ing  her  powers  and  resources.  The  center  group  represented  the 
Spirit  of  America  lifting  the  veil.  At  the  left  steam,  the  force  of  the 
past,  generating  electricity,  the  force  of  the  future,  was  represented 
by  a  standing  figure.  To  the  left  of  the  center  group,  as  one  looked  at 
the  canvas,  was  a  group  of  farmer  and  mother  and  child,  representing 
the  agriculture  and  productiveness  of  the  West.  The  North  was  repre¬ 
sented  by  an  Indian  with  corn  and  apple  trees.  To  the  right  of  the 
center  group  the  East  was  shown  by  manufacture  and  education.  The 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  207 

South  was  represented  by  a  negro  with  cotton  and  orange  tree.  The 
background  of  the  decoration  was  composed  of  ‘ c  Stars  and  Stripes,”  blue 
sky,  white  clouds,  and  tall  buildings,  characteristic  of  the  United  States. 

As  no  provision  was  made  by  the  Exposition  authorities  for  furnish¬ 
ing  electricity  for  running  the  elevators  or  lighting  the  national 
pavilion,  we  were  obliged  to  install  our  own  plant  for  this  purpose; 
and  as  the  decision  that  we  could  not  have  such  power  was  not  made 
until  a  few  weeks  before  the  building  opened,  some  delay  was  suffered 
in  this  connection. 

There  were  no  exhibitors  in  the  building  except  such  as  were  repre¬ 
sented  by  the  post-office,  the  elevators,  etc. 

Its  popularity,  however,  was  universal,  as  evidenced  by  the  enor¬ 
mous  number  of  visitors  registered  in  it  and  the  manner  in  which  it 
was  used  for  meetings,  banquets,  etc.  It  was  awarded  a  gold  medal 
by  the  jury. 

OTHER  SPECIAL  UNITED  STATES  BUILDINGS. 

Other  buildings  were  designed  and  erected  for  the  United  States  at 
the  Exposition  under  the  supervision  of  the  architects.  These  were 
the  Press  building,  which  contained  an  American  newspaper  printing 
press  and  exhibits  of  similar  character;  the  annex  to  the  Agricultural 
Building;  the  Merchant  Marine  and  Weather  Bureau,  for  which  exhibit 
there  was  no  available  place  in  the  French  building.  All  these  the 
Commissioner-General  had  decided  to  build,  owing  to  the  numerous 
applications  for  space  by  exhibitors. 

When  I  was  obliged  to  leave  Paris,  in  J une,  although  the  designs  for 
all  these  buildings  had  been  sent  in  for  some  time,  except  that  of  the 
annex  to  Agriculture,  we  were  unable  to  obtain  the  approval  of  them 
by  the  French  authorities. 

In  general  the  sites  of  all  these  special  buildings  (with  the  exception 
of  the  annex  to  the  Agricultural  building),  as  offered  by  the  French 
authorities,  required  particular  and  expensive  construction  in  the 
buildings,  two  being  over  the  underground  railroad  which  had  for  a 
roof  a  layer  of  concrete  strengthened  by  iron  rods,  one  of  the  others 
being  in  a  grove  of  trees  which  could  not  be  cut,  and  the  last  on 
recently  filled  ground,  which  had  not  become  thoroughly  packed  and 
was  next  to  a  railroad,  which  subjected  the  building  and  soil  to  con¬ 
stant  vibration  by  passing  trains.  All  of  these  required  extra  expense 
in  addition  to  such  items  as  the  tax  on  each  downspout  and  rain  con¬ 
ductor.  The  plans  for  these  annexes  were  finally  passed  and  the 
contracts  for  them  were  let  by  the  assistant  commissioner-general 
at  different  times  during  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1899. 

The  publishers’  building  or  annex  to  the  Liberal  Arts  department  had 
to  be  placed  in  a  grove  of  trees  planted  16  feet  apart  on  the  quinconce 
of  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides.  This  was  a  very  difficult  problem  to 


208  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


solve,  as  the  Exposition  authorities  would  not  let  us  cut  down  a  single 
tree  or  cut  off  any  branches.  The  situation  was  finally  met  by  making 
a  large  column  around  each  tree,  leaving  the  tree  free  in  the  center  of 
the  column,  and  then  springing  arches  both  ways  from  the  columns, 
making  an  intersecting  barrel  vault.  The  center  of  these  vaults  was 
made  of  glass,  thus  giving  light  to  the  building.  As  the  work  had  to 
be  very  carefully  done,  so  as  not  to  injure  the  trees,  and  was  quite 
intricate,  as  the  branches  of  the  trees  did  not  all  grow  to  the  same 
height  or  direction  and  necessitated  varying  spacing,  this  was  rquite 
an  expensive  building. 

The  annex  to  agriculture  was  a  two-story  structure  with  a  terrace  on 
the  roof,  situated  on  the  Champs  de  Mars,  near  the  electricity  building 
and  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge.  It  contained  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments  and  machinery  and  was  a  necesshy  on  account  of  the  United 
States  having  more  machinery  of  this  kind  to  exhibit  than  any  other 
nation. 

The  merchant  marine  and  Weather  Bureau  annex  was  on  the  espla¬ 
nade  side  of  the  main  French  navigation  building.  It  was  planned  in 
the  Richardsonian  Romanesque  style,  with  a  large  arched  entrance,  with 
dolphins  and  sea  monsters  for  corbels.  On  the  roof  was  an  asphalt 
platform,  and  on  this  were  placed  the  instruments  of  the  Weather 
Bureau.  The  tower  was  made  like  the  bridge  of  a  modern  steamer. 
On  the  main  floor  were  the  United  States  Government  post-office 
exhibits  and  the  Weather  Bureau  recording  instruments  and  exhibit. 
This  building  was  built  over  the  underground  railroad,  and  we  were 
obliged  by  the  French  authorities  to  pay  for  the  Covering  of  the  road 
and  foundations  besides  the  actual  cost  of  the  building. 

The  annex  to  forestry,  fishing,  and  hunting  was  across  the  railroad 
from  the  main  French  building  of  that  class,  and  was  built  of  logs 
brought  from  the  United  States.  The  roof  was  of  hand-split  shakes 
from  the  South,  and  the  central  portion  was  built  with  projections  like 
the  old  log  forts  in  the  early  days.  In  the  interior  were  old  rough- 
stone  fireplaces,  and  the  building  altogether  was  similar  to  the  log  houses 
used  by  early  frontiersmen  and  hunters.  The  floor  was  of  American 
flooring  and  an  object  of  great  curiosity  to  the  French  carpenters. 

Details  of  expenditure  for  all  buildings  will  be  found  in  the  report 
of  the  secretary  and  disbursing  officer  of  the  Commission. 

Respectfully  submitted. 


Charles  A.  Coolidge. 


Baris  Exposition  op  1900. 

Third  Fi/dob  Pi^an  op  United  States  Pavilion 

QUAI  D'ORSAT. 


;  v  n  '  !■  M'S  aumT 


- — —  I  ■  ...  ~ 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  POSTAL  STATION. 


L.  P.  MOORE,  Superintendent. 


S.  Doc.  232 


U 


209 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

POSTAL  STATION. 


CONTENTS. 

Establishment  of  United  States  postal  station  in  Paris  Exposition — Selection  of 
director — Preliminary  arrangements — Utility  of  post-office — Assistants — Visits  by 
postal  officials  and  Postal  Congress — Period  of  operation — Number  of  letters, 
money  orders,  papers,  etc.,  received  and  sent,  stamps  sold,  etc. 


Office  of  the  Postmaster, 
Philadelphia ,  Pa. ,  January  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  the  United  States  postal 
station,  located  in  the  National  Pavilion,  Rue  des  Nations  (within  the 
Exposition),  Paris,  France,  was  opened  on  April  14,  1900,  on  the  day 
set  apart  by  the  F rench  Government  for  the  official  opening  of  the 
Universal  Exposition.  On  this  date  the  first  letter  ever  sent  from  an 
American  post-office  situated  on  foreign  soil  was  dispatched — a  letter 
from  the  Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  Commissioner-General  for  the 
United  States  to  the  Paris  Exposition,  addressed  to  the  Hon.  William 
McKinley,  President  of  the  United  States,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

I  was  selected  for  the  direction  of  this  office  upon  the  recommenda¬ 
tion  of  Hon.  Thomas  L.  Hicks,  postmaster  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  who 
suggested  me  as  being  well  fitted  for  this  duty,  in  view  of  the  fact  of 
my  having  had  recent  charge  of  the  postal  station  at  the  National 
Export  Exposition  held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1899. 

The  idea  of  establishing  such  a  branch  post-office  at  the  Exposition 
of  1900  originated  with  the  Hon.  Charles  Emory  Smith,  Postmaster- 
General  of  the  United  States,  who  designated  Hon.  George  W.  Beavers, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  chief  of  the  salary  and  allowance  division  of  his 
Department,  to  carry  out  the  details  of  the  installation  of  an  American 
post-office  in  Paris,  and  also  to  arrange  with  the  French  Government 
all  the  questions  of  an  international  character  affecting  the  exchange  of 
mails  between  the  United  States  and  France. 

To  this  end  Mr.  Beavers  took  passage  February  7,  1900,  per  steam¬ 
ship  St,  Paul ,  visited  Paris  and  arranged  with  M.  Millerand,  minister 
of  commerce,  postes,  and  telegraph es,  all  details  for  establishing  a 

211 


212  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

model  post-office  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900.  The  thoroughness 
of  this  work  done  by  Mr.  Beavers  is  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that 
there  was  not  the  least  friction  at  any  time  in  the  working  of  the  office 
at  either  the  American  or  French  end  of  the  service.  Nothing  was 
found  wanting  for  the  proper  and  facile  conduct  of  the  United  States 
post-office. 

The  utility  of  the  Exposition  postal  station  was  demonstrated,  not 
only  by  the  vast  number  of  letters  handled,  but  also  by  the  many  serv¬ 
ices  it  was  able  to  render  to  the  large  number  of  American  patrons  as 
a  bureau  of  information  in  the  way  of  directing  to  places  of  interest  in 
Paris  and  the  Exposition  and  assisting  to  secure  proper  hotel  accom¬ 
modations,  etc. 

The  money-order  and  registry  department  of  this  office  was  recognized 
as  a  convenience,  especially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  while  our  systems 
give  perfect  security  in  transmission,  the  systems  of  other  countries 
are  not  so  fully  satisfactory. 

The  selection  of  the  working  force  of  the  office  was  most  judicious 
and  the  staff  employed  was  very  efficient.  A  proviso  had  been  set  by 
the  Post-Office  Department,  making  it  obligatory  upon  all  who  might 
participate  in  this  foreign  service  to  speak  the  French  language.  As 
a  result  of  the  ensuing  competition  the  talents  of  the  Department 
were  evidenced  to  a  remarkable  extent.  Not  only  was  French  spoken 
by  the  clerks  secured  but  in  instances  German  and  Spanish  also. 

The  office  was  visited  by  post-office  officials  from  every  part  of  the 
civilized  world.  The  merits  of  the  United  States  system  which  were 
fully  inspected  were  demonstrated  by  working  models  of  the  latest 
type.  This  exemplification  was  especially  marked  during  the  month 
of  August  when  840  delegates  of  the  Postal  Congress,  held  at  Paris, 
(of  which  I  had  the  honor  to  be  a  member)  invaded  the  office  to  view 
and  to  learn  the  methods  employed  by  our  Government  for  the  cancel¬ 
lation  of  stamps  and  handling  of  mail  matter.  I  may  say  that,  so  far 
as  I  have  been  able  to  learn,  in  no  European  country  do  the  postal 
authorities  employ  machines  of  like  pattern  or  rapidity  to  those  in  use 
in  the  United  States  nor  do  they  employ  the  same  expeditious  means 
of  handling  and  transporting  mail  matter  as  are  in  use  in  our  system. 

The  American  post-office  was  in  operation  from  April  14,  1900, 
until  November  5,  1900.  During  that  entire  time  the  French  postal 
authorities  were  more  than  obliging  in  all  their  dealings  with  the  office, 
and  nothing  was  asked  for  that  was  not  immediately  and  graciously 
accorded.  In  this  respect  I  can  not  speak  too  highly  of  M.  Millerand, 
and  his  worthy  colleagues  the  French  bureau  des  postes. 

The  following  is  a  report  in  detail  of  the  work  done  by  this  bureau: 


Stamps  sold  to  amount  of . . . $13, 020.  50 

Number  of  registered  letters  (pieces) .  179 

Number  of  money  orders  issued . . . .  373 

Money  orders  paid  to  the  amount  of . . . $30, 000. 00 


Turkey 


Proh^nad^ 


PaEI£p  5XPO51TI0N  OP  1C)00. 

Piy an  of  Basement  of  Uniter  States  Paviuon. 

Qtjai  iJ  0 sa^f 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  213 


Number  of  letters  received . 

Number  of  letters  dispatched  to  United  States 
Number  of  letters  dispatched  to  French  office. 

Number  of  papers  received . 

Number  of  papers  dispatched . . 

Number  of  letters  forwarded . 


87,  725 
96, 020 
182,  621 
100,  930 
11,  987 
9,  960 


By  this  branch  postal  station  there  was  reserved  to  the  Post-Office 
Department  the  proud  distinction  of  presenting  the  only  exhibit 
located  in  the  national  pavilion.  The  office  was  a  credit  to  the 
pavilion  as  well  as  to  the  Department  in  each  detail.  Physically  it 
was  of  quietly  attractive  presence,  the  inclosing  framework  being 
of  hard  wood  and  glass,  finished,  exterior  and  interior,  after  the 
highest  class  of  cabinet  work,  and  was  admired  by  all  who  visited 
the  Pavilion.  In  its  administration  it  served  a  purpose  of  conspicuous 
benefit  to  the  visiting  citizens  of  our  country  and  to  the  nation’s  gen¬ 
eral  reputation  of  enterprise  and  progress. 

To  my  colleagues  who  were  associated  with  me  in  the  discharge  of 
the  daily  duties  of  the  office,  to  Commissioner-General  Peck  and  his 
staff,  to  the  Postmaster-General  and  the  members  of  the  Department, 
and  personally  to  Hon.  Thomas  L.  Hicks,  postmaster  at  Philadelphia’ 
whose  recommendation  resulted  in  my  appointment,  I  wish  to  extend 
my  thanks. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully, 

L.  P.  Moore, 

Superintendent  United  States  Postal  Station, 

y  TT  _  Paris  (. Exposition ),  France. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General , 

Chicago ,  III. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CUSTODIAN  OF  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


FRANK  T.  GILBERT,  Custodian. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CUSTODIAN  OF  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


CONTENTS. 

Conveniences  and  accommodations  of  the  national  pavilion — List  and  dates  of  prom 
inent  social  and  other  events — Concerts — Closing  of  the  pavilion. 


New  Yoke,  January  23,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  I  herewith  submit  my  report  as  custodian  of  the  United 
States  National  Pavilion,  on  the  Quai  d’Orsay,  in  the  city  of  Paris, 
France,  during  the  Exposition  Universelle  of  1900. 

Before  entering  upon  the  details  in  connection  with  this  report  it 
might  not  be  inappropriate  to  refer  briefty  to  the  causes  which  led  to 
the  erection  of  this  edifice,  as  well  as  to  the  purposes  it  was  intended 
to  serve. 

In  preparing  plans  for  this,  the  grandest  Exposition  the  world  has 
ever  seen,  it  was  determined  by  Monsieur  Picard  and  his  associates, 
representing  the  Government  of  France,  that  the  Quai  d’Orsay,  extend¬ 
ing  along  the  left  bank  of  the  River  Seine  from  the  Pont  des  Invalides 
to  the  Pont  de  l’Alma,  should  be  set  apart  and  suitable  space  given 
thereon  to  each  of  the  great  nations  of  the  world  desiring  it  on  which 
to  erect  a  national  pavilion.  Subsequent  events  have  shown  the  wis¬ 
dom  of  this  selection.  Situated  as  it  is,  not  only  in  the  heart  of  Paris, 
but  in  the  very  center  of  the  Exposition,  midway  between  the  two 
great  sections,  le  Champs  de  Mars  and  les  Invalides,  its  charming  loca¬ 
tion,  as  well  as  beautiful  surroundings,  rendered  it  one  of  the  most 
delightful  spots  in  the  city,  and  one  which  visitors  were  not  slow  to 
take  advantage  of,  as  was  evidenced  by  the  vast  crowds  to  be  seen  there 
at  all  hours  of  the  day. 

The  space  assigned  to  the  United  States  was  the  third  plot  below 
the  Pont  des  Invalides,  the  first  having  been  assigned  to  Italy,  the 
second  to  Turkey,  and  the  fourth  to  Austria.  In  erecting  our  national 
pavilion  the  idea  was  paramount  in  the  mind  of  Commissioner-General 
Peck  that  this  should  be  preeminently  a  home  for  Americans,  where 
they  might  find,  as  far  as  possible,  the  comforts  and  conveniences  to 
which  they  had  been  accustomed.  . 


217 


218  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  United  States  being  represented  in  thiity-five  different  sections, 
there  was  no  necessity  for  any  exhibits  in  the  national  pavilion,  and 
none  were  to  be  found  there,  except  such  as  were  a  part  of  the  build¬ 
ing.  Nothing  was  permitted  to  be  sold  in  our  pavilion  except  the 
United  States  catalogues;  nor  were  the  visitors  ever  importuned  to 
purchase  something  they  did  not  desire. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  in  this  report  to  give  an  accurate  description 
of  our  pavilion,  nor  to  compare  it  with  others  on  the  Quai,  except  so 
far  as  may  be  necessary  to  show  how  well  it  served  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  designed.  Every  room  in  the  building  was  furnished 
with  large  and  comfortable  easy-chairs,  which  every  visitor  was 
welcome  to  enjoy  as  long  as  he  chose. 

Two  large  and  commodious  elevators  of  the  Otis  pattern  served  to 
relieve  the  visitors  from  the  painful  necessity  of  toiling  up  three 
flights  of  stairs. 

A  model  post-office,  built  and  operated  on  the  American  plan,  was  a 
great  convenience,  not  only  to  all  Americans,  but  to  many  representa 
tives  of  other  nations. 

A  bureau  of  information  was  the  means  of  making  many  Americans 
feel  that  they  had  indeed  found  friends  in  a  strange  land;  all  Ameri¬ 
cans  were  furnished  with  stationery  without  expense,  and  a  writing 
room  afforded  them  abundant  opportunities  for  using  it. 

In  most  if  not  all  of  these  respects  our  pavilion  differed  from  all 
others. 

The  large  and  spacious  rooms  in  our  pavilion  afforded  many  oppor¬ 
tunities  for  receptions,  dinners,  and  other  social  events  from  the 
pleasure  of  which  other  pavilions,  owing  to  their  interior  arrange¬ 
ments,  were  deprived. 

The  United  States  Pavilion  was  kept  open  every  day  except  Sun¬ 
days,  and  most  of  the  time  two  evenings  in  each  week. 

Three  rooms,  opening  upon  the  first  balcony,  were  furnished  by  the 
commissions  from  the  States  of  California,  New  York,  and  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  respectively,  by  which  names  they  were  commonly  known. 
In  each  of  these  rooms  every  visitor  was  made  to  feel  at  home,  no 
matter  whether  he  hailed  from  the  State  whose  name  it  bore  or  any 
other  part  of  the  world.  V.  W.  Gaskill,  secretary  of  the  California 
commission;  Col.  William  M.  Griffith,  secretary  of  the  New  York 
commission,  and  Walter  S.  Allen,  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  com¬ 
mission,  were  in  charge  of  their  respective  rooms.  Mrs.  N.  W.  Met¬ 
calfe,  one  of  the  commissioners  from  the  State  of  New  York,  was  also 
present  during  the  entire  Exposition. 

On  the  second  floor  was  the  room  occupied  by  the  National  Com¬ 
missioners  during  their  stay  in  Paris,  wherein  they  held  meetings 
every  Thursday,  or  oftener  if  occasion  required  it. 

On  the  third  floor  was  the  room  known  as  the  44  Women’s  lioom,” 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  219 


which  was  the  meeting  place  during  the  Exposition  of  many  societies 
representing  different  spheres  of  women’s  work.  Perhaps  the  most 
notable  was  the  International  Council  of  Women,  represented  by  Mrs. 
May  Wright  Sewall,  which  held  meetings  each  Tuesday  for  several 
consecutive  weeks. 

An  American  restaurant  in  the  basement  was  a  great  comfort  to 
many  who  had  begun  to  long  for  a  good  sirloin  or  porterhouse  steak, 
after  having  been  surfeited  with  entre  cotes  and  filets  de  boeuf. 

While  it  might  be  a  pleasure  to  know  just  how  many  Americans 
visited  the  national  pavilion  during  the  Exposition,  there  is  no  way 
of  accurately  ascertaining  that  fact.  That  the  number  was  an  exceed¬ 
ingly  large  one  there  can  be  no  doubt. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  fact  that  there  was  a  visitors’  register 
in  each  of  the  three  State  rooms,  besides  the  general  register  in  the 
bureau  of  information,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  the  number  of  names 
in  the  general  register  (about  15,000)  does  not  represent  more  than 
one-quarter  of  the  number  of  visitors. 

Before  concluding  this  portion  of  my  report  1  wish  to  bear  testi¬ 
mony  to  the  fact  that  among  the  social  events  occurring  at  the  national 
pavilion  none  gave  greater  pleasure  to  our  American  visitors  than  the 
series  of  Thursday  evening  concerts  given  for  twelve  consecutive 
weeks,  commencing  August  9  and  concluding  October  25. 

Among  the  distinguished  visitors,  besides  many  from  our  own 
country,  might  be  mentioned  President  Loubet,  of  France;  Leopold, 
King  of  Belgium;  George,  King  of  Greece,  and  Oscar,  King  of 
Sweden. 

The  pavilion  was  opened  on  the  12th  day  of  May,  in  the  presence  of 
a  large  and  enthusiastic  crowd  within,  and  an  equally  large  crowd 
without,  who  were  obliged  to  content  themselves  with  listening  to  the 
spirited  music  furnished  by  Sousa’s  Band. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  more  prominent  social  events  occurring 
in  the  pavilion  during  the  Exposition: 

May  12. — Occasion  of  opening  of  Pavilion;  luncheon  by  Commissioner-General 
Peck. 

May  18. — Luncheon  by  Commissioner-General  Peck  to  C.  A.  Coolidge,  American 
architect  of  National  Pavilion;  covers  laid  for  40. 

May  25. — Luncheon  to  members  of  Commission  by  Mr.  Fethers;  covers  for  36. 

June  7. — Reception  given  by  the  American  Chamber  of  Commerce;  number  pres¬ 
ent,  about  1,500. 

July  6. — Dinner  given  by  Commissioner-General  Peck  to  American  jurors;  covers 
laid  for  160. 

July  7. — Luncheon  given  by  Mr.  and  Mr.  Clay;  covers  laid  for  40. 

July  20. — Reception  by  New  York  State  commission  to  State  commissioners. 

July  21. — Luncheon  given  by  John  N.  Scatcherd,  chairman  executive  committee, 
Pan-American;  covers  laid  for  38. 

July  &?.— Dinner  by  Commissioner-General  to  American  athletes;  covers  laid 

for  100. 


220  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


July  26. — Reception  given  by  the  New  York  State  commission;  number  present, 

2,000.' 

August  9. — Piano  recital;  artist,  Mile.  Solange  de  Croze. 

August  10. — Luncheon  given  by  Assistant  Commissioner-General  Woodward ;  covers 
laid  for  24. 

August  16  —  Second  concert.  Artists,  Miss  Celeste  Nellis,  pianiste;  Charles  Clark, 
baritone;  Miss  Fisher,  accompanist. 

August  20. — Reception  to  electrical  engineers. 

August  23. — Third  concert.  Artists,  Miss  Mary  Helen  Howe,  soprano;  Miss 
Blanche  Ogarita  Vet,  pianiste;  Miss  Coralie  Jaqueline  Vet,  violinist. 

August  30. — Fourth  concert.  .  Artists,  Mr.  Gaston  Lherie,  pianist;  Miss  Marie 
Lherie,  harpist;  Miss  Catherine  C.  McGuckin,  contralto. 

September  6. — Fifth  concert.  Artists,  Miss  Ethel  Altemus,  pianist;  Mrs.  L.  Breitner, 
violinist;  Mrs.  F.  A.  Gardner,  soprano;  Mr.  George  H.  C.  Ensworth,  baritone. 

September  10. — Reception  given  by  California  State  commissioners;  number  pres¬ 
ent,  1,800. 

September  13. — Sixth  concert.  Artists,  Mrs.  Stella  La  Zuelle  Barnhart,  pianist;  Miss 
Gertrude  M.  Rennyson,  soprano. 

September  17. — Reception  given  by  New  York  State  Commission.  Number  pres¬ 
ent,  2,000. 

September  20. — Seventh  concert.  Artists,  Miss  Blanche  Ogarita  Vet,  pianist;  Miss 
Coralie  Jaqueline  Vet,  violinist;  Miss  Clara  Mansfield,  soprano;  Baron  von  Steege, 
tenor. 

September  7. — Was  inaugurated  a  series  of  subscription  dances  in  the  pavilion  by 
the  young  people  of  the  Commission,  which  were  very  enjoyable;  but  after  the 
second  one,  given  September  21,  they  were  discontinued. 

September  27. — Eighth  concert.  Artists,  Miss  Aileen  Brower,  soprano;  Dr.  C.  J. 
Koenig,  baritone;  Baron  von  Steege,  tenor;  Mrs.  De  Chessin,  accompanist;  Sydney 
R.  Sprague,  pianist. 

October  4 • — Ninth  concert.  Artists,  Mrs.  Bernicede  Pasquali,  soprano;  Mr.  M.  de 
Pasquali,  tenor;  J.  Erich  Schmall,  pianist. 

October  11. — Tenth  concert.  Artists,  Cornelia  Rider,  pianist;  Miss  Lucie  Hirsch, 
soprano;  Gustin  Wright,  accompanist. 

October  17. — Mr.  Thomas  F.  Walsh  gave  a  noonday  lunch  to  the  Commissioner- 
General  and  his  staff,  covers  being  laid  for  41;  and  in  the  evening  gave  a  dinner  to 
the  United  States  guards,  covers  being  laid  for  60. 

October  18. — Eleventh  concert.  Artists,  Miss  Juliette  Tontain,  pianist;  Miss  Marie 
Lherie,  harpist;  Miss  Alice  Watson,  soprano;  Mr.  Conrad  B.  Kimball,  baritone;  Mr. 
Clarence  Dickinson,  accompanist. 

October  19. — Commissioner-General  Peck  gave  a  luncheon  to  Mr.  Thomas  F.  Walsh; 
covers  laid  for  40. 

October  24. — Maj.  Fred  Brackett,  secretary  and  disbursing  agent,  gave  a  luncheon 
to  Mr.  Peck  and  the  members  of  his  staff;  covers  laid  for  36. 

October  25. — Twelfth  and  farewell  concert.  Artists,  Mrs.  Nathalie  Chessin,  pianist; 
Miss  Aileen  Brower,  soprano;  Dr.  J.  C.  Koenig,  baritone;  Mr.  Louis  Fournier, 
violincellist;  Mr.  Marcel  Chailley^  violinist. 

November  1. — Luncheon  given  by  Mr.  Ochs,  manager  of  the  Paris  edition  of  the 
New  York  Times,  to  the  members  of  his  staff;  covers  laid  for  41. 

It  is  quite  apparent  to  the  writer  that  some  social  events  have  been 
omitted  from  the  foregoing  list,  but  no  data  is  at  present  available  to 
supply  the  deficiency. 

In  conclusion,  permit  it  to  be  said  that  the  national  pavilion  was  the 
object  of  a  certain  amount  of  criticism  on  the  part  of  a  few  American 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  221 


visitors,  but  inquiry  revealed  the  fact  that  in  most  cases  such  criticism 
came  from  persons  who  were  not  familiar  with  the  object  of  its  con¬ 
struction,  and  who  looked  for  a  national  pavilion  modeled  on  the  plan 
of  the  Government  building  in  Chicago.  But  if  they  remained  in 
Paris  long  enough  to  get  thoroughly  exhausted  doing  the  Exposition, 
and  availed  themselves  of  the  opportunities  for  rest  and  repose  afforded 
by  the  national  pavilion,  they  were  in  almost  every  case  frank  to 
acknowledge  that  their  first  impressions  had  been  erroneous. 

It  was  not  contemplated  that  any  particular  ceremony  should  mark 
the  closing  of  the  national  pavilion,  but  it  was  quietly  arranged  with  a 
celebrated  American  cornet  player,  then  in  Paris,  that  at  sunset  of  the 
12th  of  November  he  should  be  present  in  the  pavilion  with  his  cornet; 
that  the  last  sounds  of  music  heard  therein  should  be  such  familiar  airs 
as  “The  Star  Spangled  Banner,”  “The  Marsellaise,”  “Auld  Lang 
Syne,”  and  “  Home,  Sweet  Home”,  but  through  an  error  on  his  part 
the  musician  did  not  arrive  on  time;  so,  at  4.30  p.  m.,  November  12, 
1900,  the  doors  of  the  United  States  national  pavilion  were  closed  to 
the  public  forever. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Frank  T.  Gilbert, 

Custodian  of  National  Pavilion. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General  of  the  United  States 

to  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTOR  OF  SPORTS. 


A.  G.  SPALDING,  Directc  >r  of  Sports. 


223 


REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTOR  OF  SPORTS. 


CONTENTS. 

Selection  of  assistant  director  of  sports  for  the  United  States — Selection  of  assistant 
director  of  sports  for  Paris — Distribution  of  programme  of  events — Establishing 
department  in  New  York — Dividing  the  events  into  sections — Fencing — Polo 
games — Pigeon  shooting — Motor  launch  races — Scratch  events — Lawn  tennis — 
Athletic  races  and  field  events — Championship  events;  prizes  won — Records  of 
prize  winners — Yacht  racing — Swimming  races — Fire  extinguishing  competi¬ 
tion — Rowing — Bicycle  races — Baseball — Golf — Expenses. 


Paris,  October  £7,  1900. 

Dear  Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  brief  report  of 
the  various  events  of  sports  and  athletics  which  took  place  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900  and  the  participation  of  the 
United  States  in  the  same: 

Immediately  upon  receiving  my  appointment  as  director  of  athletics 
in  April,  1900,  I  proceeded  from  Chicago  to  New  York  and  selected, 
with  your  approval,  Mr.  James  E.  Sullivan,  of  New  York  City,  as 
assistant  director  of  sports  for  the  United  States.  This  appointment 
I  considered  most  important,  as  Mr.  Sullivan,  in  his  official  capacity  as 
secretary  of  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union  of  the  United  States  and 
president  of  the  Metropolitan  Association  of  the  Amateur  Athletic 
Union  of  New  York,  was  in  close  personal  touch  with  all  prominent 
athletes,  professional  and  amateur,  collegiate,  scholastic,  and  secular, 
throughout  the  United  States.  To  his  able  and  politic  manner  of 
handling  the  initial  work  of  our  department  in  New'  York,  1  attribute 
in  a  great  measure  the  unparalleled  number  and  quality  of  the  entries 
to  the  track  and  field  athletics  recorded  at  Paris  in  July,  1900. 

The  official  programme  of  athletics  of  the  Exposition  was  printed  in 
French.  I  caused  this  programme  to  be  translated  and  printed  in 
pamphlet  form  in  English  and  had  5,000  copies  of  the  translation  dis¬ 
tributed  throughout  the  United  States  earl}'  in  May,  1900.  The  interest 
in  the  Paris  games,  w  hich,  up  to  that  time  had  been  indefinite,  rapidly 
took  active  form  and  culminated  in  the  arrival  of  53  American  athletes 
in  Paris  during  the  second  week  in  July,  1900,  the  equal  of  w'hich  the 
Old  World  had  never  seen  before. 

S.  Doc.  232 


15 


225 


226  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Having  established  the  department  in  New  York  on  a  good  basis  and 
placed  it  in  good  hands,  I  made  a  special  trip  to  Paris  early  in  May, 
where,  upon  the  approval  of  the  Commissioner-General,  Mr.  B.  Spald¬ 
ing  de  Garmendia,  of  New  York,  was  appointed  as  assistant  director 
of  sports  in  Paris.  Mr.  de  Garmendia  is  an  athlete  prominent  on  both 
sides  of  the  water,  and  his  knowledge  of  the  language  and  customs  of 
France  made  his  services  particularly  valuable.  Mr.  de  Garmendia 
immediately  proceeded  to  familiarize  himself  with  his  duties,  and  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  heads  of  the  different  athletic  departments 
or  sections  of  the  Exposition. 

These  sections  were  divided  and  entitled  as  follows: 

SERVICE  DES  SPORTS - M.  DANIEL  MERILLEN — GENERAL  DELEGATE. 

Section  1 :  Athletic  games,  comprising  running  races,  Rugby  football,  association 
football,  hockey,  cricket,  baseball,  lawn  tennis,  croquet,  longue  paume,  boules, 
lacrosse,  balle  au  tamis,  short  paume,  palote  basque,  and  golf;  M.  Paul  Escudior, 
president. 

Section  2:  Gymnastics;  M.  Belle,  senator,  president. 

Section  3:  Fencing,  foil,  sword,  and  saber;  M.  Hobrard  de  Villeneve,  state  coun¬ 
cillor,  president. 

Section  4:  Shooting,  rifle,  revolver,  and  shot  gun;  Lieutenant-Colonel  Guerin, 
deputy,  president. 

Section  5:  Sports  hippique,  horse  show,  polo;  M.  de  la  Haye-Jousselin,  vice-presi¬ 
dent  of  the  steeple  club,  president. 

Section  6:  Bicycle  races;  M.  Pagis,  president  de  1’ Union  Velocipedique  de  France, 
president. 

Section  7:  Automobilism;  M.  Forestier,  general  inspector  of  roads  and  bridges, 
president. 

Section  8:  Nautical  sport:  Rowing,  sailing,  and  steam  launch  races,  swimming 
races,  angling;  Admiral  Duperre,  president. 

Section  9:  Life  saving  on  land  and  sea;  M.  Boucher-Cadart,  president  de  la  Societe 
Fran^aise  de  Sauvetage,  president. 

Section  10:  Aerostation,  ballooning,  air  ships,  and  carrier  pigeons;  M.  Gailutet, 
mernbre  de  L’Institut,  president. 


FENCING. 

The  first  event  on  the  programme  of  the  Exposition  sports,  which 
opened  on  the  14th  day  of  May,  in  the  Salle  des  Fetes,  was  fencing 
with  the  foil.  The  prizes,  professional  and  amateur,  were  won  by 
Frenchmen.  The  United  States  was  not  represented.  The  sword  com¬ 
petition  took  place  on  the  Terasse  des  Tuileries,  rue  de  Rivoli,  and 
began  on  the  1st  of  June,  finishing  on  the  15th.  Although  the  United 
States  was  not  represented  in  the  contest,  the  first  prize  for  amateurs 
was  won  by  an  American,  Mr.  Fens,  from  Cuba.  M.  Avat,  jr.,  maitre 
d’arms,  won  the  professional  first  prize,  and  the  United  States  was 
represented  in  the  saber  competition  for  professionals  in  the  entry  of 
N.  Orleans.  This  event  continued  from  the  18th  to  the  27th  of  June, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  227 


and  took  place  in  the  Salle  des  Fetes.  The  first  prize  for  amateurs 
was  won  by  Captain  the  Count  de  la  Falaise,  a  French  cavalry  officer 
and  champion  of  France  with  the  sword  in  1899.  This  gentleman  is 
a  pupil  of  the  Chevalier  Conte,  the  Italian  maitre  d’armes,  who  resides 
in  Paris,  and  who  won  the  first  prize  for  professionals. 

POLO  GAMES. 

In  the  polo  games  held  at  the  polo  grounds  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne, 
during  the  week  beginning  June  9,  two  Americans,  Mr.  Foxhall  P. 
Keene  and  Mr.  Raoul-Duval,  both  of  New  York,  greatly  distinguished 
themselves. 


PIGEON  SHOOTING. 

America  was  also  prominent  in  the  contest  for  the  grand  prix  of 
the  Exposition,  for  pigeon  shooting,  held  at  the  beautiful  and  famous 
grounds  of  the  Cercle  du  Bois  de  Boulogne.  This  great  event,  which 
began  on  Tuesday,  June  19,  attracted  famous  shots  from  all  over  the 
world.  The  first  prize  was  15,000  francs.  Among  those  entered  from 
the  United  States  were  Mr.  Edgar  Murphy,  of  New  York,  one  of  our 
best  amateur  shots;  Mr.  Wadsworth  Rogers,  of  Philadelphia;  Mr. 
Crittenden  Robinson,  of  San  Francisco;  Mr.  F.  Erskine,  of  Cleveland, 
and  Tod  Sloane,  the  famous  jockey.  Mr.  Robinson  divided  third  prize 
with  Mr.  Mackintosh,  of  Australia,  and  shot  remarkably  throughout. 
Messrs.  Murphy,  Rogers,  and  Sloane  made  good  records  and  received 
the  silver  and  bronze  medals  given  by  the  Exposition  to  those  who  dis¬ 
tinguished  themselves  in  competition.  The  first  prize  in  the  famous 
contest  was  won  by  Monsieur  Leon  de  Lunden,  of  Brussels,  M.  Maurice 
Faure,  of  Paris,  taking  the  second. 

MOTOR  LAUNCH  RACES. 

On  June  28  and  21  the  motor  launch  races  took  place  at  Argenteuil, 
on  the  Seine.  Although  no  American  boats  were  entered,  the  United 
States  was  represented  by  Mr.  Harry  van  Bergen  and  Mr.  B.  S.  de 
Garmendia,  of  New  York,  as  members  of  the  jury. 

SCRATCH  EVENTS. 

On  July  1,  in  the  events  at  the  beautiful  grounds  of  the  Racing  Club 
de  France,  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  two  Americans  greatly  distin¬ 
guished  themselves  b}^  winning  all  of  the  scratch  events  for  which  they 
had  entered.  They  are  Mr.  M.  F.  Sweeny,  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
ex-champion  high  jumper  of  America,  who  won  the  running  high  and 
running  broad  jump,  and  Prof.  O.  B.  Schoenfeld,  of  New  Orleans,  who 
won  the  weight  competitions. 


228  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


LAWN  TENNIS. 

The  lawn  tennis  tournament  began  July  6  and  lasted  until  the  12th. 
It  was  held  at  the  picturesque  and  beautiful  grounds  of  the  Puteaux 
Club,  on  the  Isle  de  Puteaux,  under  the  courteous  and  attentive  direction 
of  the  Viscount  de  Janze,  the  president,  and  Mr.  C.  A.  Voight,  of  San 
Francisco,  the  official  referee.  This  tournament  was  one  of  the  sport¬ 
ing  successes  of  the  Exposition.  The  prizes  were  very  handsome, 
having  been  selected  with  admirable  taste  by  Messrs,  de  Janze  and 
Prevost.  The  entry  list  was  Large  and  composed  of  some  of  the  best 
players  in  the  world,  both  men  and  women.  England  had  sent  her 
champion,  R.  F.  Doherty;  also  Miss  Cooper,  ex-champion  and  the  year’s 
winner  over  all  comers,  at  Wimbledon;  H.  L.  Dohert}~,  second  onty 
to  his  brother;  R.  F.  Mahoney,  ex-champion  of  England  and  Ireland, 
and  A.  Norris.  France  was  represented  by  most  of  her  best  players, 
including  Mile.  Prevost,  the  lady  champion  of  France.  The  United 
States  presented  Miss  Marion  Jones,  of  California,  ex-champion  of  the 
United  States,  Mr.  C.  E.  Sands,  of  New  York,  the  present  court  tennis 
champion  of  France,  Mr.  C.  A.  Voight,  of  San  Francisco,  and  Mr.  B. 
S.  de  Garmendia,  of  New  York,  for  nine  years  undefeated  racquet 
champion  of  the  United  States  knd.  Canada,  and  ex-champion  of  court 
tennis  of  the  United  States. 

Each  day’s  play  was  witnessed  by  large  and  fashionable  crowds, 
which  took  great  interest  in  the  matches.  Mr.  II.  L.  Doherty,  of 
England,  won  the  first  prize,  scratch,  men’s  singles;  Messrs.  II.  L.  and 
R.  F.  Doherty  won  the  first  prize,  scratch,  doubles;  Mr.  Prevost,  of 
Paris,  won  the  first  prize,  handicap,  men’s  singles;  Messrs,  de  Gar¬ 
mendia  and  Decugis  won  the  first  prize,  handicap,  men’s  doubles; 
Messrs,  de  Garmendia  and  Decugis  won  the  second  prize,  scratch, 
men’s  doubles;  Miss  Cooper  won  the  first  prize,  scratch,  ladies’  singles; 
Mr.  R.  F.  Doherty  and  Miss  Cooper  won  the  first  prize,  scratch,  mixed 
doubles;  Mr.  Andre  Prevost  and  Mile.  Prevost  won  the  first  prize, 
handicap,  mixed  doubles,  and  Miss  Prevost  won  the  first  prize,  handi¬ 
cap,  ladies’  singles. 

The  programme  for  professionals  had  attracted  all  the  first-class 
talent  in  Europe,  including  George  Kerr,  of  Dublin,  Henton,  of  Ber¬ 
lin,  Marshall  and  Burke,  of  Paris,  Hierons  and  Fleming,  of  Queens 
Club,  London.  Excellent  play  was  furnished  by  these  experts  through¬ 
out.  The  first  prize  was  won  by  Burke,  of  the  Puteaux  Club  of  Paris, 
George  Kerr,  of  Dublin,  second. 

ATHLETIC  RACKS  AND  FIELD  EVENTS. 

The  amatuer  athletic  races  and  field  events  were  held  at  the  Racing 
Club  of  France,  under  the  direction  of  the  officers  of  that  club,  assisted 
by  officers  of  the  Union  des  Societies  Fran^aises  des  Sports  Athletiques. 
They  took  place  July  II,  15,  16,  19,  and  22. 


1.  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 
From  a  photograph. 


MAIN  ENTRANCE.  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


229 


Thanks  to  the  energy  disphiyed  by  Mr.  Sullivan,  in  New  York,  this 
event  was  the  crowning  success  in  the  field  of  sports  at  the  Exposition 
for  the  United  States.  Fifty-three  of  America’s  champions  and  record 
holders  had  come  over  in  teams  representing  their  colleges  or  clubs. 
Some  of  the  men  while  en  route  to  Paris  had  stopped  in  England  and 
there  swept  everything  before  them,  winning  8  out  of  12  championship 
events  in  London.  At  the  Paris  games  there  were  21  scratch  events, 
of  which  the  United  States  won  18  firsts,  13  seconds,  and  11  thirds. 

In  the  world’s  championship  events,  of  which  there  were  13,  the 
different  countries  took  prizes  as  follows: 


Country. 

Firsts. 

Seconds. 

Thirds. 

Country. 

Firsts. 

Seconds. 

Thirds. 

America . 

10 

8 

7 

Bohemia . i 

0 

1 

0 

England . 

2 

1 

0 

Norway . 

0 

0 

1 

Hungary . 

1 

0 

1 

Australia _ _ 

o 

0 

1 

France . 

0 

2 

1 

Denmark . 

0 

0 

1 

Ireland . 

0 

1 

1 

1 

In  the  scratch  events  the  score  was  as  follows: 


Country. 

Firsts. 

Seconds. 

Thirds. 

Country. 

Firsts. 

Seconds. 

Thirds. 

America . 

8 

5 

4 

India . 

0 

2 

0 

England . 

2  1 

1 

1 

Sweden . 

0 

1 

0 

France . 

1 

2 

3 

Australia . 

0 

0 

2 

Figuring  by  the  point  system,  five  points  for  first,  three  points  for 
second,  and  one  point  for  third,  the  score  was: 


Country. 

Points. 

Country.  ;  Points. 

Country. 

Points. 

America . 

140 

Ireland . !  4 

j  Denmark . 

1 

England . 

27 

Sweden .  3 

Norway . 

I 

Franr.p 

21 

Rnhemia  3 

Hungary  . . . 

6 

Australia . 3 

Total . 

215 

India . 

6 

Germany,  Austria,  and  Italy  did  not  score  in  the  championship 
scratch  events.  The  athletes  from  the  United  States  who  so  distin¬ 
guished  their  country  and  themselves  in  the  above  events,  with  their 
winnings  and  records,  are  as  follows: 

A.  C.  Kraenzlein,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  won  four  events,  the 
110  meters  high  hurdles  in  15f  seconds  (the  world’s  record  on  grass), 
the  60-meter  race  in  7  seconds,  a  new  world’s  record;  the  running  broad 
jump,  23  feet  5f  inches,  and  the  200  meters  low  hurdles,  25^  seconds, 
another  world’s  record.  Mr.  Kraenzlein  is  the  intercollegiate  cham¬ 
pion  high  and  low  hurdler  and  100  yard  runner,  and  the  champion 
running  broad  jumper  of  England.  He  hold’s  the  world’s  record  for 
high  and  low  hurdles  and  running  broad  jump. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Jarvis,  of  Princeton  University,  won  the  100-ineter  race 
in  10§  seconds,  the  world’s  record  for  the  distance. 


230  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Richard  Sheldon,  Yale  and  New  York  Athletic  Club,  won  the 
16-pound  shot,  46  feet  2£  inches,  the  best  he  has  ever  done.  He  is  the 
English  and  Canadian  champion  at  shot  putting,  and  the  United  States 
discus-throwing  champion. 

Mr.  M.  W.  Long,  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  won  the  400-meter 
flat  in  49f  seconds — a  grand  performance.  Mr.  Long  was  the  champion 
one-quarter  mile  runner  of  the  United  States  in  1898  and  1899,  and  is  the 
present  one-quarter  mile  champion  of  England,  Canada,  and  the  United 
States.  He  is  the  fastest  runner  for  this  distance  America  has  ever 
produced. 

W.  B.  Tewksbuiy,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  won  the  400-meter 
hurdle  in  57f  seconds,  establishing  a  new  record;  also  the  100-meter 
heat,  in  lOf  seconds,  equaling  Jarvis’s  world’s  record,  and  was  second 
in  the  final  100-meter. 

1.  K.  Baxter,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  won  the  running 
high  jump  at  6  feet  2%  inches.  In  an  exhibition  trial  he  barety  failed 
at  6  feet  6  inches.  He  also  won  the  pole  vault  at  10  feet  8£-  inches. 
He  is  the  champion  running  high  jumper  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

George  Orton,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  won  the  2,500- 
meter  steeplechase  in  7  minutes  34  seconds,  a  remarkable  feat  and 
plucky  performance.  Robinson,  England’s  champion  at  the  distance, 
was  second  by  6  yards  and  Chastaigne,  Racing  Club  of  France, 
third.  Orton  is  the  champion  cross-country  and  steeplechase  runner 
of  the  United  States. 

Ray  Ewry,  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  won  the  standing  high 
jump  at  5  feet  5  inches,  a  world’s  record;  the  standing  broad  jump,  10 
feet  10  inches;  and  the  triple  saute,  or  three  consecutive  standing  jumps, 
with  34  feet  7i  inches,  also  a  world’s  record.  He  is  the  holder  of  the 
world’s  record  for  the  standing  broad  jump.  At  the  personal  request 
of  the  director  of  athletics  for  the  United  States  the  standing  broad 
and  long  jumps  were  added  to  the  programme.  Messrs.  Gorham  & 
Co.,  of  New  York,  gave  the  prizes  for  them,  as  well  as  the  prize  for 
the  Marathon  race,  which  were  among  the  handsomest  cups  given. 

John  Flanagan,  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  won  the  hammer 
competition  with  167  feet  4J  inches,  coming  within  3i  inches  of  his 
own  world’s  record.  He  holds  the  American  and  English  record,  is 
the  present  hammer  and  shot  champion  of  England  and  Canada,  and 
was  hammer  champion  of  the  United  States  in  1897, 1898,  and  1899. 

John  Cregan,  of  Princeton  University,  finished  second  in  the  800- 
meter  flat,  Tysoe,  the  English  champion,  being  first.  Cregan  is  the 
ex-champion  of  the  United  States,  and’ is  the  present  intercollegiate 
champion  mile  runner. 

Truxton  Hare,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  finished  second 
in  hammer  throwing,  with  151  feet  9  inches.  Mr.  Hare  is  also  one  of 
the  best  football  players  in  the  States. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  231 


J.  0.  McCracken,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  finished  third 
in  the  hammer  throwing  and  second  in  the  shot-putting  contests.  He 
is  a  prominent  all-round  athlete,  always  scores  in  his  competitions  in 
the  college  games,  and  is  Pennsylvania’s  crack  football  player. 

Robert  Garret,  of  Princeton  University,  finished  third  in  putting 
the  shot  and  third  in  the  triple  jump.  He  won  the  discus  throw  at  the 
Olympian  games,  Athens,  1896. 

John  Bray,  of  Williams  College,  finished  third  in  the  1,500-meter 
flat.  Bray  is  the  1-mile  champion  of  Canada.  He  finished  second  to 
Cregan  in  the  mile  intercollegiate  championship,  1900,  and  has  per¬ 
formed  meritoriously  for  years. 

M.  Prinstein,  of  S}^racuse  Universit}T,  won  in  the  hop,  skip,  and 
jump,  and  was  second  in  the  long  jump  by  one-fourth  inch.  He  is  the 
intercollegiate  broad- jump  champion. 

L.  P.  Sheldon,  New  York  Athletic  Club,  finished  third  in  the  standing 
high  jump  and  third  in  the  hop,  skip,  and  jump.  Mr.  Sheldon  is  a  grad¬ 
uate  of  Yale  and  was  one  of  her  best  athletes.  He  was  the  all-round 
champion  of  the  United  States  in  1896,  and  still  retains  his  skill. 

J.  B.  Connolty,  of  Boston,  finished  second  in  the  hop,  skip,  and 
jump.  He  is  a  prominent  Eastern  athlete,  and  won  this  event  in 
Athens  in  1896.  He  also  holds  the  world’s  record  for  running  two  hops 
and  jump,  49  feet  i  inch. 

W  .  J.  Holland,  of  Georgetown  University,  finished  second  to  Long 
in  the  400-meter  flat  race. 

Athletes  of  the  Chicago  University  were  unable  to  compete  in  several 
of  the  final  heats  of  the  races  for  which  they  had  alread}7  qualified,  as 
they  were  run  on  Sunday*  This  was  unfortunate,  as  some  of  them 
undoubtedly  would  have  scored. 

D.  C.  Hall,  of  Brown  University,  a  recognized  New  England  cham¬ 
pion,  who  finished  second  to  Alexander  Grant  in  the  2-mile  flat  at  the 
intercollegate  championships,  New  York,  1900,  and  Alexander  Grant, 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Dick  Grant,  of  Harvard,  two 
very  good  long-distance  runners,  also  contested  in  these  events.  Alex¬ 
ander  Grant  is  the  champion  2-mile  runner  and  the  Intercollegiate 
Association  champion  5-miler.  A.  F.  Duffy,  of  Georgetown  Univer¬ 
sity,  also  contested,  but  broke  a  tendon  in  his  leg  in  the  final  heat  of 
his  first  race,  the  100  meters,  when  in  the  lead.  He  was  the  champion 
100-yard  runner  of  the  United  States  in  1899. 

The  Englishmen  who  won  their  several  events  were  the  best  in  the 
world  at  their  distances.  Tysoe  won  the  800-meter  flat,  with  Cregan 
second  and  Hall  third,  in  2  minutes  TV  second.  In  the  1,500-meter 
race,  Bennett,  the  English  mile  champion,  won  in  the  world-record 
time  of  4  minutes  6  seconds,  closely  followed  by  Deloge,  of  the  Rac¬ 
ing  Club  of  France.  Rimmer,  the  4-mile  flat  champion  of  England, 
won  the  4,000-meter  steeplechase  in  the  fastest  time  ever  made  for 
the  distance,  12  minutes  58|  seconds. 


232  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

In  an  impromptu  tug  of  war  a  team  composed  of  the  best  of  the 
continental  athletes  pulled  against  an  organization  from  the  United 
States  and  were  beaten  after  a  hard  and  almost  equal  struggle.  The 
European  team  could  not  account  for  the  defeat,  as  it  was  many  pounds 
the  heavier,  and  the  match  was  pulled  on  grass  without  braces  for  the 
feet  or  spikes  in  the  shoes. 

The  true  records  made  by  our  men  on  the  above  occasions  are  as 
follows: 

One  hundred  and  ten  meters  hurdle:  A.  C.  Kraenzlein,  15|  seconds.  French 
record,  17  seconds. 

Eight  hundred  meters  flat:  D.  C.  Hall,  first  heat,  1  minute  59  seconds.  French 
record,  2  minutes  1  second. 

One  hundred  meters  flat:  F.  W.  Jarvis  and  J.  W.  B.  Tewksbury,  10f  seconds. 
French  record,  111  seconds. 

Four  hundred  meters  flat:  M.  W.  Long,  49f  seconds.  French  record,  50§  seconds. 

Four  hundred  meters  hurdle:  J.  W.  B.  Tewksbury,  57f  seconds.  French  record, 
59  seconds. 

Broad  jump:  Peter  Remington,  7  m.  45  c.  m.  French  record,  6  m.  32  c.  m. 

High  jump:  I.  K.  Baxter,  1  m.  90  c.  m.  French  record,  1  m.  75  c.  m. 

Pole  vault:  Horton,  Princeton,  3  m.  45  c.  m.  French  record,  none. 

Sixty  meters:  A.  C.  Kraenzlein,  7  seconds,  world’s  record. 

When  one  considers  that  these  athletes  traveled  on  an  average  of 
3,200  miles  each,  suffered  a  change  of  climate,  diet,  etc.,  and  when 
they  arrived  in  Paris  carried  everything  before  them,  the  remarkable 
quality  of  their  performance  stands  out  still  more  distinctly.  It  speaks 
marvels  for  their  discipline,  to  say  nothing  of  their  high  individual 
athletic  skill.  The  favorable  impression  they  made  also  as  gentlemen 
and  thorough  clean-cut  sportsmen  was  equaled  only  by  their  achieve¬ 
ments  in  the  athletic  field.  America  paid  France  the  highest  honor 
and  compliment  in  her  power  in  sending  the  best  she  could  produce. 
The  men  were  hospitably  entertained  by  the  committee  in  charge  of 
the  games.  The  courtesy  and  hospitality  shown  to  them  at  all  times 
and  especiall}"  the  magnificent  banquet  given  in  their  honor  by  United 
States  Commissioner-General  Peck  in  the  United  States  Pavilion  will  be 
to  them  a  pleasing  and  lasting  remembrance. 

YACHT  RACING. 

Mr.  de  Garmendia,  assistant  director  of  athletics  in  Paris,  was  com¬ 
missioned  to  attend  the  Exposition  yacht  races  held  at  Havre  during 
the  week  beginning  Monday,  July  30.  The  members  of  the  inter¬ 
national  jury  representing  the  United  States  on  this  occasion  were 
Messrs.  Janies  Gordon  Bennett,  owner  of  the  }Tacht  Namouna /  Oliver 
lselin,  New  York  Yacht  Club;  Harry  Van  Bergen,  John  J.  Buchan, 
and  E.  S.  de  Garmendia,  of  New  York.  The  latter  and  Mr.  Van 
Bergen  were  the  only  members  who  were  present  at  the  races  and 
meetings.  Mr.  Van  Bergen  entered  his  yawl,  the  Formosa ,  and  was 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


233 


the  only  American  represented  in  the  races.  He  raced  once  and  won 
third  prize.  The  Brynhild  %nd,  a  crack  English  racing  yawl  of  150 
tons,  won  the  first  prize  in  this  race. 

The  racing  all  through  was  excellent,  marred  somewhat,  however, 
by  two  days  of  stormy  weather.  The  honors  were  carried  off  by  the 
French  cutter  Ester  el,  of  19  tons,  sailed  by  Messrs.  Billard  and  P. 
Perquet,  which  won  the  Grand  Prix  de  1’ Exposition  over  a  30-knot 
triangular  course.  She  beat  the  famous  Laurea ,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Hore,  of  London,  the  winner  of  the  coup  de  France  of  1900.  The 
other  contestants  were: 

The  JVau,  another  English  cutter  of  15  tons,  belonging  to  S.  Melloiy, 
of  Glasgow;  the  Rozenna ,  formerly  the  Anne ,  belonging  to  Comte  de 
Castellane,  now  the  property  of  G.  A.  Cionier,  St.  Nazaire;  the  Luna , 
18  tons,  belonging  to  J.  Valton,  Trouville,  and  the  Quand  Meme ,  20 
tons,  of  the  Due  Decazes,  especially  built  this  year  to  defend  the  coup 
de  France. 

This  race  was  sailed  in  three  series  and  was  decided  by  points,  six 
points  to  first  boat,  five  to  second,  four  to  third,  etc.  There  was  plenty 
of  wind  and  sea  each  day  and  the  Esterel ,  being  the  best  heavy-weather 
boat,  won.  These  boats  are  the  best  of  their  respective  types,  fin  or 
bulb  keel,  in  England  and  France,  and  are  about  the  size  of  our  fifty- 
footers. 

The  arrangements  were  excellent,  and,  thanks  to  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Henri  Menier,  president  of  the  international  jury  and  owner  of  the 
steam  yachts  Alme  and  the  Bacchante ,  the  committee  and  members  of 
the  jury  were  able  to  follow  the  boats  from  start  to  finish  over  their 
course.  The  lavish  and  repeated  hospitality  of  Messrs.  Menier,  Billard, 
the  honorable  secretary  of  the  committee  of  arrangements,  L.  Brindeau, 
deputy  from  Havre,  and  the  members  of  the  yacht  club  of  Havre  will 
live  for  a  long  time  in  the  memory  of  those  fortunate  enough  to  have 
enjoyed  it.  The  Commissioner-General  and  Mr.  Walter  Peck  were 
present  at  one  of  the  races,  and  great  regret  was  expressed  by  the  com¬ 
mittee  that  their  stay  could  not  be  more  prolonged. 

SWIMMING  RACES. 

The  swimming  races  held  at  the  Bassin  de  Courbevoie  on  August  11 
and  12  produced  only  three  American  entries  in  the  amateur  class. 
Our  best  swimmers  did  not  enter,  which  was  unfortunate,  as  they  would 
have  had  an  opportunity  of  meeting  the  best  amateur  long  and  short 
distance  swimmers  of  Europe  in  the  persons  of  Mr.  Jarvis  and  Mr. 
Lane,  of  the  Osborne  Swimming  Club,  England,  who  won  all  the  first 
prizes  in  their  respective  specialties.  The  Osborne  Swimming  Club 
also  won  the  first  prize  at  water  polo  with  a  team  composed  of  Messrs. 
Crawshaw,  Derbyshire,  Henry,  Jarvis,  Kemp,  Lane,  and  Stapleton, 
and  gave  a  fine  exhibition  of  team  work  and  shooting  for  goal.  The 


234  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


attendance  was  large  and  the  programme  ably  and  promptly  carried 
out  by  the  committee  in  charge.  The  entry  list  was  extensive,  and  the 
following  countries  were  represented:  England,  France,  Germany, 
Holland,  Austria,  Hungary,  Belgium,  and  the  United  States. 

FIRE-EXTINGUISHING  COMPETITION. 

The  next  event  in  which  the  United  States  had  an  entry  was  in  the 
firemen  and  fire  engine  competition,  held  at  Vincennes  during  the  week 
of  August  13-19.  Kansas  City  sent  its  famous  engine  and  hook  and 
ladder  company  No.  1,  the  necessary  funds,  $15,000,  having  been  raised 
through  the  personal  efforts  of  the  patriotic  mayor  of  that  city.  The 
rapid  and  perfect  manner  in  which  this  company,  under  the  command 
of  its  captain,  George  C.  Hale,  performed  its  maneuvers  and  thrilling 
life-saving  drills  excited  the  admiration  and  the  repeated  and  prolonged 
applause  of  the  great  crowds  assembled  to  witness  this,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  features  of  the  exhibition’s  sports.  England,  Germany, 
Portugal,  Spain,  Italy,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Canada,  Algeria,  France, 
Russia,  Luxemburg,  Holland,  Roumania,  and  the  United  States  were 
represented  in  this  contest. 

A  French  paper,  La  Vie  Illustree,  of  August  24,  in  writing  of  the 
firemen’s  parade  of  August  15,  before  the  President  of  France  and  his 
cabinet,  says: 

One  of  the  features  of  this  never-to-be-forgotten  day  was  the  passing  of  the  Ameri¬ 
can  engine  and  firemen  of  Kansas  City,  whose  reputation  is  universal  and  whose 
photographs  we  are  happy  to  produce  here,  thanks  to  the  kindness  of  our  American 
correspondent,  Mr.  Fitz-Morris 

Besides  the  superiority  of  the  equipe  or  personnel  of  the  Kansas  City 
brigade,  their  American  engine  was  also  superior,  throwing  two  streams 
of  water  at  the  same  time  of  greater  volume  and  50  feet  farther  or 
higher  than  its  nearest  competitor,  which  only  threw  one.  The  horses 
were  styled  “  trick  or  circus  ”  horses,  especially  trained  for  the  occasion, 
and  it  was  impossible  to  make  people  believe  that  every  fire  engine, 
hose  carriage,  and  hook  and  ladder  company  in  the  United  States  has 
teams  as  well  or  similarly  instructed.  Kansas  City  was  awarded  the 
grand  prix  de  1’  Exposition  and  excluded  from  further  competitions,  as 
it  was  preeminent!}7  first. 

ROWING. 

Again  did  the  United  States  distinguish  itself  in  the  rowing  regatta 
on  the  Seine  at  Courbevoie,  August  25  and  26. 

Mr.  Fred  Fortmeyer,  president  of  the  National  Association  of  Ama¬ 
teur  Oarsmen,  was  a  member  of  the  international  jury. 

The  weather  being  favorable  the  first  day,  with  the  wind  in  favor  of 
the  oarsmen  and  the  water  calm,  excellent  time  was  made. 

The  only  American  entry  was  in  the  senior-eight  class.  The  Ves- 


2.  ROTUNDA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION,  GROUND  FLOOR. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  235 


per  craw,  of  Philadelphia,  had  qualified  for  this  by  winning  in  the 
United  States  the  Paris  Exposition  race  from  a  large  field  of  competi¬ 
tors.  This  crew  was  composed  of  the  following  men:  John  Eley, 
stroke;  H.  De  Baecke,  No.  7;  J.  B.  Juvenal,  No.  6;  J.  Geiger,  No.  5; 
W.  J.  Carr,  No.  4;  E.  Iledley,  No.  3;  E.  Marsh,  No.  2;  R.  Lockwood, 
bow;  L.  C.  Abell,  coxswain,  and  was  trained  by  their  coach,  Pat. 
Dempsey.  The  crew  was  one  of  the  most  perfect  ever  gotten  together 
in  the  United  States  and  promptly  showed  its  superiority  over  any  of 
the  others  entered.  In  the  final  race,  rowed  August  26,  against  two 
crews  from  Germany  and  one  from  Holland,  it  won  with  great  ease  by 
several  lengths,  although  the  race  was  rowed  in  the  face  of  a  strong 
head  wind  and  heavy  sea.  The  races  were  thoroughly  enjoyed  by  the 
large  and  enthusiastic  crowds  which  lined  the  river  and  filled  the  tri¬ 
bunes.  His  excellency,  General  Porter,  our  ambassador  to  France, 
accompanied  by  Dr.  Clark,  an  old-time  oarsman,  honored  the  races  by 
their  presence.  The  management  left  nothing  to  be  desired,  and  the 
official  were  kind  and  courteous  and  dispensed  hospitality  with  a  liberal 
hand.  The  tribune  was  so  happily  placed  that  the  races  could  be 
enjoyed  from  start  to  finish. 

Our  men  came  prepared  to  row  in  the  four-oared  race  also,  but  their 
boat  was  not  adapted  to  the  conditions  which  obtained  in  regard  to  a 
coxswain’s  seat,  and  they  therefore  were  unable  to  participate. 

BICYCLE  RACES. 

At  my  personal  request,  the  American  Bicycle  Company  selected  and 
fitted  out  a  team  of  professional  riders  to  represent  the  United  States 
in  the  International  Exposition  races,  consisting  of  Cooper,  McFarland, 
and  Stevens.  The  latter  was  obliged  to  return  to  the  United  States 
without  racing.  These  bicycle  races  took  place  on  the  new  bicycle 
track  at  Vincennes,  in  the  annex  to  the  Exposition,  during  the  week 
beginning  September  9.  Of  the  57  entries  for  the  grand  prix  for  pro¬ 
fessionals  four  were  Americans — Cooper,  McFarland,  Banker,  and 
Vanoni.  This  event  was  won  by  Myers,  a  Hollander,  with  Cooper  a 
close  second,  and  Jacquelin,  the  French  champion,  third.  There  were 
three  prizes:  First,  15,000  francs,  the  largest  prize  ever  given  for  bicycle 
races;  second,  6,000  francs;  third,  3,000  francs.  The  United  States, 
with  its  team  composed  of  Cooper,  McFarland,  and  Banker,  won  the 
international  team  race  against  England,  France,  Germany,  Holland, 
Italy,  Austria,  and  Belgium.  France  was  second  and  Italy  third  in 
this  event.  The  prizes  were  1,200  francs  first;  800  francs  second; 
400  francs  third.  MacFarland  won  the  pursuit  race,  in  which  all  of  the 
international  long-distant  riders  were  entered. 

For  the  amateur  grand  prix  there  were  73  entries.  Lake,  from  New 
York  City,  was  our  only  representative.  He  is  a  plucky,  good,  long¬ 
distance  rider,  and  one  of  the  prominent  members  of  the  Harlem  wheel- 


236  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


men.  He  secured  third  prize  in  the  race,  which  was  won  by  Taillander, 
Sanz  being  second — both  of  the  latter  from  France.  Our  men  who 
competed  in  these  races  won  the  esteem  and  admiration  of  the 
spectators  and  the  officials  by  their  quiet  demeanor  and  gentlemanly 
deportment. 

BASEBALL. 

The  baseball  game  was  played  Thursday  afternoon,  September  20, 
and  was  confined  to  two  American  teams. 

A  team  was  formed,  selected  from  the  admirable  guard  corps  of  the 
United  States  Commission,  which  defeated  a  team  from  the  publisher’s 
building  in  the  Exposition  by  a  score  of  19  to  9. 

GOLF. 

Golf  was  the  last  of  the  Exposition  games  in  which  the  United 
States  had  entries. 

The  matches  took  place  at  the  beautiful  grounds  of  Compiegne, 
October  2  and  3.  Mr.  C.  E.  Sands,  St.  Andrews  Golf  Club  of  New 
York,  won  the  first  prize  for  men,  with  a  score  of  167  for  the  four 
rounds.  Mr.  W.  Rutherford,  Jedburg  Golf  Club,  Edinburgh,  Scot¬ 
land,  was  second,  with  168  for  the  four  rounds.  The  other  winners 
were: 

Mr.  D.  D.  Robertson  (Northwood  Golf  Club),  175,  third  prize. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Taylor  (Philadelphia  Country  Club),  182,  fourth  prize. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Daunt  (Paris  Golf  Club),  184,  fifth  prize. 

Miss  Margaret  Abbot,  of  Chicago,  47,  the  first  prize  for  ladies. 

Miss  Polly  Whittier,  of  New  York,  48,  second  prize  for  ladies. 

Mrs.  Huger  Pratt,  of  New  York,  53,  third  prize  for  ladies. 

America  won  first  and  fourth  prizes  in  the  men’s  event,  and  first, 
second,  and  third  prizes  in  the  ladies’  event — a  very  good  performance. 

THANKS  OF  EXPOSITION  AUTHORITIES. 

Mr.  De  Garmendia  and  Mr.  Sullivan  have  both  received  letters  from 
Mr.  Daniel  Merillon  thanking  them  in  the  name  of  the  Exposition  for 
the  services  they  have  rendered  in  helping  to  make  the  sports  of  the 
Exposition  a  success.  Both  of  these  gentlemen  beg  me  to  express 
thanks  to  you  for  their  appointment;  also  to  Mr.  Woodward,  to  Major 
Brackett,  and  to  the  other  members  of  your  staff,  who,  by  kindness, 
cordiality,  and  courtesy,  rendered  their  various  duties  pleasant  to 
perform. 

The  greatest  courtesy  was  always  extended  to  me  by  the  French 
officials  attached  to  the  various  departments  of  sports.  I  believe  they 
appreciated  the  great  interest  the  United  States  took  in  these  Exposi¬ 
tion  sports,  and  also  the  prompt  and  generous  manner  with  which  the 
United  States  responded  to  the  invitation  extended  to  all  nations  to 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARTS. 


237 


participate  in  these  athletic  events.  To  your  prompt  action  and 
hearty  cooperation  I  feel  our  great  success  may  be  attributed. 

The  expenses  attached  to  the  athletic  department  were  as  follows: 


Mr.  Spalding’s  steamship  fare  from  New  York  to  Paris  and  return  for 

special  trip  in  May,  1900 .  $200.  00 

Mr.  Sullivan’s  traveling  expenses  from  New  York  to  Paris  and  return .  527.  54 

Bill  of  American  Sports  Publishing  Company,  printing,  etc .  499.  29 

Salary  of  Miss  Vilas,  stenographer,  May  14  to  August  31 .  267.  38 

Mr.  De  Garmendia’s  salary  as  assistant  director  of  sports,  May  14  to  Octo¬ 
ber  31  .  335. 38 

Mr.  De  Garmendia’s  special  commission  to  Havre,  August  1  to  August  7 ...  50.  00 

Extras  attached  to  Paris  office — postage,  cabs,  car  fare,  etc.,  about .  6.  00 


Total... .  1,885.59 


The  small  amount  of  extras  was  occasioned  by  Mr.  De  Garmendia 
making  daily  use  of  his  bicycle. 

Mr.  Sullivan  generously  gave  his  services  without  remuneration. 

With  the  exception  of  the  steamship  fare  for  the  special,  trip  from 
New  York  to  Paris  and  return,  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  contribute  my 
personal  services  and  all  traveling  and  incidental  expenses  attached  to 
the  work  of  this  department. 

Respectfully,  yours, 

A.  G.  Spalding, 

Director  of  Sports  for  the  United  States 

at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner -  General  of  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CAPTAIN  OF  THE  GUARD. 


P.  C.  BOWEN,  Captain. 


239 


THE  UNITED  STATES  GUARD  AT  THE  ENTRANCE  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PAVILION.  TAKEN  JULY  4,  1900. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CAPTAIN  OF  THE  GUARD. 


CONTENTS. 

Organization  (see  Report  of  Director  of  Affairs). — Guard  sent  to  Paris  on  U.  S.  S.  S. 
Prairie.— Guard  quarters  in  Paris. — Guards  employed  to  unload  exhibits. — Drill¬ 
ing  and  training  of  guard. — Special  uniform. — Increasing  the  guard  force. — Daily 
hours  of  service  and  duties. — Roster  of  guard  and  time  of  service. 


Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner- General  for  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition. 

Dear  Sir:  I  beg  leave  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  conduct 
of  the  guard  force  of  the  United  States  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 
This  report  covers  the  action  and  service  of  the  body  of  guards  detailed 
to  watch  exhibits  in  the  United  States  sections  of  the  Exposition  from 
the  time  of  the  departure  of  the  first  guards  for  Paris  to  December  1, 
1900,  when  the  entire  force  was  dismissed.  The  record  of  the  organi¬ 
zation  of  this  staff,  the  requirements  and  stipulations  imposed  by  the 
service  upon  its  members,  etc.,  salaries  and  other  details,  has  already 
been  submitted  in  the  report  of  Mr.  Paul  Blackmar,  director  of  affairs. 

I  received  my  commission  of  captain  of  the  guards  on  January  9, 
1900,  though  I  had  been  placed  in  charge  of  the  force  some  weeks  pre 
vious  to  that  time,  and  had  for  a  number  of  months  before  been  engaged 
in  assisting  the  director  of  affairs  in  perfecting  the  organization  of  this 
service. 

The  first  body  of  10  guards,  including  captain,  sailed  from  Baltimore 
for  Havre  on  December  10, 1899,  in  the  U.  S.  cruiser  Prairie.  These 
were  followed  by  28  others,  who  sailed  from  New  York  in  the  steam¬ 
ships  New  York  and  La  Gascogne ,  on  February  14  and  15,  1900. 

Arrived  in  Paris,  a  problem  presented  itself  in  the  necessity  for  pro¬ 
viding  suitable  quarters  for  the  men.  It  had  been  thought  that  a 
house,  or  general  quarters  in  one  building,  might  be  secured  for  the 
entire  force.  This  with  a  view  of  reducing  expenses  and  improving 
accommodations,  as  the  pay  including  sustenance  allowance  provided 
for  a  guard  was  not  considerable,  and  the  ordinary  living  expenses  in 
S.  Doc.  232 - 16  241 


242  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Paris  were  great.  The  question  had  been  gone  into  thoroughly  by  the 
director  of  affairs,  Assistant  Commissioner-General  Woodward,  and 
Mr.  Howland,  director  of  customs,  the  latter  two  of  which  gentlemen 
were  on  the  ground  in  Paris.  The  idea  was  finally  abandoned,  how¬ 
ever,  as  impracticable  for  a  number  of  reasons,  including  the  prefer¬ 
ence  manifested  by  the  men  to  select  quarters  where  they  saw  tit. 
This  latter  course  of  individual  location  was  followed,  the  only  stipu¬ 
lation  made  being  that  the  place  of  residence  be  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  Exposition. 

The  first  service  rendered  by  the  guards  was  the  unloading  and  locat¬ 
ing  of  exhibits  in  the  United  States  sections  of  the  Exposition.  They 
were  employed  in  this  work  immediately  upon  their  arrival  in  Paris 
and  continued  in  it  until  three  days  before  the  opening  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition.  The  willingness  and  energy  with  which  the}^  went  about  this 
impromptu  task,  which  required  nothing  less  than  the  hardest  kind  of 
manual  labor,  and  the  skill  and  efficiency  with  which  they  executed  it 
is  commended  in  Director  Blackmar’s  report. 

During  this  period  of  preliminary^  service  instructions  as  to  the 
nature  of  their  duties  as  guards  were  given  to  the  men,  and  as  the 
time  of  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  approached  a  course  of  regular 
tactics  and  drilling  was  introduced. 

To  facilitate  these  proceedings  a  light,  well-ventilated  storeroom  in  a 
side  street  near  to  the  Exposition  was  rented  to  serve  as  a  squad  and 
assembly  room  for  the  guards.  This  room  was  furnished  with  lockers 
for  clothes,  one  locker  for  each  guard,  and  provided  with  writing 
tables  and  other  accessories  to  comfort. 

Special  uniforms  designed  after  recommendations  by  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  and  made  by  a  uniform  house  in  Paris,  were  provided 
and  supplied  the  men  as  they  entered  upon  guard  duty.  These  uni¬ 
forms  consisted  of  a  dark-blue  ensign  jacket  and  trousers,  the  former 
trimmed  with  silver  epaulets  and  black  braid,  with  silver  aiguettes,  the 
latter  trimmed  with  black  braid  with  white  edging,  together  with  a 
blue  cadet  cap  trimmed  with  silver  braid  and  a  silver  eagle.  White 
pith  helmets  with  silver  trimmings  and  white  belts  with  silver  trim¬ 
mings  were  also  provided  for  dress  occasions.  These  uniforms  writh 
white  kid  gloves  were  furnished  by^  the  United  States  Commission  and 
cost,  complete,  $18.80  each. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  it  became  evident  that  the  36 
guards  brought  oyrer  from  the  United  States  would  not  be  adequate 
for  the  service  demanded.  The  force  was  thereupon  immediately 
augmented  to  50,  this  number  constituting  the  extent  of  the  staff  at 
the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  April  15,  1900.  The  routine  of  the 
yvork,  the  detail  of  the  discipline,  etc.,  yvere  intrusted  to  the  captain, 
and  consisted  of  the  following  detailed  programme: 

Squad  roll  call  and  inspection  at  7.45  by  the  officer  of  the  day  at 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


243 


the  squad  room;  march  of  men  from  squad  room  to  posts  of  duty 
in  Exposition;  service  proper,  commencing  at  8  o’clock  a.  m.  sharp. 
This  programme  repeated  at  3.45  p.  m.  by  the  second  shift  of  guards, 
which  promptly  relieve  the  first  at  4  o’clock  p.  m.,  the  second  shift 
remaining  on  duty  until  12  midnight,  after  which  hour  the  spaces 
were  left  in  charge  of  special  night  watchmen.  A  force  of  8  men 
was  constantly  employed  for  relief  duty,  this  number  being  required 
to  replace  the  force  during  the  week  in  order  to  provide  one  holiday 
out  of  the  seven  for  each  man. 

Later  in  the  period  of  the  Exposition  it  became  apparent  that  50 
men  would  be  insufficient  for  the  purpose  of  properly  guarding  the 
United  States  sections,  and  the  muster  was  raised  to  60,  at  which 
point  it  was  maintained  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition. 

In  addition  to  the  duties  before  scheduled,  the  guards  were  employed 
at  all  official  and  semiofficial  functions  of  the  United  States  Commis¬ 
sion  in  Paris,  both  at  day  and  night,  such  as  the  unveiling  of  the 
Washington  and  Lafayette  monuments,  the  official  openings  of  the 
various  United  States  sections,  and  occasions  of  like  character. 

Below  is  appended  the  muster  roll  of  the  guards,  showing  names 
and  dates  of  commencement  and  expiration  of  service: 


Name. 


Ashleman, Paul  .... 
Aldrich,  Sherman  .. 
Brassard,  Ferd.  S 

Block,  Fred . 

Byers,  John  W... 
Bacon,  Marvin  J. 
Babcock,  Earl  . . . 
Burns,  Clinton  H 
Ballis,  Eugene  A.  D. 


Crawford,  J.S . 

Campbell,  Frank  A. 
Clark,  Herman  E  . . . 

Davison,  C.  M . 

Delattre,  Edmund . . 

Davis,  A.  D . 

Davis,  James . 

Drury,  W.  H . 

Franklin,  H.  O . 

Fitzpatrick,  H.  L _ 

Flenner,  Merle  d’A. 

Gorham,  L.  H . 

Glenn,  R.  A . 

Groesbeck,  F.  L . 

Glenn,  E.  R . 

Gasser,  Julius  A _ 

Greer,  Edmund  K  . . 
Gordon,  Fleetwood. 
Hopkins,  Allan 
Husson,  Ernest 
Hartigan,  A.  F . 
Harper,  S.  N  ... 
Jeffries,J.M... 
Kimball,  Conrad  B. 

Kearns,  Frank . 

Krause,  Hugo . 

King,  Albert . 

Kinsella,  George. . . . 

Limongi,  Felix . 

Lillard,  W.  Huston  . 


Date  of  com¬ 
mencement. 

Date  of  ex¬ 
piration. 

Name. 

Date  of  com¬ 
mencement. 

Date  of  ex¬ 
piration. 

Apr. 

1, 1900 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Lambert,  Joseph  O. 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Sept.  30, 1900 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

O. 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Do. 

Lyman,  John  Quin¬ 

. do . 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Apr. 

1,1900 

Do. 

ton. 

Apr. 

15, 1900 

Do. 

Marcel,  Henry . 

May 

7, 1900 

Do. 

. do . 

July  7, 1900 

McLean,  Lester . 

Dec. 

24, 1899 

Nov.  5, 1900 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Myers,  J.  A.  H . 

Feb. 

23,1900 

Nov.  9, 1900 

Apr. 

15, 1900 

Do. 

Malaga,  Solomon . . . 

Apr. 

15, 1900 

July  3, 1900 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Do. 

McClelland,  Bruce  J 

Apr. 

1, 1900 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

Moran,  Thos.  H . 

Apr. 

15,1900 

Do. 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Do. 

Marcotte,  A.  D . 

Feb. 

24,1900 

Do. 

Oct. 

1, 1900 

Do. 

Muller,  Joe . 

_ do _ 

Do. 

May 

3,1900  ! 

Sept.  1,1900 

Mayhew,  Elliot . 

July 

8,1900 

Do. 

Dec. 

24, 1900 

Dec.  1,1900 

Manatt,  Will . 

Apr. 

1,1900 

Do. 

Apr. 

1,1900 

Do. 

McKee,  Wm . 

Dec. 

24, 1899 

Do. 

Aug. 

1, 1900 

Do. 

MacKinney,D . 

Nov. 

6, 1900 

Do. 

Nov. 

6,1900 

Do. 

McKinney,  Charles. 

do 

Do. 

May 

1,1900 

Do. 

Nichol,John . 

Apr. 

15, 1900 

Aug.  15,1900 

_ do _ 

Do. 

Nichol,  Will . 

Sept. 

1,1900 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Nov. 

6, 1900 

Do. 

Nadeau,  M.  A . 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

Dec. 

24, 1900 

Nov.  5, 1900 

Pitkin,  Walter  B. . . . 

. do . 

Do. 

May 

8, 1900 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Peters,  D.  West . 

Dec. 

24,1899 

Apr.  15,1900 

June 

1,1900 

Do. 

Pugi,  Charles . 

May 

1,1900 

Dec.  1,1900 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

Rouillard,  A.  D . 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Do. 

May 

1,1900 

Do. 

Rickel,  Harry . 

May 

1,1900 

Do. 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

July  7, 1900 

Rosiere,  Joseph . 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

Dec. 

24, 1899 

Nov.  5, 1900 

Robbins,  J.  W . 

Apr. 

1,1900 

May  7, 1900 

Feb. 

24,1900 

Aug.  20,1900 

Smith,  C.  B . 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

1  Dec.  1,1900 

Dec. 

24, 1899 

Nov.  5, 1900 

Sherman,  Charles  .. 

Sept. 

26, 1900 

Do. 

Apr. 

1, 1900 

May  31,1900 

Stover,  Harry . 

Apr. 

1,1900 

|  Do. 

Dec. 

24, 1899 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Stauffer,  C.  A . 

May 

1,1900 

Do. 

May 

6,1900 

Oct.  1,1900 

Sutton,  Mark  C . 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

Aug. 

19, 1900 

Dec.  1, 1900 

Sparks,  Arthur . 

Aug. 

15,1900 

1  Do. 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

July  31,1900 

Skinner,  Calvin  J . . . 

Apr. 

1,1900 

Do. 

May 

15, 1900 

Dec.  1,1900 

Sullivan,  William  E. 

Oct. 

2, 1900 

Do. 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Do. 

Strouch,  W.  F . 

Nov. 

10, 1900 

Do. 

Apr. 

1,1900 

Oct.  15,1900 

Tarnowsky,  Jacques 

Feb. 

17, 1900 

Nov.  5,1900 

Nov. 

6,1900 

Dec.  1 , 1900 

Thackwell,  Paul.... 

Feb. 

24, 1900 

Dec.  1,1900 

Feb. 

23, 1900 

Do. 

Van  Siclen,  M . 

May 

6, 1900 

Aug.  15,1900 

Dec. 

24, 1899 

Nov.  5, 1900 

Waechter,  Fred . 

Feb. 

23,1900 

Dec.  1,1900 

Welsh ,  George  P . . . . 

Aug. 

19,1900 

Do. 

REPORT  ON  CUBA  AND  HAWAII. 


BY  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  FINAL  KEPORT  OF  THE 
COMMISSIONER-GENERAL. 


245 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Chicago,  February  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  In  the  absence  of  a  special  contribution  on  that  subject, 
your  committee  on  final  report  to  the  President  of  the  United  States 
submits  the  following  in  reference  to  the  participation  of  Cuba  and 
Hawaii  in  the  Exposition. 

Committee  on  Final  Report. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General  for  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


247 


REPORT  ON  CUBA  AND  HAWAII. 


CONTENTS. 


Report  by  the  committee  on  final  report  (introduction;  catalogue  of  exhibits;  list  of 
awards) — Report  of  W.  G.  Irwin,  Hawaiian  commissioner  to  Paris  Exposition — 
Hawaii,  its  resources,  etc. 


CUBA. 

In  addition  to  the  participation  of  the  United  States  proper  in  the 
Exposition,  provisions  were  made  for  Cuba  and  Hawaii.  For  enabling 
Cuba  to  collect  and  install  an  exhibit,  the  Department  of  War  made 
a  grant  of  $25,000,  and  on  December  7,  1899,  appointed  a  Cuban 
commission,  consisting  of  Gonzalo  de  Chuesada,  commissioner,  and 
Ricaido  Diaz  Albertini,  secretary.  The  lateness  of  the  appointment 
of  this  commission  made  it  impossible  to  select  as  comprehensive  an 
exhibit  as  was  desired.  Then,  too,  the  state  of  affairs  in  Cuba,  result¬ 
ing  from  the  war  that  had  been  waged  there,  was  such  that  many 
products  for  which  the  island  is  famous  were  in  an  inferior  condition, 
so  that  they  could  not  be  shown. 

The  United  States  Commission  took  an  active  interest  in  the  par¬ 
ticipation  of  Cuba,  and  early  in  January,  1900,  sent  Lieutenant- 
Commander  Baker  to  Habana  to  explain  to  the  commission  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  Exposition,  the  use  of  labels,  collecting  infor¬ 
mation  for  the  catalogue,  details  of  shipment,  installation,  etc. 

The  site  for  the  Cuban  pavilion  was  in  the  Trocadero.  This  was  a 
fortunate  fact,  since  it  facilitated  the  entry  of  exhibits  that  arrived 
late.  However,  the  exhibits  arrived  in  time  at  least  to  be  examined 
by  the  jury,  and  the  fact  that  150  awards  were  granted  to  Cuban  exhib¬ 
its  shows  that  the  commission  had  labored  earnestly  and  successfully. 

They  visited  all  parts  of  Cuba  in  order  to  awaken  an  interest  in  the 
Exposition,  and  appointed  delegates  in  all  of  the  various  provinces. 

The  pavilion  was  designed  by  a  Cuban  architect,  and  was  well  suited 
for  its  purpose. 

It  was  not  the  intention  of  the  commission  to  place  Cuban  products 
into  competition  with  those  of  the  rest  of  the  world,  but  present  as 

249 


250  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


clearly  as  possible  the  natural  resources  of  the  island.  This  purpose 
was  still  further  promoted  by  the  publication  in  French  of  a  hand¬ 
some  catalogue,  which  was  prefaced  by  an  interesting  description  of 
the  country,  accompanied  by  chapters  upon  the  history,  the  mineral 
and  forest  wealth,  social  conditions,  and  statistics  of  production. 

LIST  OF  EXHIBITS. 

Group  I. — Education. 

Class  1. 

Collective  exhibit  of  books  for  primary  instruction  composed  of: 

1.  Balmaseda,  Francisco  Javier,  Habana. 

Fables. 

2.  Casado  y  Valdes,  Arturo,  Habana. 

“Elementos  de  Arithmetica,  lil  parte.”  Work  written  by  Rafael  Sixto 
Casado. 

3.  Diaz,  Arturo  R.,  professor,  Habana. 

“La  Escuela  Modema,”  a  bimonthly  journal  with  lessons  for  primary 
instruction. 

4.  Garcia  de  Coronado,  Domitila,  professor,  Habana. 

‘  ‘  Texto  de  lectura.  ’ 1 

5.  Valdes,  Rodriguez,  Manuel,  professor,  Habana. 

“Elementos  y  Ejercicios  de  Arithmetica.” 

Class  2. 

1.  Baralt,  Dr.  Luis  A.,  Habana. 

“Metodo  Harmonico  para  ap render  el  idioma  Castellano.” 

2.  Casado  y  Valdes,  Arturo,  Habana. 

‘  ‘  Gramatica  Latina,  1°  y  2°  curso.  ’  ’ 

‘  ‘  Traducciones  Latinas,  1°  y  2°  curso.  ’  ’ 

Works  written  by  R.  S.  Casado. 

3.  Hera,  Menuel  de  la.  Matanzas. 

“Alfabeto  geografico  de  descubrimientos  y  biografico  de  descubridores  erf  el 
planeta  Tiena.” 

‘  ‘  Historia  de  las  28  latras  de  la  Lengua  Espanola.  ’  ’ 

“Cuadro  sincronico  de  Historia  Universal,”  a  picture  in  colors  for  teaching 
history. 

4.  Parrilla,  Justo  F.,  Habana. 

“Prontuario  de  la  Historia  de  los  Estados  Unidos.” 

5.  Ruiz,  Lorenzo  A.,  Cardenas. 

‘ 1  The  Cuban  American. \ ’  Analytical  treatise  for  the  pronunciation  of  English. 

6.  Valdes  Rodriguez,  Manuel,  Habana. 

“Ensayos  sobre  Educacion  teorico  y  experimental.” 

Class  3. 

1.  Academia  de  ciencias,  Habana. 

Collection  of  31  archaeological  and  anthropological  objects  from  Cuba. 

2.  Balmaseda,  Francisco  Javier,  Habana. 

“  Ensayos  sobre  Patornitologia.” 

“El  Tesoro  del  Agricultor.” 

3.  Becerra  Alfonso,  Dr.  Pedro,  Paso  Real  de  San  Diego. 

Indian  relics. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  251 


4.  Carbonell,  Ramon  I.,  Habana. 

“  La  cuenta  y  sus  efectos  juridicos.”  Awarded  a  gold  medal  by  the  Lawyers’ 
Club  of  Habana. 

5.  Columbie,  Tito,  Baracoa. 

Indian  idol. 

6.  Dolz  y  Arango,  Dr.  Maria  Luisa,  Habana. 

Five  addresses  upon  the  education  of  women  and  the  feminist  movement. 

7.  Dolz  y  Arango,  Dr.  Ricardo,  Habana. 

“  El  juicio  ejecutivo.” 

“  Program  a  de  Derecho  Procesal.” 

“La  seguridad  social  y  la  libertad  individual.” 

“  El  Codigo  civil  y  el  Notariado.” 

8.  Escuelas  Pias,  Guanabacoa. 

Special  catalogue  of  his  collection  of  335  rocks  and  598  minerals  from  the 
island  of  Cuba.  Awards  at  Expositions  of  Paris,  1878,  Matanzas,  1881,  and 
Barcelone,  1888. 

9.  Escuelas  Pias>  Puerto  Principe. 

Treatise  of  jobo.  His  collection  of  201  vegetable  fossils  from  Chorrillo;  58 
pierres  and  37  mineraux;  2  specimens  of  fossils,  and  1  specimen  of  magnetic 
oxide. 

10.  Morales,  Dr.  Sebastian  Alfredo  de. 

“  Flora  General  de  Cuba,”  3  volumes. 

Group  II. — Works  of  Art. 

Class  7. 

1.  Arrarte  y  pelaez,  Luis  de,  Habana. 

Painting  in  oil,  “  Un  mendiant  de  la  Havane.” 

2.  Billini,  Adriana,  Habana. 

“La  Cuisiniere  cubaine.” 

“L’Eclaireur  (insurge  cubain).” 

3.  Bosch,  Concepcion,  Habana. 

“  Vue  de  Regia.” 

4.  Calvet,  Luis  J. ,  Habana. 

Painting  on  glass:  Coat  of  arms  and  flag  of  Cuba.  (Framed  in  majagua, 
Cuban  wood. ) 

5.  Cortadellas,  Ramon,  Matanzas. 

Plans  of  machines. 

6.  Gelabert,  Sebastian,  Habana. 

Painting  in  oil:  “Le  meilleur  couple.” 

7.  Hernendez  Y  Sotolongo,  Elena  R.,  Habana. 

Director  of  School  of  Miniature  Arts  on  Ivory.  Portrait  of  Mile.  Louise  C. 
Ros. 

Two  miniatures  on  porcelain. 

8.  Lluch,  Manuel  D.,  Habana. 

Paintings  in  oil:  “  Dans  la  foret;  ”  “  Apres  la  pluie”  (sunset). 

9.  Magrinat,  Adriano,  Habana. 

Paintings  in  oil:  “  Nouvelles  de  la  Guerre.” 

10.  Menocal,  Armando,  Habana. 

Six  portraits  in  oil: 

Mme.  Elena  Herrera  de  Cardenas. 

M.  Ezequiel  Garcia. 

M.  Aniceto  Valdivia. 

Mme.  Valdivia. 

M.  Malpica. 

Mme.  Malpica. 


252 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


11.  Melero,  Aurelio,  Habana. 

Portraits  in  oil:  “Le  Lieutenant-General  Antonio  Maceo;”  “M.  Sebastian 
Gelabert.” 

Paintings  in  oil:  “Port  de  la  Ha  vane;”  “Paysage  de  Cuba.” 

12.  Merrier,  Concepcion,  Habana. 

Painting  in  oil:  “Une  rue  de  Regia.” 

13.  Porro,  Angel,  Habana. 

Painting  in  oil:  “Lesbords  de  PAlmendares.” 

14.  Posada  y  Castillo,  Manuel  B.,  Cienfuegos. 

Painting  in  oil:  “Amant  refuse.”  (Honorable  mention  at  the  International 
Exposition  at  Madrid  in  1897. ) 

15.  Quinones,  Santiago,  Habana. 

Painting  in  oil :  “  Amant  refuse.  ’  ’ 

Portrait  in  oil. 

16.  Romanaeh,  Leopoldo,  Habana. 

Paintings  in  oil :  “  LaConvalescente;”  “Une  Vielle femme;”  “  Un  Vieillard;” 
‘  ‘  Paysage  de  Cuba.  ’  ’ 

17.  Ruiz  y  Ruiz,  Juan,  Paris. 

Miniature  on  ivory:  “  Pacte  de  Mephistopheles  et  Faust.” 

18.  Salas,  Javier  G.,  Habana. 

Crayon  portrait. 

19.  Soler,  Jose  Maria,  Cienfuegos. 

Painting  in  oil:  “Le  Captif.”  (Honorable  mention  at  the  International 
Exposition  at  Madrid  in  1897. ) 

20.  Tabernilla,  Francisco,  Habana. 

Painting  in  oil:  “L’Heure  du  Rendez- vous. ” 

Class  9. 

1.  Garcia,  Atanasio  Francisco,  Habana. 

Coat  of  arms  of  Cuba  in  cedar. 

2.  Melero,  Aurelio,  Habana. 

Two  sculptures  in  plaster:  The  bust  of  Jesus;  the  bust  of  a  woman. 

3.  Torres,  Capitaine  Manuel,  Santa  Clara. 

Coat  of  arms  made  from  the  wood  of  jaguey,  in  January,  1896,  while  in  the 
field,  and  without  suitable  instruments. 

Group  III. — Appliances  and  General  Processes  Relating  to  Literature, 

Science,  and  Art. 

Class  11. 

1.  Garcia,  Jose  M.,  printer,  Habana. 

Specimens  of  lithography  and  chromo-lithography. 

2.  Guerra,  Hnos  y  Ca.,  printers  and  chromo-lithographers,  Habana. 

Lithography  and  chromo-lithography;  printing  in  relief,  commercial  and 
artistic  printing  in  black  and  in  colors. 

3.  Ruiz  y  Ca.,  M.,  engravers  and  printers,  Habana. 

Engraving  from  steel,  bronze,  and  other  metals;  monograms  and  commercial 
printing  in  black  and  in  colors. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Matanzas,  1881,  and  at  Chicago,  1893. 

Class  12. 

1.  Casanas,  Gregorio,  photographer,  Sagua  la  Grande. 

Album  of  views  and  of  photographs  taken  in  the  field  and  developed  without 
a  dark  room. 

Silver  medal  at  the  photographic  exposition  of  New  York,  1895. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  253 


2.  Miles,  H.  J.,  Matanzas. 

112  large  photographic  views  of  Cuba,  sent  by  Gen.  J.  W.  Wilson,  chief  of  the 
department. 

3.  Otero  y  Colominas,  photographers,  Habana. 

Panel  of  photographic  portraits  of  Cuban  ladies. 

4.  Perez,  Pedro  J.,  photographer,  Cardenas. 

Photographs. 

5.  Ruiz  de  Castro,  Calixto,  photographer,  Matanzas. 

Photographs. 

6.  Suarez  y  Ca.,  J.  A.,  photographer,  Habana. 

Album  of  photographic  portraits. 

7.  Testar,  Ricardo,  photographer,  Habana. 

Album  of  photographic  portraits-platinotypes. 

Class  13. 

1.  Academy  of  Sciences,  Habana. 

“Collecion  de  los  Annales  de  la  Academia,”  36  volumes. 

Bronze  medal  Paris  Exposition,  1878;  diploma  Philadelphia  Exposition,  1876. 

2.  Amodeo,  Dr.  Oscar,  Paris. 

“L’Art  dentaire  en  medecine  legale.”  (Awarded  a  first  prize  by  the  Societe 
Odontologique  de  Paris. ) 

3.  Balmaseda,  Francisco  Javier,  Habana. 

“El  Miscelanico”  and  other  writings. 

4.  Cabrera,  Raimundo,  Habana. 

Historical  publications. 

5.  Cadenas,  Manuel  P.,  Puerto  Principe. 

Scientific  publications. 

6.  Cespedes,  Jose  Maria,  Habana. 

Legal  publications. 

7.  Comallonga,  Jose,  Cienfuegos. 

Industrial  publications. 

8.  Curbelo,  Jose,  Habana. 

Treatise  on  immigration. 

9.  Davila,  R.,  Trinidad. 

Musical  publication. 

10.  Escoto,  Augusto,  Matanzas. 

Bibliography. 

11.  Falco,  Dr.  Francisco  Federico,  Habana. 

A  collection  of  autographs  of  the  members  of  the  Cuban  Assembly. 

12.  Flores,  Georgina  de,  Habana. 

“Adelfa,”  a  romance. 

13.  Garcia  de  Coronado,  Domitila,  Habana. 

Publications. 

14.  Gaston  Cuadrado,  Alonso,  Habana. 

Publications. 

15.  Giberga,  Benjamin,  Habana. 

Publications. 

16.  Heredia,  Nicolas,  Habana. 

Publication. 

17.  Lopez  y  Valdes,  Ambrosio  V.,  Matanzas. 

Publication. 

18.  Lopez  Villalonga,  Dr.  Jose,  Habana. 

Publications. 

19.  Meza,  Ramon,  Habana.  ^ 

Publications. 


254  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


20.  Nieto,  Carmela  V. ,  Habana. 

Historical  publication. 

21.  Palacio,  Dr.  Ramon,  Habana. 

Medical  publication. 

22.  Risquet,  Juan  F.,  Habana. 

Sociological  publication. 

23.  Rodriguez  Lendian,  Dr.  Evilo,  Habana. 

Address  delivered  at  the  opening  of  the  academic  course  of  the  University 
of  Habana,  1899-1900. 

24.  Sanchez  Fuentes,  E.,  Habana. 

Musical  publication. 

25.  Sociedad  Popular,  Puerto  Principe. 

Publications. 

26.  Tejera,  Diego  Vicente,  Habana. 

Publications. 

27.  Usatorres,  Ernesto  L.,  Guanajay. 

Publication. 

28.  Veranes,  Dr.  Felipe,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Report  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  of  Santiago  to  the  exposition  at  Chicago. 

29.  Wilson,  Gen.  James  H.,  military  governor  of  the  department  of  Matanzas  and 

Santa  Clara. 

Reports. 

30.  Wood,  Gen.  Leonard,  military  governor  of  Cuba,  Habana. 

Reports  and  orders. 

31.  Zahonet,  Felix  R.,  Habana. 

Dramatic  publications. 

32.  Albuerne,  Manuel,  Matanzas. 

Periodical  publications. 

33.  Azucar,  El,  Habana. 

A  review  of  the  sugar  industry. 

34.  Carbonell,  Ramon  I.,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

35.  Cuba  y  America,  Raimundo  Cabrera,  editor,  Habana. 

File  of  periodical  publication. 

36.  Chao,  Viuda  e  hijos  de,  Habana. 

A  collection  of  their  publications. 

37.  Estevez  y  Romero,  Luis,  Habana. 

Publication. 

38.  Fernandez,  Dr.  Juan  Santos,  Habana. 

Medical  publication. 

39.  Figaro,  El,  Manuel  S.  Pichardo,  editor,  Habana. 

Periodical  publications. 

40.  Gonzalez  Aguirre,  Jose,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

41.  La  Aurora  del  Yumuri,  Francisco  Giron,  publisher,  Matanzas. 

Two  volumes  of  a  periodical  publication. 

42.  Liceo  de  Matanzas,  Matanzas. 

Publications. 

43.  Lopez,  Dr.  Enrique,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

44.  Lopez,  Jose,  Habana. 

Technical  publications. 

45.  Marin  Varona,  Jose,  Habana. 

Musical  compositions. 


3.  ROTUNDA  OF  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION,  GROUND  FLOOR. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  255 


46.  Poey,  Andres,  Paris. 

Meteorological,  astronomical,  and  physical  publications. 

47.  Por  la  Mujer,  Concepcion  Bolona  de  Sierra,  Habana. 

A  publication  devoted  to  the  interests  of  women. 

48.  Republica  Cubana,  La,  Domingo  Figarola  Caneda,  founder  and  publisher,  Paris. 

A  complete  file  of  a  weekly  publication  issued  during  the  war  of  independence 
in  Cuba. 

49.  Revista  de  Ferrocarriles,  Francisco  Caballero,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication  devoted  to  the  railway  interests. 

50.  Avisador  Comercial,  El,  Juan  Lopez  Sena,  publisher,  Habana. 

A  commercial  publication. 

51.  Caricatura,  La,  Manuel  Rodriguez,  publisher,  Habana. 

An  illustrated  publication. 

52.  Comercio,  El,  Ernesto  Lecuona,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

53.  Criterio  Libre,  El,  Alberto  Pimentel,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

54.  Cubano,  El,  Miguel  Zalvidar,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

55.  Cuba,  La  Isla  de,  The  Island  of  Cuba  Publishing  House,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

56.  Diario  de  la  Marina,  Nicolas  Rivero,  publisher,  Habana. 

English  and  Spanish  periodical. 

57.  Escuadra,  La,  J.  N.  Rodriguez  Feo,  oublisher,  Cienfuegos. 

Periodical  publication. 

58.  Gaceta  de  la  Habana,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

59.  Habana  Post,  C.  E.  Fisher,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

60.  Heraldo  de  Cardenas,  Cardenas. 

Periodical  publication. 

61.  Imparcial,  El,  Carlos  Fernandez  Barreiro,  publisher,  Colon. 

Periodical  publication. 

62.  Independencia,  La,  Sotero  Figueroa,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

63.  Independencia,  La,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Periodical  publication. 

64.  Lucha,  La,  Antonio  San  Miguel,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

65.  Nacion,  La,  Gen.  Enrique  Collazo,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

66.  Nuevo  Pais,  El,  Ricardo  del  Monte,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

67.  Obrero,  El,  Avelino  A.  Santa  Clara,  publisher,  Colon. 

Periodical  publication. 

68.  Patria,  Diego  V.  Tejera,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

69.  Provincial,  La,  Juan  Soler,  publisher,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Periodical  publication. 

70.  Revista  de  Construcciones  y  Agrimensura,  Habana. 

Monthly  review  for  architects,  engineers,  and  surveyors. 

71.  Trabajo,  El,  Sancti  Spiritus. 

Periodical  publication. 

72.  Triunfo,  El,  Eugenio  Alvarez,  publisher,  Gibara. 

Periodical  publication. 


256  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


73.  Triunfo,  El,  Francisco  P.  Sanchez,  publisher,  Asuncion,  Guanabacoa. 

Periodical  publication. 

74.  Union  Espanola,  La,  Isidoro  Corzo,  publisher,  Habana. 

Periodical  publication. 

75.  Vigilante,  El,  Manuel  Alvarez,  publisher,  Guanajay. 

Publication. 

76.  Villas,  Las,  Manuel  N.  Balmaseda,  Remedios. 

Periodical  publication. 

77.  Vueltabajero,  El,  Diego  Salazar,  publisher,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Periodical  publication. 

Class  14. 

1.  Chao,  Viuda  e  Hijos  de,  Dabana. 

Map  of  Cuba. 

2.  Menendez,  Antonio  E.,  Habana. 

Atlas  of  Cuba. 

3.  Penas,  German  Gonzalez  de  las,  Habana. 

Map  of  Cuba. 

4.  A7eranes,  Dr.  Felipe,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Chart  of  the  mineral  zone  of  the  eastern  and  western  part  of  the  province 
Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Class  15. 

1.  Arnaldo,  Joaquin,  Habana. 

Cubic  measurer. 

Class  16. 

1.  Mon,  Jose  Maria,  Matanzas. 

Bandage  for  hernia. 

Group  IV. — General  Materials  and  Processes  of  Machinery. 

Class  20. 

1.  Suarez,  Pedro  R.,  San  Antonio  de  los  Banos. 

Memoir  with  plans  on  perpetual  motion. 

Group  VI. — Civil  Engineering  and  Transportation. 

Class  28. 

1.  Fernandez,  Dr.  Francisco  M.,  Bolondron. 

Hydrated  chalk. 

2.  S.  Almendares  Company,  Habana. 

Cement. 

3.  Lanza  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Crude  limestone. 

Class  29. 

1.  Meza,  Ramon,  Habana. 

A  plan  for  a  public  park  in  the  center  of  Habana. 

Class  31. 

1.  Marquez,  Pedro,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Licol. 

2.  Palacio  y  Ca.,  Francisco,  Habana. 

Saddle  and  equipment. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


*  Group  VII. — Agriculture. 

Class  38. 

1.  Becerra  Alfonso,  Dr.  Pedro,  Paso  Real  de  San  Diego. 
Memoir  on  the  products  of  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Class  39. 

1.  Alegraut,  Antonio,  Jovellanos. 

Potatoes. 

2.  Camacho,  Manuel,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Corn. 

3.  Dantin,  Gen.  Clemente,  Bolondron. 

Vanilla. 

4.  Dominguez,  Eugenio,  Sabanilla  del  Encomendador. 

Rice. 

5.  Laborie,  Edmond,  Carlos  Rojas. 

Yams. 

6.  Giberga,  Benjamin,  Habana. 

Cocoa. 

7.  Marquez,  Pedro,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Grain. 

8.  Perez,  P.  J.,  Baracoa. 

Cocoa. 

9.  Piedra,  Joaquin,  Matanzas. 

Crystallized  cane  sugar. 

10.  Quesada,  Gonzalo  de,  Habana. 

Coffee  and  cocoa. 

11.  Salas,  Francisco,  Cardenas. 

Hay. 

12.  Simon  y  Ca.,  J.,  Baracoa. 

Cocoanuts. 

Class  40. 

1.  Romero  Espinosa,  Manuel. 

Meat  in  powdered  form. 

Class  41- 

1.  Compania  de  las  Islas  Cayo  Cruz  y  Cayo  Romano. 

Textile  plants. 

2.  Alvarez,  Eugenio,  Gibara. 

Guana. 

3.  Bazan,  Rogerio,  Puerto  Principe. 

Guana. 

4.  Becerra  y  Alfonso,  Dr.  Pedro,  Paso  Real  de  San  Diego. 

Mace. 

5.  Calaforra,  Primo,  Nuevitas. 

Textile  fibers. 

6.  Gazel,  V.,  Paris. 

Guana. 

7.  Laborie,  Edmond,  Carlos  Rojas. 

Cotton. 

8.  Lama,  Andres,  Nuevitas. 

Guana. 

S.  Doc.  232 - 17 


258  INTERNATIONAL  universal  exposition  AT  PARIS. 


9.  Lopez  Valdes,  Ambrosio  V.,  Matanzas. 
Specimens  of  condiments. 

10.  Lopez,  Victor,  Nuevitas. 

Guana. 

11.  Madden,  Carlos  C.  J.,  Cardenas. 

Fibers. 

12.  Rivero,  Ramon,  Gibara. 

Guana. 

13.  Sanchez,  Emiliana,  Bolondron. 

Textiles. 

14.  Simon  y  Ca.,  J.,  Baracoa. 

Cocoa  oil  and  its  products. 

15.  Torre  y  Ca.,  Gibara. 

Guana.  • 

Class  43. 

1.  Estacion  Agronomica,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Insects  injurious  to  tobacco. 

2.  Acosta,  Diego,  Puerto  Principe. 

Honey  bees. 

3.  Agramonte,  Sixto,  Jaguey  Grande. 

Honey. 

4.  Garcia  Vieta,  Dr.  Gonzalo,  Cienfuegos. 

Honey  bees. 

5.  Hamel,  J.  B.,  Cardenas. 

Honey. 


Group  VIII. — Horticulture  and  Arboriculture. 

Class  43. 

1.  Veranes,  Dr.  Felipe,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

A  machine  for  grinding  tapioca. 

ft 

Class  46. 

1.  Marquez,  Pedro,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Palm  leaves  and  other  vegetable  products. 

Group  IX. — Forestry,  Hunting,  Fishing,  Gathering  Wild  Crops. 

Class  50. 

1.  Becerra  y  Alfonso,  Dr.  Pedro,  Paso  Real  de  San  Diego. 

Various  woods. 

2.  Cadenas,  Manuel  P. ,  Puerto  Principe. 

Ninety-five  specimens  of  woods,  cocoa  objects. 

3.  Dantin,  Gen.  Clemente,  Bolondron. 

Twenty-four  specimens  of  indigenous  woods. 

4.  Fernandez  Longa,  Jose,  Habana. 

Barks  and  leaves  used  for  tanning. 

5.  Genin,  Luis,  Caibarien. 

Bark  of  the  red  mangrove. 

6.  Lopez  y  Valdes,  Ambrosio  V.,  Matanzas. 

Objects  made  of  sedge  grass. 

7.  Marquez,  Pedro,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Indigenous  woods. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


259 


8.  Perez  Cuesta,  Angel,  Caibarien. 

Forty-seven  specimens  of  indigenous  woods. 

9.  Rojas,  Andres  Pio,  Remedios. 

Specimens  of  “acana.” 

10.  Seiglie,  Juan,  Remedios. 

Collection  of  woods  in  the  form  of  conserve  boxes. 

11.  Velazco,  Nazareno,  Puerto  Principe. 

Cup  of  cocoanut. 


Class  52. 

1.  Cadenas,  Manuel  P.,  Puerto  Principe. 
Objects  made  of  horn. 

Class  53. 


1.  Academia  de  Ciencias,  Habana. 

A  collection  of  ichthyological  objects. 

2.  Aguilera,  Indalecio,  Puerto  Principe. 

Tortoise  shell,  dried. 

3.  Avalos,  Augustin,  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

Tortoise  shell. 

4.  Bescos,  Carlos,  Habana. 

Natural  and  bleached  sponges. 

5.  Cadenas,  Manuel  P.,  Puerto  Principe. 

Shell  objects. 

6.  Jover  y  Balmaseda,  Juan,  Caibarien. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-four  specimens  of  sponges. 

7.  Laloux,  Henri,  Batabano. 

Commercial  sponges  and  curiosities  of  the  sea. 

8.  Ortega,  Jose,  Puerto  Principe. 

Tortoise  shell. 

9.  Quadreny,  Julian,  Batabano. 

Sponges  and  curiosities  of  the  sea. 

10.  Robau,  Pedro,  Caibarien. 

Unpolished  tortoise  shell. 

11.  Societe  de  Commergants  et  Epongeurs  de  Batabano. 

Collection  of  sponges  and  curiosities  of  the  sea. 

12.  Xiques,  Jose  R.,  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur. 

Tortoise  shell. 

Group  X. — Food  Stuffs. 

Class  55. 

1.  Bielsa  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Refrigerator. 

2.  Castaner,  Joaquin,  Matanzas. 

Photographs  of  the  sugar  establishment  ‘‘Luisa,”  at  Carlos  Rojas. 

3.  Piedra,  Joaquin,  Matanzas. 

Photographs  of  the  sugar  establishment  “Feliz,”  at  Bolondron. 

4.  Robato  y  Beguiristain,  Sagua  la  Grande. 

View  of  the  distillery  “El  Infierno.” 

5.  Tropical,  La,  Habana. 

Photographs  of  the  brewery  “La  Tropical,”  at  Puentes  Grandes. 
Received  awards  at  the  expositions  of  London,  1896,  and  Brussels,  1897. 


260  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Class  56. 

1.  Giberga,  Benjamin,  Habana. 

Cassava  cake. 

2.  Laborie,  Edmond,  Carlos  Rojas. 

Yucca. 

3.  Ledo  y  Ca.,  Jose,  Esperanza. 

Tapioca  starch. 

4.  Lopez,  Cornelio,  Puerto  Principe. 

Tapioca  starch. 

5.  Paz  Rego,  Pedro,  Habana. 

Refreshments  made  of  fruit  flour. 

6.  Romero  Espinosa,  Manuel,  Bolondron. 

Banana  flour. 

Class  57. 

1.  Vilaplana,  Guerrero,  Habana. 

Biscuits. 


Class  58. 


1.  Fortun,  Gabriel,  Puerto  Principe. 
Pressed  bananas. 


Class  59. 


T.  Abreu,  Vincente  G.,  Santa  Clara. 

Sugar. 

2.  Berenguer,  Herederos  de,  Santa  Clara. 

Sugar. 

3.  Collado,  Rufino,  Cienfuegos. 

Sugar,  first  and  second  grade. 

4.  Davalos,  Antonio,  Matanzas. 

Guava  preserves. 

5.  Dias  Pendas,  Manuel,  Matanzas. 

Sugar. 

6.  Ecliezarreta,  Jose,  San  Jose  de  las  Lajas. 

Guava  preserves. 

7.  Estape  y  Ca.,  Jose,  Habana. 

Preserves  of  various  sorts. 

Gold  medals  at  the  expositions  of  Matanzas,  1872  and  1881,  and  Vienna,  1873. 

8.  Estevez,  Marta  Abreu  de,  Habana. 

Sugar. 

9.  Fernandez  de  Castro,  Rafael,  Habana. 

Sugar. 

10.  Garcia  Alonso,  Jose,  Matanzas. 

Pineapple  vinegar. 

11.  Garcia,  Liana  y  Ca,  Matanzas. 

Sugar. 

12.  Garcia  y  Machado,  Tranquilino,  Esperanza. 

Guava  cream. 

13.  Gomez  y  Ca.,  Pablo,  Caibarien. 

Chocolate  and  guava  preserves. 

14.  Grimal,  J.,  Habana. 

Preserves. 

Gold  medals  at  the  expositions  of  Matanzas,  1872,  and  Philadelphia,  1876. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  261 

15.  Ledo  y  Ca.,  Jose,  Esperanza. 

Guava  preserves. 

16.  Lopez,  Faustino,  Habana. 

Chocolate. 

17.  Lubian,  Rafael,  Santa  Clara. 

Preserved  fruits. 

18.  Liana  y  Ca.,  Matanzas. 

Refined  sugar. 

19.  Montelo,  Marques  de,  Matanzas. 

Sugar. 

20.  Morales,  Dr.  Sebastian  Alfredo  de,  Matanzas. 

Cuban  tea. 

21.  Munoz  del  Monte,  Adolfo,  Alacranes. 

Sugar. 

22.  Paz  Rego,  Pedro,  Habana. 

Cane  molasses. 

23.  Pedemonte  y  Ca.,  Cardenas. 

Sugar. 

24.  Piedra,  Joaquin  A.,  Matanzas. 

Sugar. 

25.  Quesada,  Gonzalo  de,  Habana. 

Samples  of  various  sugars. 

26.  Rabel  y  Ca.,  Cardenas. 

Refined  sugar. 

27.  Rabentos,  Hermano  y  Ca.,  Viuda  de,  Habana. 

Preserves. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Boston,  Brussels,  New  Orleans,  Paris,  Barce¬ 
lona,  and  Toronto. 

28.  Sainz,  Jose,  Matanzas. 

Sugar  and  molasses. 

29.  Salinas  de  Punta  Hacacos,  Cardenas. 

Marine  salt. 

30.  Sanchez  Hermanos,  Gibara. 

Sugar. 

31.  Sardina,  Anastasio  y  Septimio,  Cardenas. 

Sugar. 

32.  Seiglie,  Juan,  Remedios. 

Guava  preserves. 

33.  Soler,  Leandro,  Matanzas. 

Sugar. 

34.  Terry  y  Hermano,  Lajas. 

Sugar. 

35.  Tolon  y  Ca.,  S.  T.,  Cardenas. 

Refined  sugar. 

36.  Urroz  y  Oyarzun,  Sagua  la  Grande. 

Chocolate  in  cake  and  powdered. 

37.  Vilaplana,  Guerrero  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Guava  preserves,  conserved  fruits,  caramels,  and  chocolate. 

Class  60. 

1.  Aldabo  y  Ca.,  E.,  Habana. 

Cognac. 

2.  Pi  y  Ca.,  Esteban,  Caibarien. 

Cognac. 


262  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Class  61. 

1.  Abreu,  Vicente  G.,  Santa  Clara. 

Brandy. 

2.  Aldabo  y  Ca.,  E.,  Habana. 

Liquors,  alcohols,  and  rum. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Chicago,  1893;  Brussels,  1897;  London,  1897, 
and  Jerusalem,  1898. 

3.  Alvarez  Ortiz,  Dr.  Rafael,  Habana. 

Whisky  and  alcohol. 

4.  Arechabala,  Jose,  Cardenas. 

Whisky,  alcohol,  and  rum. 

5.  Artiz,  Antonio  M.,  Habana. 

Liquors  and  rum. 

6.  Bacardi  y  Ca.,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Rum. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Madrid,  1870;  Philadelphia,  1876;  Barcelona, 
1880;  Matanzas,  1881;  Paris,  1889;  Chicago,  1893,  and  Bordeaux,  1895. 

7.  Berenguer,  Herederos  de,  Santa  Clara. 

Alcohol. 

8.  Echevarria  y  Ca.,  Cardenas. 

Whisky  and  alcohol. 

9.  Fernandez  Enriquez,  Antonio,  Habana. 

Wines  and  nectars. 

10.  Lopez  y  Rodriguez,  Manuel,  Cienfuegos. 

Rum. 

Medal  at  the  exposition  of  Santa  Clara,  1889. 

11.  Liana  y  Ca.,  Matanzas. 

Alcohol. 

12.  Oyarzabel,  Patricio,  Colon. 

Whisky. 

13.  Paz  Rego,  Pedro,  Habana. 

Vermuth  made  from  sugar  cane. 

14.  Pedemonte  y  Ca. ,  Cardenas. 

Whisky  and  rum. 

15.  Pi  y  Ca.,  Esteban,  Caibarien. 

Liquors. 

16.  Robato  y  Beguiristain,  Sagua  la  Grande. 

Alcohol,  rum,  punch,  and  liquors. 

Gold  medal,  exposition  of  Barcelona,  1880;  diploma,  exposition  of  Chicago, 
1893. 

17.  Rodriguez  y  Ca.,  Cienfeugos. 

Rum. 

18.  Sainz,  Jose,  Matanzas. 

Whisky. 

Class  62. 

1.  Aldabo  y  Ca.,  E.,  Habana. 

Cider  and  banana  champagne. 

2.  Crusellas,  Hermano  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Champagne  cider,  banana  champagne,  artificial  sparkling  water. 

3.  Fernandez  de  Castro,  Felix,  Jaruco. 

Cordial. 

4.  Garcia  Alonso,  Jose,  Matanzas. 

Tamarin  cider,  banana  wine. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  263 


5.  Laborie,  Edmond,  Carlos  Rojas. 

Extract  of  bitter  orange. 

6.  Paz  Rego,  Pedro,  Habana. 

Medicinal  wine. 

7.  Pijuan  y  Hermano,  Puerto  Principe. 

Whisky  and  liqueur. 

Group  XI. — Mines  and  Mining. 

Class  68. 

1.  Academia  de  Ciencias,  Habana. 

Minerals  from  El  Cobre  and  stalactites. 

2.  Alvarez,  Gervasio,  Matanzas. 

Stalactites. 

3.  Bazan,  Javier,  Puerto  Principe. 

Geological  section  of  Camaguey. 

4.  Becerra  y  Alfonso,  Hr.  Pedro,  Paso  Real  de  San  Diego. 

Marbles,  alabaster,  guano,  naphtha  oil. 

5.  Bertram,  Joaquin,  Puerto  Principe. 

Guano,  used  in  making  powder  during  the  war  of  independence. 

6.  Betancourt,  Roberto  A.,  Puerto  Principe. 

Minerals. 

7.  Bouza,  Laureano,  Caibarien. 

Asphalt. 

8.  Cadenas,  Manuel  P.,  Puerto  Principe. 

Stones,  minerals,  and  asphalt. 

9.  Coffigny,  Alfredo,  Matanzas. 

Asphalt. 

10.  Corona,  Rafael,  Caibarien. 

Asphalt. 

11.  Cruz  Dominguez,  Manuel,  Jovellanos. 

Stone. 

12.  Cuban  Mining  Company,  Nuevitas. 

Iron  and  copper  ores. 

13.  Cueto,  Manuel,  Cardenas. 

Naphtha. 

14.  Diaz  Arguelles,  Francisco. 

Asphalt. 

15.  Escuelas  Pias,  Guanabacoa. 

Stones  and  minerals. 

16.  Escuelas  Pias,  Puerto  Principe. 

Stones  and  ores. 

17.  Fernandez  Llebrez,  Arturo,  Matanzas. 

Stalactites. 

18.  Ferrer,  Pedro,  Habana. 

Guano. 

19.  Funnel,  Smith  y  Rovirosa,  Habana. 

Asphalt  and  copper  ore. 

20.  Gallego,  Messa  y  Ca.,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Guano. 

21.  Guillen,  Manuel,  Holguin. 

Gold,  copper,  manganese,  and  talc  ores. 

22.  L’Almendares,  Habana. 

Portland  cement. 


264  INTERNATIONAL  CNIVERSAL  EVPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


23.  Marquez,  Pedro,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Specimens  of  tobacco  soil. 

24.  Medina,  Mariano,  Matanzas. 

Specimens  of  various  calcareous  stones. 

Award  at  the  exposition  of  Paris,  1889. 

25.  Morato  Agramonte,  Esteban,  Puerto  Principe. 

Magnetic  iron  ore  weighing  586  kilograms. 

26.  Moreno,  Francisco,  Mayajigua. 

Asphalt. 

27.  Paisat,  Manuel,  Caimito  del  Guayabal. 

Asphalt,  solid  and  liquid. 

28.  Reynaldos,  Rafael,  Cardenas. 

Liquid  asphalt. 

29.  Rojas,  P.,  Remedios. 

Asphalt. 

30.  Sarda,  Yiuda  de,  Isla  de  Pinos. 

Marbles. 

31.  Sariol,  Pompeyo,  Puerto  Principe. 

Cromium  ore. 

32.  Servia,  Justo,  Bolondron. 

Stone,  guano. 

33.  Spanish  American  Iron  Company,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Iron  ore  and  photographs  of  the  mines. 

34.  Yeranas,  Dr.  Felipe,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Specimens  of  the  various  minerals  of  the  province  of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  Pho¬ 
tographs  of  mines. 

35.  Yilla,  Carlos,  Cardenas. 

Asphalt. 

36.  Zaldivar,  Consuelo,  Puerto  Principe. 

Rocky  residue  from  the  combustion  of  sugar  cane,  opals,  chrome  ore,  magnetic 
iron,  silver  ore,  lithographic  stone. 

37.  Zozaya  y  Ca.,  Caibarien. 

Ores  and  asphalt. 

Class  65. 

1.  Alberti,  Domingo,  Cardenas. 

Forged  copper  cross. 

Group  XII. — Decoration  and  Furnishing  of  Public  Buildings  and  Dwellings. 

Class  66. 

1.  Bielsa  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Mosaics. 

2.  Castillo,  Pablo,  Matanzas. 

Carpentry  work. 

3.  Diaz,  Yidal,  Jovellanos. 

Chair  made  of  cedar  and  iron. 

4.  Juantorena  y  Goni,  Jose,  Jovellanos. 

Small  cart  made  of  woods  from  different  countries. 

5.  Quesada,  Gonzalo  de. 

Cuban  pavilion  and  installation. 

6.  Soler,  Leandro,  Matanzas. 

A  cart,  oxen,  workman,  sugar  cane,  etc.,  made  of  wood. 


4.  ROTUNDA  OF  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION,  FROVI  SECOND  BALCONY 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION 


AT  PARIS.  265 


Class  69. 

1.  Barrinat,  Viuda  de  Francisco,  Cardenas. 

Small  booth  made  of  indigenous  woods. 

2.  Carranza,  Manuel,  Habana. 

Fan  box  made  of  bamboo. 

3.  Laboratorio  Bacteriologico,  Habana. 

Chest  made  of  native  woods. 

4.  Lopez  y  Ca.,  Calixto,  Habana. 

Booth  made  of  native  woods. 

5.  Marin,  Leoncio,  Puerto  Principe. 

Inlaid  cabinet. 

6.  Pianca,  Jose,  Habana. 

Exhibition  case  made  of  native  woods. 

7.  Soler,  Leandro,  Matanzas. 

Drawers  for  sugar  samples. 

8.  Vila,  Rodriguez  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Dining-room  buffet. 


Class  72. 

1*  CaPdevila,  Antonio  Gonzalez,  Viuda  de,  Vento. 

Clay,  brick,  and  brick  powder. 

2.  L’almendares,  Habana. 

Bricks  and  tiles. 

3.  Querol,  Vicente,  Matanzas. 

Tiles. 

Group  XIII.-Threads  and  Yarns,  Fabrics,  Garments. 


Class  81. 

*  1.  Compagnie  des  lies  Cayo  Cruz  et  Cayo  Romano. 
Cordage. 

2.  Heydrich,  Raffloer  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Cordage. 


Class  84. 

1.  Amodeo,  Mme.  Elisa,  Matanzas. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 

2.  Angarica,  Mme.  Lucrecia  A.  de,  Habana. 

Napkins  and  embroidered  handkerchiefs 

3.  Barbarrosa,  Mile.,  Paris. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs 

4.  Curbelo,  Mile.  Margarita,  Habana. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 

5.  Herrera,  Mile.  Saturnina,  Sagua  la  Grande. 

Embroidered  silk  handkerchief. 

6.  Longoria,  Mile.  Alicia,  Gibrara. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs 

7.  Maresma,  Miles.  Elisa  e  Isabel,  Cardenas. 

Embroideries. 

8.  Mestre,  Mme.  Isabel  Urbizu  de,  Paris. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 

•  Quesada  Mme.  Angelina  Miranda  de,  Habana. 
Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 


266  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS, 


10.  Saavedra,  Mme.  Dolores  Urbizu  de,  Paris. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 

11.  Urbizu,  Mme.  Isabel  Mendiola  de,  Paris. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 


Class  85. 

1.  Gonzalez,  Augustin,  Esperanza. 

Lady’s  dress. 

Class  86. 

1.  Alvarez,  Eugenio,  Gibara. 

Calfskin  coat. 

2.  Biaggi  y  Diaz,  Antonio,  Habana. 

Patent  parasols  and  umbrellas. 

3.  Cabanas,  Enrique,  Habana. 

Underclothing,  collars,  and  cuffs. 

4.  Carranza,  Manuel,  Habana. 

Painted  shell  fan. 

5.  Crucet,  Juan,  Habana. 

Shoes,  colored  and  patent  leather  shoes  made  of  native  leather. 

6.  Fernandez  Longa,  Jose,  Habana. 

Shoes,  girdle  with  watch  pocket. 

8.  Lopez  y  Ca.,  Ramon,  Habana. 

Straw  hats  and  bonnets. 

9.  Marsal,  M  aria  Luisa,  Cardenas. 

Picture  frame  made  of  seashells. 

10.  Parajon,  Viuda  e  hijo  de  F.,  Habana. 

Straw  hats. 

11.  Pardo,  Jose,  Habana. 

Shirts,  collars,  and  cuffs. 

12.  Perez  Romero,  Francisca,  Habana. 

Silk  corset. 

13.  Intoriano,  Agueda  Rizo  de,  Santa  Maria  del  Rosario. 

Hat. 

Group  XIV. — Chemical  Industries. 

Class  87. 

1.  Agramonte,  Sixto,  Jaguey  Grande. 

Beeswax. 

2.  Alfonso  de  Armas,  Telesforo,  Cienfuegos. 

Bitumen. 

3.  Alvarez  Rodriguez,  Jose,  Habana. 

Lime  cakes  for  disinfecting  purposes. 

4.  Barrinat,  Elvira  Parravicini,  Viuda  de,  Cardenas. 

Pharmaceutical  objects. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Matanzas,  1881;  Barcelona,  1888;  Santa  Clara, 
1889. 

5.  Bueno,  J.  A.,  Flabana. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

6.  Castells,  Dr.  Anselmo,  Habana. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

7.  Cotera,  Dr.  Enrique  J.,  Cienfuegos. 

Wine  of  peptone. 

8.  Crusellas,  Hermano  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Soaps. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


267 


9.  Figueroa,  Dr.  Enrique,  Colon. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations 

10.  .Hamel,  J.  B.,  Cardenas. 

Wax. 

11.  Jongh,  Dr.  Pedro  de,  Cardenas. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

12.  Lopez,  Alfonso,  Habana. 

Merrick  wine  and  dentifrice. 

13.  Llebrez,  A.  Fernandez,  Habana. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

14.  Marquez,  Miguel  Jesus,  Habana. 

Effervescent  magnesia. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  London,  Marseilles,  Chicago,  Brussels,  Geneva, 
Cairo,  etc. 

15.  Morales,  Oswaldo,  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

16.  Morales,  Dr.  Sebastian  A.,  Matanzas. 

Proprietary  preparations. 

17.  Paez,  Julio  Maria,  Habana. 

Dyestuffs. 

19.  Perez  Carillo,  Dr.  Alfredo,  Habana. 

Chemical  preparations. 

Thirteen  awards  at  expositions. 

20.  Rabell,  Rita  Duque,  Viuda  de,  Habana. 

Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

21.  Sabates  y  Hermano,  Habana. 

Candles,  glycerin,  and  soaps. 

22.  Triolet,  Dr.  Ernesto,  Matanzas. 

Pharmaceutical  and  proprietary  preparations. 

23.  Veranes,  Alfredo  F.,  Habana. 

Proprietary  preparation. 

Class  88. 

1.  Castro,  Fernandez,  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Assortment  of  paper  made  at  Puentes  Grandes. 


Class  89. 

1.  Fernandez  Longa,  Jose,  Habana. 

Tanned  leather. 


Class  90. 


1.  Crusellas,  Hermano  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Complete  assortment  of  perfumes. 

Gold  medal  at  the  exposition  of  Matanzas,  1872  and  1881. 

2.  Govea,  Juan,  Matanzas. 

Hair  tonic. 

3.  Paez,  Julio  Maria,  Habana. 

Extract  from  native  flowers. 


Class  91. 

1.  Alfonso  de  Armas,  Telesforo,  Cienfuegos. 

Cigarettes. 

2.  Alvarez,  Inocencio,  Habana. 

Cigars. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Antwerp,  Melbourne,  Brussels,  Paris. 


268  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


3.  Andreu,  Francisco  G.,  Matanzas. 

Cigars  and  leaf  tobacco. 

4.  Bescos,  Carlos,  Habana. 

Cigars  and  leaf  tobacco. 

5.  Comacho,  Manuel,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Tobacco  dry  house. 

6.  Carvajal  y  Ca.,  L.,  Habana. 

Cigars. 

Several  grand  prizes  and  gold  medals. 

7.  Ehlers,  Christian,  Habana. 

Cigars. 

8.  Fernandez  Gonzalez,  Manuel,  Habana. 

Cigars. 

9.  Habana  Commercial  Company,  Habana. 

Cigars  and  cigarettes. 

10.  Henry  Clay  &  Bock  &  Co.,  Limited,  Habana. 

Cigars  and  cigarettes. 

Awards  at  all  the  expositions. 

11.  Lopez  y  Ca.,  Calixto,  Habana. 

Cigars,  cigarettes,  and  leaf  tobacco. 

Awards  at  the  expositions  of  Antwerp,  1885;  Paris,  1889;  Chicago,  1893,  and 
Brussels,  1897. 

12.  Martinez  y  Viejo,  Jose  Maria,  Guanajay. 

Cigarettes. 

13.  Rodriguez  y  Rocha,  Habana. 

Cigars. 

Group  XV. — Varied  Industries. 

Class  92. 

1.  Castro,  Fernandez  y  Ca.,  Habana. 

Ruled  paper,  blank  books,  envelopes,  bags,  etc. 

2.  Torroella  y  Lopez,  Habana. 

Blank  books  and  ledgers. 


Class  95. 

1.  Montoro,  Candido,  Matanzas. 

Match  box  made  of  a  sea-chestnut  seed. 


Class  98. 

1.  Amoedo,  Dr.  Oscar,  Paris. 

Sterilized  toothbrushes. 

2.  Azcuy,  Jose  I.,  Candelaria. 

Brooms  made  of  palm  fiber. 

3.  Moreda,  Antonio,  Matanzas. 

Assortment  of  brooms. 

4.  Trelles,  Carlos  M.,  Matanzas. 

Dustbrush  made  of  corojo  fiber. 

Class  99. 

1.  Teijeiro,  Balbino,  Matanzas. 

Trunk  and  valise  with  secret  locks. 

Class  100. 

1.  Villavicencio  de  Menendez,  Aurora,  Habana. 
Silk  doll. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  2G9 


1. 


1. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 


5. 


6. 

7. 


8. 


9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 


1. 


1. 

2. 


1. 


Group  XVI. 


Class  103. 


Haza,  Francisco,  Habana. 

Project  for  municipal  banks  to  be  established  in  Habana  and  in  foreign 
countries. 


Class  109. 


Segura  y  Cabrera,  Andres,  Habana. 

A  published  treatise  on  life  assurance. 


Class  111. 


Becerra  y  Alfonso,  Dr.  Pedro,  Paso  Real  de  San  Diego. 

Mineral  water. 

Cadenas,  Manuel  P. ,  Puerto  Principe. 

Mineral  water. 

Delfin,  Dr.  Manuel,  Habana. 

A  file  of  “Revista  de  Higiene”  and  brochures  on  hygiene. 
Fernandez,  Dr.  Juan  Santos,  Habana. 

Serums,  toxins,  and  methods  of  making  cultures. 
Guamacaro,  municipality  of. 

Mineral  water. 

Herederos  de  Benardo  Diaz  Granda,  Guanajay. 

Mineral  water. 

Lascaiba,  Joaquin,  Guanajay. 

Mineral  water. 

Marquez,  Dr.  Pedro,  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Mineral  waters. 

Paisat,  Manuel,  Caimito  del  Guayabal. 

Mineral  waters  and  alkalis. 

Ros,  Dr.  Luis,  Cardenas. 

A  treatise  entitled  “Guia  practica  de  la  madre  de  familia.” 
Schweyer,  Dr.  Alberto,  Matanzas. 

Memoir  on  the  public  health  and  hygiene  of  Matanzas. 
Vesa,  Antonio,  Habana. 

Sanitary  legislation  in  Cuba  in  1889. 

Xiques,  Miguel  A.,  Puerto  Principe. 

Mineral  water. 

Class  112. 


Alfonso,  Dr.  Manuel  F.,  Habana. 

Report  on  the  Hospital  of  San  Lazaro  for  the  years  1890  to  1899,  inclusive. 

Group  XVIII. — Military  and  Naval. 

Class  119 . 

Cova,  Jose  V.,  Matanzas. 

Map  of  eastern  Cuba  prepared  for  the  debarkation  of  expeditions  for  the  Cuban 
army. 

Wilson,  Gen.  J.  H.,  Matanzas. 

Maps  of  the  cities  of  Matanzas  and  Santa  Clara. 

HISTORICAL  EXHIBITION. 

Direccion  General  de  Correros,  Habana. 

Complete  collection  of  postage  stamps  used  in  Cuba  since  the  evacuation  of 
the  Spanish. 


270  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


2.  Figarola  Caneda,  Domingo,  Paris. 

Seal  used  by  the  Cuban  educator,  Jose  de  la  Luz  y  Caballero. 

Scarf  worn  by  Gen.  Narciso  Lopez. 

Photograph  of  the  monument  of  J.  Vilalta  de  Saavedra,  erected  to  the  memory 
of  the  students  shot  on  November  27,  1871. 

Piece  of  the  first  Cuban  flag,  hoisted  by  General  Lopez  at  Cardenas  in  1850. 

3.  Giberga,  Commandant  Benjamin,  Habana. 

Cuban  bonds. 

Collection  of  Cuban  postage  stamps  from  1868  and  from  1895. 

Cockade  worn  in  the  field  by  Maj.  Gen.  Bartolome  Maso. 

Cuban  flag  used  during  the  war  of  independence. 

“El  Cubano  Libre”  journal  of  the  Cuban  army  printed  in  the  field. 

Inkstand  and  penholder  used  during  the  war  by  Tomas  Estrada  Palma. 

Spurs  used  in  the  field  by  Lieut.  Calixto  Garcia. 

Organization  of  the  Cuban  army,  rules  for,  printed  in  the  field. 

Code  of  the  Cuban  Republic. 

Machete  used  during  the  entire  war  (1895-1898). 

Field  uniform  and  equipment  of  an  officer  of  the  Cuban  army  worn  during 
the  war  of  independence. 

Commission  in  the  Cuban  army  printed  by  the  government  printing  office  at 
Camaguey. 

Documents,  manuscripts,  autographs,  and  relics  of  the  war. 

4.  Iradier,  Capitaine  Fernando,  Marti. 

A  cannon  made  in  the  field  during  the  war  of  independence. 

5.  Lage,  Juan  Francisco,  Habana. 

File  of  the  revolutionary  journal,  “  La  Independencia, ”  published  in  Habana 
during  the  Spanish  rule. 

6.  Monteagudo,  Gen.  Jose  de  J.,  Santa  Clara. 

Stack  of  arms  and  machetes  used  during  the  war  of  independence. 

7.  Quesada,  Gonzalo  de,  Washington. 

Silk  Cuban  flag  placed  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  on  the  coffin 
of  Lieut.  Gen.  Calixto  Garcia  at  his  burial  in  Washington. 

LIST  OF  AWARDS  GRANTED  TO  CUBAN  EXHIBITS. 

Class  1. — Collective  exhibit  of  Francisco  J.  Balmaseda,  Arturo  Casado  y  Valdes, 
Arturo  R.  Diaz,  Domitila  Garcia  de  Coronado,  Manuel  Valdes  Rodriguez,  bronze 
medal. 

Class  2. — Collective  exhibit  of  Luis  A.  Baralt,  Arturo  Casado  y  Valdes,  Manuel  de 
la  Hera,  Justo  F.  Parrilla,  Lorenzo  A.  Ruiz,  Manuel  Valdes  Rrodriguez,  bronze 
medal. 

Class  3. — Dr.  Sebastian  Alfredo  de  Morales,  honorable  mention. 

Class  7. — Leopoldo  Romanach,  bronze  medal.  Armando  Menocal,  honorable 
mention. 

Class  11. — Guerra,  Hnos  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  M.  Ruiz  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  Jose 
M.  Garcia,  bronze  medal. 

Class  12. — H.  J.  Miles,  silver  medal.  J.  A.  Suarez  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  Gregorio 
Casanas,  bronze  medal.  Otero  y  Colominas,  bronze  medal.  Calixto  Ruiz  de  Castro, 
honorable  mention.  Ricardo  Testar,  honorable  mention. 

Class  13. — Anales  de  la  Academia  de  Ciencias,  bronze  medal.  Collective  exhibit 
of  Manuel  Albuerne,  Archivos  de  la  Policlinica,  La  Aurora  del  Yumuri,  El  Azucar, 
Cronica  Medico-Quirurgica,  Cuba  y  America,  Viuda  6  hijos  de  Chao,  Luis  Estevez  y 
Romero,  El  Figaro,  Liceo  de  Matanzas,  Jos6  Lopez,  Jos6  Marin  Varona,  Andres  Poey, 
Por  la  mujer,  La  Republica  Cubana,  Revista  de  Ferrocarriles,  Revista  General  de 
Derecho,  El  Tabaco,  bronze  medal. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  27 1 


Class  14. — Viuda  e  hijos  de  Chao,  honorable  mention. 

Class  15. — J.  Arnaldo,  bronze  medal. 

Class  28. — Ciment  de  l’Almendares,  hors  concours. 

Class  31. — F.  Palacio  y  Ca.,  silver  medal. 

Class  ££>.— Benjamin  Giberga,  silver  medal.  P.  J.  Perez,  silver  medal.  Gonzalo 
de  Quesada,  silver  medal.  Pedro  Marquez,  bronze  medal.  Joaquin  Piedra,  bronze 
medal. 

Class  41. — Collective  exhibit  of  Eugenio  Alvarez,  R.  Bazan,  P.  Becerra  y  Alfonso, 
P.  Calaforra,  V.  Gazel,  E.  Laborie,  A.  Lama,  Ambrosio  V.  Lopez  Valdes,  Victor 
Lopez,  Carlos  C.  J.  Madden,  R.  Rivero,  Emiliano  Sanchez,  J.  Simon  y  Ca.,  Torre  y 
Ca.,  Campagnie  des  lies  Cayo  Cruz  et  Cayo  Romano,  gold  medal. 

Class  42. — Collective  exhibit  of  Diego  Acosta,  Sixto  Agramonte,  Dr.  G.  Garcia 
Vieta,  J.  B.  Hamel,  silver  medal. 

Class  50. — Manuel  P.  Cadenas,  silver  medal.  Angel  Perez  Cuesta,  bronze  medal. 
J.  Seiglie,  bronze  medal.  Pedro  Becerra  y  Alfonso,  honorable  mention.  General 
Clemente  Dantin,  honorable  mention.  Luis  Genin,  honorable  mention.  Pedro 
Marquez,  honorable  mention. 

Class  53. — Collective  exhibit  of  Academia  de  Ciencias,  Indalecio  Aguilera,  Asocia- 
cion  de  Comerciantes  y  Esponjeros  de  Batabano,  A.  Avalos,  C.  Bescos,  M.  P.  Cadenas, 
Juan  Jover,  H.  Laloux,  J.  Ortega,  Julian  Quadreny,  Pedro  Robau,  J.  R.  Xiques, 
silver  medal. 

Class  55. — Collective  exhibit  of  Bielsa  y  Ca.,  Joaquin  Castaner,  Joaquin  Piedra, 
Robato  y  Beguiristain,  La  Tropical,  honorable  mention. 

Class  56. — Collective  exhibit  of  Benjamin  Giberga,  E.  Laborie,  J.  Ledo  y  Ca., 
Cornelio  Lopez,  Pedro  Paz  Rego,  M.  Romero  Espinosa,  silver  medal. 

Class  57. — Vilaplana,  Guerrero  y  Ca.,  silver  medal. 

Class  58. — Gabriel  Fortun,  honorable  mention. 

Class  59. — Marques  de  Montelo,  gold  medal.  Rabel  y  Ca.,  gold  medal. 

Class  59. — Viuda  de  Rabentos,  Hno.  y  Ca.,  gold  medal.  Leandro  Soler,  gold  medal. 
E.  Terry  y  Hno.,  gold  medal.  Vilaplana,  Guerrero  y  Ca.,  gold  medal.  Vicente  G. 
Abreu,  silver  medal.  Berenguer,  Herederos  de,  silver  medal.  Rufino  Collado,  silver 
medal.  J.  Estape  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  J.  Grimal,  silver  medal.  Salinas  de  Punta 
Hicacos,  silver  medal.  J.  Seiglie,  silver  medal.  S.  T.  Tolon  y  Ca.,  silver  medal. 
Marta  Abreu  de  Estevez,  bronze  medal.  A.  Davalos,  bronze  medal.  Manuel  Diaz 
Pendas,  bronze  medal.  Jose  Echezarreta,  bronze  medal.  Rafael  Fernandez  de  Cas¬ 
tro,  bronze  medal.  J.  Garcia  Alonso,  bronze  medal.  Tranquilino  Garcia,  bronze 
medal.  Pablo  Gomez  y  Ca.,  bronze  medal.  J.  Ledo  y  Ca.,  bronze  medal.  Faus- 
tino  Lopez,  bronze  medal.  Rafael  Lubian,  bronze  medal.  Liana  y  Ca. ,  bronze 
medal.  Adolfo  Munoz  del  Monte,  bronze  medal.  Joaquin  Piedra,  bronze  medal. 
Gonzalo  de  Quesada,  bronze  medal.  Sanchez  Hermanos,  bronze  medal.  Sardina 
Hnos.,  bronze  medal.  Pedro  Paz  Rego,  honorable  mention.  Pedemonte  y  Ca.,  hon¬ 
orable  mention.  Jose  Sainz,  honorable  mention.  Urroz  y  Oyarzun,  honorable 
mention. 

Class  61. — Bacardi  y  Ca.,  gold  medal.  Berenguer,  Herederos  de,  gold  medal. 
Echevarria  y  Ca.,  gold  medal.  Robato  y  Beguiristain,  silver  medal.  E.  Aldabo  y 
Ca.,  silver  medal.  J.  Arechabala,  silver  medal.  A.  M.  Artiz,  silver  medal.  A.  Fer¬ 
nandez  Enriquez,  silver  medal.  Liana  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  P.  Oyarzabal,  silver 
medal.  Pedemonte  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  M.  Lopez  e  Hijos,  bronze  medal.  E.  Piy 
Ca.,  bronze  medal.  Rodriguez  y  Ca.,  bronze  medal.  Pedro  Paz  Rego,  honorable 
mention. 

Class  62. — Collective  exhibit  of  E.  Aldabo  y  Ca.,  Crusellas,  Hno.  y  Ca.,  Felix  Fer¬ 
nandez  de  Castro,  Jose  Garcia  Alonso,  E.  Laborie,  Pedro  Paz  Rego,  Pijuan  y  Hno., 
silver  medal. 

Class  63. — L’Almendares,  Ciment,  etc.,  hors  concours.  Spanish  American  Iron 


272  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Company,  gold  medal.  Escuelas  Pfas  de  Guanabacoa,  silver  medal.  Carlos  Villa, 
silver  medal.  M.  P.  Cadenas,  bronze  medal.  M.  Cueto,  bronze  medal.  Fco. 
Moreno  y  Carrera,  bronze  medal.  P.  Rojas,  bronze  medal. 

Class  66. — Commissaire  de  Cuba,  bronze  medal. 

Class  69. — Jose  Pianea,  silver  medal.  Vila,  Rodriguez  y  Ca.,  bronze  medal. 
Leoncio  Marin,  honorable  mention. 

Class  81. — Heydrich,  Raffloer  y  Ca.,  bronze  medal.  Compagnie  des  lies  Cayo 
Cruz  et  Cayo  Romano,  honorable  mention. 

Class  84- — Collective  exhibit  of  Mines.  Quesada,  Urbizu,  Saavedra,  Mestre  et  Miles. 
Longoria  et  Maresma,  silver  medal.  Mme.  E.  Amoedo,  silver  medal.  Mme.  S.  He¬ 
rrera,  silver  medal.  Mme.  Angarica,  bronze  medal.  Mile.  M.  Curbelo,  bronze 
medal.  Mile.  Barbarrosa,  honorable  mention. 

Class  86. — Ramon  Lopez  y  Ca.,  silver  medal.  Viuda  e  Hijo  de  F.  Parajon,  silver 
medal.  J.  Crucet,  bronze  medal.  Jose  Fernandez  Longa,  bronze  medal.  A.  Biaggiy 
Diaz,  honorable  mention.  E.  Cabanas,  honorable  mention.  M.  Carranza,  honorable 
mention.  Jose  Pardo,  honorable  mention.  Francisca  Perez  Romero,  honorable 
mention. 

Class  87. — Sixto  Agramonte,  bronze  medal.  A.  Castello,  bronze  medal.  A.  Fer¬ 
nandez  Llebrez,  bronze  medal.  M.  J.  Marquez,  bronze  medal.  A.  Perez  Carrillo, 
bronze  medal.  E.  Triolet,  bronze  medal.  J.  A.  Bueno,  honorable  mention.  Cru- 
sellas,  Hno.  y  Ca. ,  honorable  mention.  Viuda  de  Rabell,  honorable  mention.  Sabates 
y  Hno. ,  honorable  mention. 

Class  88. — Castro,  Fernandez  y  Ca.,  silver  medal. 

Class  89. — Jose  Fernandez  Longa,  bronze  medal. 

Class  91. — Henry  Clay  &  Bock  &  Co.,  hors  concours.  L.  Carvajal  y  Ca.,  grand 
prix.  Gustavo  Bock,  collaborateur,  grand  prix.  Havana  Commercial  Company, 
gold  medal.  Calixto  Lopez  y  Ca.,  gold  medal.  Inocencio  Alvarez,  silver  medal. 
Rodriguez  y  Rocha,  bronze  medal.  A.  Fernandez  Roses,  collaborateur,  honorable 
mention.  Telesforo  Alfonso  de  Armas,  honorable  mention.  Carlos  Bescos,  honor¬ 
able  mention.  Marcos  Carvajal,  collaborateur,  honorable  mention.  Christian 
Ehlers,  honorable  mention.  M.  Fernandez  Gonzalez,  honorable  mention. 

Class  92. — Collective  exhibit  of  Castro,  Fernandez  y  Ca.,  Torroella  y  Lopez,  bronze 
medal. 

Class  99. — Balbino  Teijeiro,  bronze  medal. 

Class  103. — Francisco  Haza,  bronze  medal. 

Class  109. — Andres  Segura  y  Cabrera,  honorable  mention. 

Class  119. — Gen.  J.  H.  Wilson,  honorable  mention. 


HAWAII. 

Chicago  Offices,  March  8 ,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  In  reference  to  the  letter  of  February  23  concerning 
report  on  Hawaii  prepared  by  your  committee  we  beg  to  state  that  we 
have  just  received  a  report  from  the  Hawaiian  commissioner,  which 
we  attach  hereto  with  the  suggestion  that  it  be  inserted  as  a  prefix  to 
the  special  report  prepared  by  your  committee. 

Respectfully, 

Committee  on  Final  Report. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General  for  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  273 


Honolulu,  January  9,  1901. 

Sir:  1  have  already  had  the  honor  of  addressing  you  two  letters 
from  Paris  in  connection  with  my  mission  to  that  city  as  commissioner 
from  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  to  the  International  Exposition.  I  have 
now  the  honor  of  submitting  my  final  report,  together  with  the  finan¬ 
cial  statements  connected  therewith. 

I  take  pleasure  in  stating  that  from  the  time  that  the  Hawaiian 
exhibit  was  installed  in  Paris  up  to  the  time  of  the  closing  of  the 
Exposition  the  greatest  courtesy  was  always  extended  to  the  members 
of  our  commission  both  by  the  French  officials  and  by  the  United 
States  Commissioner-General,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  and  his  staff. 

The  space  allotted  to  Hawaii  was  in  the  south  gallery  of  he  palace 
of  the  Trocadero,  and  though  not  sufficiently  large  to  properly  dis¬ 
play  the  exhibit,  was  utilized  to  the  best  advantage  and  compared 
favorably  with  any  surrounding  displays. 

The  cases  containing  the  exhibit  did  not  arrive  until  the  latter  part 
of  June  and  were  ready  for  inspection  the  second  week  in  July. 

In  arranging  the  exhibit  it  was  the  aim  of  your  commission  to  place 
in  evidence  the  varied  resources  of  the  islands,  their  commercial 
opportunities,  desirability  as  a  place  of  residence,  and  facilities  for 
education.  Information  regarding  the  production  of  sugar,  rice, 
coffee,  fruits,  fiber  plants,  etc.,  so  far  as  figures  were  obtainable,  was 
freely  given,  while  the  samples  of  these  products  on  exhibit  were 
evidence  of  the  quality  produced. 

Printed  matter  descriptive  of  the  islands  was  eagerly  sought  for  and 
widely  distributed,  both  in  the  French  and  English  language,  not  only 
to  visitors,  but  also  through  official  channels  to  the  governments, 
educational  institutions,  and  scientific  and  commercial  societies  of  the 
countries  represented  at  the  Exposition.  The  complimentary  acknowl¬ 
edgments  received  testified  to  the  high  esteem  in  which  the  pamphlets’ 
were  held. 

The  first  efforts  of  the  commissioners,  after  installing  the  exhibit, 
were  directed  toward  securing  the  attention  of  the  juries  to  the  various 
classes  into  which  the  exhibits  were  divided.  The  jury  for  sugar  and 
for  primary  education  had  fortunately  not  completed  their  investiga¬ 
tions,  and  in  due  time  inspected  the  exhibits  of  Hawaii,  with  the 
satisfactory  result  of  a  grand  prize  for  primary  education;  a  gold 
medal  for  the  Kamehameha  Manual  Training  School,  and  a  gold  medal 
for  the  Hawaiian  Planters’  Association  for  sugar.  The  other  juries 
having  already  completed  their  labors,  they  were  not,  upon  the  advice 
of  Professor  Gore,  juror  in  chief  of  the  United  States,  appealed  to 
to  reopen  their  investigations,  and  in  lieu  thereof  a  commemorative 
diploma  for  the  collective  exhibit  was  promised,  but  up  to  the  time 
of  leaving  the  final  action  of  the  superior  jury  had  not  been  announced. 

An  accurate  estimate  of  the  benefit  derived  from  the  presence  of  the 


S.  Doc.  232 - 16 


274  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Territory  at  the  great  congress  of  nations  can  not  at  this  time  be  made, 
but  your  commissioners  feel  sure  that  this  effort  to  disseminate  infor¬ 
mation  regarding  our  islands  will  bear  fruit  in  attracting,  here  not  only 
the  tourist,  but  those  who  seek  by  honest  toil  to  better  their  condition; 
and,  moreover,  that  the  personal  inspection  of  the  exhibit  of  Hawaiian 
resources  by  the  officials  and  agents  of  the  countries  of  Europe  will 
be  found  to  have  an  excellent  effect  should  further  immigration  from 
those  countries  be  attempted. 

A  pleasing  sequel  to  the  exhibit  is  found  in  the  interest  displayed  in 
it  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Wilson,  director  of  the  Philadelphia  Commercial 
Museum,  and  the  establishment  in  that  institution  of  a  permanent 
Hawaiian  exhibit. 

Your  commissioners  were  of  the  opinion  that  no  better  disposition 
could  be  made  of  the  exhibit  than  to  give  to  the  Philadelphia  museum 
all  articles  not  loaned.  Mr.  Wilson’s  letter  acknowledging  the  receipt 
of  these  articles  is  hereto  attached. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  F.  J.  Y.  Skiff  a  few  articles  of  ethnological 
interest  were  donated  to  the  Field  Columbian  Museum,  of  Chicago. 
All  the  exhibits  not  thus  disposed  of  were  repacked  and  consigned  to 
the  care  of  J.  C.  Pfluger  &  Co.,  of  Bremen,  for  shipment  by  sail  to 
Honolulu.  It  pleases  me  to  report  that  the  expenses  of  the  exhibit 
have  been  kept  well  within  the  appropriation,  but  $6,801.55  having 
been  spent  out  of  the  $12,000  appropriation,  leaving  an  unexpended 
balance  of  $5,198.45.  The  only  outstanding  accounts  are  those  for 
freight  on  the  returning  goods  and  a  few  sundiy  bills  for  photographs, 
which  will  not  amount  to  more  than  $100. 

In  conclusion,  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Maj.  George  C.  Potter, 
secretary  of  the  commission,  through  whose  skillful  manipulation  of 
the  exhibit  its  display  at  the  Exposition  proved  such  a  success,  and 
whose  economical  handling  of  the  finances  has  resulted  in  so  satisfac¬ 
tory  a  financial  statement. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  vour  obedient  servant, 

W.  G.  Irwin, 

Hawaiian  Commissioner  to  Paris  Exposition. 

Sanford  B.  Dole, 

Governor  Terr  itory  of  Hawaii,  Honolulu. 


REPORT  ON  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

The  exhibit  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  was  perhaps  of  more  interest 
to  American  visitors  at  the  Exposition  than  to  continental  sight-seers, 
as  the  products  and  culture  of  our  newly  acquired  territory  more 
nearly  concern  us.  European  importers,  however,  seemed  to  be  much 
interested  in  the  monographs  on  Hawaii,  which  were  widely  distrib- 


WAITING  ROOM,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION,  GROUND  FLOOR. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  275 

uted,  and  were  considerably  surprised  to  learn  the  exact  names  and 
number  of  the  islands.  There  seemed  to  be  a  general  impression 
abroad,  as  in  this  country,  that  the  islands  are  in  the  South  Seas, 
which  they  are  not,  and  very  few  persons  had  never  heard  the  names 
of  all  the  eight  islands — Hawaii,  Maui,  Oahu,  Kauai,  Molokai,  Lanai, 
Niihau,  and  Kahoolawe.  The  islands  are,  indeed,  in  the  North  Pacific, 
situated  between  18°  54'  and  22°  15'  north  latitude,  and  154°  50'  and 
160°  30'  west  longitude,  and  are  usually  all  grouped  under  the  name 
of  the  largest  of  the  islands,  Hawaii. 

TOPOGRAPHY  OF  THE  ISLANDS. 

Hawaii  is  90  miles  long  from  north  to  south  and  74  miles  broad 
from  east  to  west.  The  area  is  4,210  square  miles.  Topographically 
the  island  is  bold  and  majestic  in  feature,  being  an  aggregation  of  vast 
volcanic  mountains.  Three  sublime  domes  are  visible  at  once  from 
various  points  of  view,  and  their  bases  conjoining  entitle  them  to  the 
name  they  sometimes  receive,  “The  Triplets.”  Mauna  Kea  is  13,805 
feet  in  height.  It  is  the  highest  mountain  in  the  group.  Mauna  Loa  is 
distinguished  for  containing  all  the  living  volcanoes  in  the  islands. 
Indeed,  the  occasionally  active  crater  of  Mokuaweoweo  forms  its  sum¬ 
mit,  the  elevation  of  the  loftiest  point  of  its  rims  being  13,675  feet. 
The  crater  of  Kilauea,  never  failing  in  strong  manifestations  of  fire 
and  often  furiously  active,  is  hollowed  into  the  side  of  the  mountain 
at  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet.  Hualalai,  third  of  the  trio,  is  8,275  feet 
high. 

Hawaii,  although  it  leads  the  other  islands  in  production,  having 
many  large  sugar  plantations  and  by  far  the  greatest  proportion  of 
the  coffee  raising  and  stock  breeding  industries,  is  not,  as  is  frequently 
believed,  the  seat  of  the  capital  city,  Honolulu,  which  is  located  on  the 
island  Oahu. 

Maui,  the  second  island  in  size,  has  an  area  of  760  square  miles,  the 
greatest  length  being  48  miles  and  breadth  30  miles.  It  is  composed 
of  two  mountainous  formations  of  unequal  size.  The  smaller  part  is 
a  cluster  of  serrated  ridges,  the  loftiest  peak  having  a  height  of  5,800 
feet.  Deep  and  fertile  valleys  between  these  spurs  produce  a  variety 
of  tropical  fruits  without  cultivation.  Steep  precipices  overlook  the 
ocean  on  the  north,  while  on  the  southwest  and  northern  coasts  there 
are  sugar  plantations  and  pasture  lands.  Iao  Valley,  extending  west¬ 
ward  from  the  town  of  Wailuku,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  valleys 
in  the  islands. 

Oahu,  although  third  in  size,  holds  the  highest  rank,  from  its  con¬ 
taining  the  capital  city,  Honolulu,  and  having  much  more  than  one- 
third  of  the  population  of  the  group.  According  to  its  size,  it  is  also  the 
greatest  producer,  while  it  is  far  and  away  the  leader  in  manufactures, 
leaving  out  sugar  milling.  Oahu  has  an  area  of  about  600  square 


276  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


miles.  It  has  a  length  of  46  miles  and  a  breadth  of  25  miles,  but 
being  irregular  in  shape  the  average  breadth  of  its  eastern  half  is 
probably  less  than  half  of  that  figure.  Oahu  is  as  mountainous  as  any 
of  the  islands. 

Kauai  has  an  area  of  590  square  miles.  Its  length  is  25  miles  and 
breadth  22  miles.  It  is  the  oldest,  in  geological  formation,  of  the 
group.  Waialeale  is  a  large  mountain  mass  in  its  center,  the  lower 
parts  of  which  slope  easity  toward  the  sea.  Kauai  is  better  supplied 
with  streams  than  any  of  the  other  islands.  It  is  called  the  “  Garden 
Isle,”  from  its  very  general  fertility.  Sugar  plantations  are  upon 
every  side,  besides  which  the  cultivation  of  rice  is  extensive.  The 
northwestern  part  of  the  island  is  veiy  precipitous,  forming  a  line  of 
lofty  cliffs  for  7  miles.  There  are  several  bays  and  inlets,  but  no 
secure  haven. 

Nihau  is  an  interesting  little  island.  Its  entire  land,  comprising 
70,000  acres,  or  97  square  miles,  belongs  to  one  firm  and  is  almost 
wholly  devoted  to  sheep  raising.  It  has  a  mountain  range  attaining 
an  elevation  of  800  feet,  and  much  cut  into  by  ravines.  Feathered 
game  abounds  pn  Nihau.  The  whole  island  would  make  a  magnificent 
health  and  pleasure  resort. 

HAWAIIAN  SUGAR  EXHIBITS. 

The  exhibits  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  at  the  Paris  Exposition  were 
chiefly  exhibits  of  sugar  and  educational  exhibits  in  Group  I.  The 
sugars  from  Hawaii  and  the  Sandwich  Islands  only  arrived  at  Paris 
at  the  last  moment,  as  they  had  been  detained  en  route  on  account  of 
the  plague.  Hawaii  was  represented  at  the  Exposition  by  the  follow¬ 
ing  plantations: 

The  Paauhau  Plantation  Company — a  company  with  a  capital  of 
$5,000,000  and  a  plantation  located  45  miles  from  Hilo.  It  is  under 
the  influence  of  trade  winds.  The  soil  is  worked  with  steam  plows  or 
mule  traction.  The  sugar  cane,  after  harvesting,  is  taken  to  the  mill 
by  rail  and  the  sugar  made  is  shipped  to  Honolulu  directly  from  the 
plantation.  The  estimated  sugar  production  for  1899-1900  is  8,000 
tons,  the  sugar  output  during  the  campaign  of  1898-1899  having  been 
7,500  tons. 

The  Hakalau  Sugar  Company  has  a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  The 
plantation  is  18  miles  from  the  port  of  Hilo;  also  under  the  influence 
of  trade  winds.  The  lands  where  the  canes  are  cultivated  are  at  ele¬ 
vations  frequently  reaching  2,000  feet.  Flumes  are  used  to  carry  the 
canes  to  the  mill  and  the  sugar  is  sent  by  boat  to  Hilo.  The  estimated 
sugar  production  for  1899  was  11,000  tons  and  the  production  the  year 
previous  was  8,900  pounds. 

The  Hilo  Plantation;  capital  stock,  $500,000;  situated  1  mile  from 
Hilo,  commencing  at  Waimea  Kiver;  extends  along  the  coast  up  the 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  277 


mountains  in  a  westerly  direction;  the  highest  elevation  where  canes 
are  planted  is  about  1,800  feet;  the  flumes  are  used  to  carry  the  canes 
to  the  mills.  The  plantation  has  met  with  considerable  success.  The 
estimated  sugar  crop  during  1899-1900  was  7,000  tons,  while  during 
1898-99  there  was  made  6,880  tons  of  sugar. 

The  Hutchingson  Sugar  Plantation  Company  has  a  capital  of 
$2,500,000.  The  plantation  is  protected  from  the  trade  winds.  The 
highest  elevation  where  canes  are  planted  is  2,800  feet,  and  sugars  are 
shipped  to  Honolulu.  The  estimated  sugar  crop  for  1899-1900  was 
8,000  tons,  and  the  production  for  1898-99  was  7,700  tons.  The  Oahu 
Island  was  represented  by  two  plantations. 

The  Ewa  Plantation  Company,  Limited,  has  a  capital  of  $5,000,000 
and  has  the  control  of  about  9,000  acres,  of  which  5,500  acres  give 
excellent  sugar  cane.  The  sugar  made  in  1898-99  was  22,300  tons,  and 
the  estimated  crop  for  1899-1900  is  24,000  tons.  The  yields  are  extraor¬ 
dinary,  being  11  tons  of  sugar  per  acre.  There  were  needed  7.8  tons 
of  cane  to  produce  1  ton  of  sugar.  The  Ewa  plantation  is  only  10  miles 
from  Honolulu  and  is  well  protected  from  the  trade  winds.  Canes  are 
carried  to  the  factory  by  flumes.  The  lands  are  comparatively  low, 
their  greatest  elevation  not  being  over  200  feet.  This  plantation  has 
been  a  great  financial  success.  There  is  used  for  crushing  the  cane 
a  9-roller  mill,  the  working  capacity  being  1,000  tons  per  diem,  with  a 
sugar  output  of  135  tons. 

The  Waimanalo  Sugar  Company  has  a  capital  of  $252,000,  which 
seems  small  as  compared  with  the  other  companies.  The  sugar  pro¬ 
duction  in  1898-99  was  2,300  tons,  while  the  estimated  sugar  produc¬ 
tion  for  1899-1900  is  3,200  tons.  Their  plantation  is  on  the  windward 
side  of  the  island;  the  highest  elevation  at  which  the  cane  is  planted  is 
400  feet;  they  depend  upon  tneir  local  rains  for  irrigation;  the  sugar 
made  is  shipped  by  steam  to  Honolulu.  The  sugars  from  the  islands 
of  Maui,  Molokai,  Lani,  and  Kauai  were  not  represented  at  the 
Exposition. 

HONOLULU  SUGAR  INDUSTRY. 

These  sugars  were  of  average  quality,  and  a  collective  gold  medal  was 
awarded,  but  the  information  at  the  disposal  of  the  public  was  not  suf¬ 
ficient  to  meet  the  demand.  As  these  sugars  are  to  be  subsequently 
refined,  their  moist  condition  in  many  cases  was  difficult  for  a  beet-sugar 
manufacturer  to  thoroughly  understand.  However,  they  were  consid¬ 
ered  collectively  and  a  gold  medal  was  awarded.  The  data  we  have 
collected,  however,  from  various  sources  on  the  spot,  we  consider, 
within  a  reasonable  extent,  reliable.  The  Olaa  Sugar  Company  was 
not  represented,  but  it  is  new  and  offers  interest.  With  a  capital  of 
$5,000,000  it  has  23,000  acres  under  its  control,  and  of  this  area  20,000 
acres  are  considered  of  a  satisfactory  quality  for  sugar-cane  growing. 


278  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Lands  of  2,000  feet  elevation  have  been  yielding  5  tons  of  sugar  per 
acre.  For  years  the  arguments  of  the  planters  were  that  the  sugar 
production  of  the  island  would  meet  the  demands  of  the  United  States, 
but  these  assertions  were  exaggerations,  as  750,000  tons  of  sugar  are 
said  to  be  an  outside  possible  limit.  We  are  informed  that  the  new 
law  prohibiting  any  corporation  of  the  Hawaiian  Territory  from  own¬ 
ing  more  than  1,000  acres  of  land  will  tend  to  restrict  the  extension  of 
the  sugar  industry,  as  the  area  thus  owned  would  not  allow  new  sugar 
enterprises  being  organized.  Among  the  earliest  attempts  to  manu¬ 
facture  sugar  on  a  large  scale  were  those  at  Koloa  on  the  Kauai  Island, 
and,  even  in  1841,  136,000  worth  of  sugar  was  exported.  The  expor¬ 
tations  of  sugar  from  the  island  have  been  on  the  increase  since  1895. 
During  that  year  it  reached  294,785,000  pounds,  and  during  1899  it  was 
545,614,000  pounds.  The  real  progress  in  exportation  commenced 
in  1876,  the  year  of  the  reciprocity  treaty,  by  which  the  Hawaiian 
sugar  was  allowed  to  enter  the  United  States  free  of  duty.  In  1875 
the  exportation  was  only  5,000,000  pounds,  while  seven  years  later  it 
ran  to  114,000,000  pounds.  Sugar  cane  is  cultivated  on  the  islands 
of  Hawaii,  Maui,  Kauai,  and  Oahu.  The  sugar  industry  will  be 
extended  to  the  islands  of  Molokai  and  Lanai,  but  about  two  years 
are  necessary  for  the  cane  to  become  sufficiently  far  advanced  in  its 
development  to  be  harvested  for  sugar-manufacturing  purposes.  The 
area  cultivated  in  sugar  cane  increases  yearly.  The  cane  is  cut  and 
carried  to  the  mill  under  most  favorable  conditions.  The  old  planta¬ 
tions  are  being  modernized,  and  all  new  factories  contain  the  newest 
and  best  machinery.  The  cane  in  some  cases  goes  through  a  series  of 
five  crushings.  The  trash  from  cane  is  utilized,  and  there  is  very  little 
loss  in  any  direction.  As  the  sugar  production  increases,  and  as  the 
San  Francisco  refiners  are  unable  to  handle  the  output,  it  has  resulted 
in  large  quantities  of  sugar  being  sent  to  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 
Large  steamers  now  being  built  will  make  regular  voyages  around  the 
Magellan  Straits.  The  cultivating  of  cane  by  irrigation  is  an  inter¬ 
esting  feature.  These  plantations  are  on  the  windward  side  of  the 
island.  On  the  lee  side — on  the  other  side — great  dependence  must  be 
placed  on  artesian  wells,  and  where  the  water  has  to  be  pumped  to 
altitudes  of  several  hundred  feet  the  expense  is  considerable.  The 
Ewa  plantation  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of  scientific  irrigation, 
where  5,000  acres  receive  all  the  moisture  needed  for  a  successful  cane 
crop.  There  are  seven  pumping  plants  to  accomplish  the  work,  and  we 
are  informed  that  1,000,000  gallons  of  water  are  needed  per  100  acres 
of  land.  The  coal  consumed  per  diem  means  considerable.  This  fuel 
is  expensive,  as  it  sells  for  410  per  ton.  Another  plantation  using 
300,000,000  gallons  of  water  per  diem,  is  Oahu.  This  water  contains  a 
certain  percentage  of  salt,  which  is  said  to  be  rather  favorable  for 
sugar-cane  development.  As  the  soils  of  these  islands  are  mainly  lava 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  279 

rock  disintegration,  it  was  thought  important  to  have  them  analyzed. 
This  has  been  done  by  competent  chemists,  and  the  requisites  for  their 
future  fertility  are  thoroughly  understood.  The  sugar  production 
reaches  figures  that  other  sugar  growers  can  hardl}7  believe  possible, 
but  the  figures  are  to  a  certain  extent  misleading,  as  they  contain  the 
residuum  molasses.  When  one  considers  that  the  estimated  yield  of 
sugar  for  1899-1900  is  304,603  tons,  one  need  only  divide  this  quantity 
b}^  the  area  under  cultivation  to  obtain  the  average.  About  7  tons  of 
cane  are  required  to  produce  1  ton  of  sugar,  and  there  are  cases  where 
still  better  results  are  obtained.  The  best  crops  are  50  to  60  tons  of 
cane  per  acre,  and  a  maximum  of  75  tons  has  been  reached.  Five  tons 
of  sugar  per  acre  are  considered  an  average,  but  in  some  exceptional 
cases  14  tons  have  been  reached.  However  poor  the  soil,  cane  cultiva¬ 
tion  has  been  carefully  carried  on  on  a  pa}dng  basis.  Upon  general  prin¬ 
ciples  it  is  admitted  that  it  costs  about  $12  a  ton  to  land  sugar  on  the 
San  Francisco  market.  There  are  many  minor  expenses  connected  with 
the  shipping.  The  cost  of  sugar  production  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
during  1898  varied  from  $34  to  $44  per  ton.  A  special  plantation  may 
be  cited  where  20,000  tons  of  sugar  were  made  at  an  average  cost  of 
$22.50  per  ton.  The  capital  of  the  company,  which  was  originally 
$1,000,000,  was  extended  to  $5,000,000  and  yet  yielded  9  per  cent  on 
the  investment,  the  selling  price  of  the  sugar  at  the  time  being  $69  per 
ton.  The  annual  output  in  this  special  case  was  48,000  tons.  One 
factory,  with  a  capital  of  $500,000,  realized  a  profit  in  one  year  of 
$276,000.  It  would  be  difficult  to  say  just  how  long  the  soils  will 
retain  their  fertility  by  the  continual  cultivation  of  the  same  crop;  and, 
in  fact,  the  desirability  of  fertilizers  has  already  been  felt.  Many  of 
the  lands  are  held  on  long  leases,  and  some  of  them  belong  to  the 
Government.  The  hands  employed  are  Japanese  and  Chinese,  whose 
wages  vary  from  $15  to  $27  per  month,  on  the  Ewa  plantation.  There 
are  785  persons  employed,  who  receive  monthly  wages  of  $12,900.  It 
is  to  sugar  that  the  Hawaiian  Islands  look  for  the  continuance  of  their 
existing  prosperity,  as  this  commodity  now  represents  99  per  cent  of 
the  total  exports. 

OTHER  AGRICULTURAL  FEATURES  OF  THE  ISLANDS. 

Rice  planting  is  an  industry  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  the  Chinese, 
although  the  product  is  largely  handled  by  wealthy  white  factors. 
Many  natives  enjoy  a  life  of  indolent  leisure  from  leasing  their  lands 
to  rice  planters. 

Coffee  growing  is  old  in  Hawaii,  so  far  as  the  test  of  quality  is  con¬ 
cerned.  It  is  a  new  industry  in  respect  to  magnitude  of  cultivation 
after  the  best  obtainable  science.  Ten  or  fifteen  years  ago  the  only 
Hawaiian  coffee  in  the  market  was  that  picked  from  trees  growing  more 
or  less  wild  in  the  Kona  district  of  Hawaii.  On  several  sugar  planta- 


280  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


tions,  coffee  was  cultivated  in  odd  corners  for  the  owners  and  man¬ 
agers.  Many  years  before,  foreigners  started  into  coffee  in  these  islands 
with  enthusiasm,  but,  for  reasons  not  necessary  here  to  investigate, 
they  failed  to  exhibit  that  perseverance  which  made  the  sugar  industry 
overcome  countless  obstacles.  Within  the  past  few  years,  however, 
coffee  has  sprung  into  dimensions  that  make  it  promise  to  make  a  good 
second  to  sugar,  if  not  its  rival,  in  the  wealth  of  the  group.  The 
Hawaiian  Annual  for  1898  gives  a  list  of  about  220  individuals,  part¬ 
nerships,  and  corporations  engaged  in  the  industry.  Since  that  list  was 
prepared  other  coffee  lands  have  been  allotted.  When  all  the  coffee 
trees  planted  have  come  to  bearing,  the  yield  will  make  a  respectable 
showing  in  the  world’s  supply.  Thus  far  its  small  amount  has  made 
it  beneath  the  notice  of  the  great  coffee  factors  beyond  San  Francisco, 
3ret  what  there  is  of  it  commands  a  high  price. 

Diversified  agriculture  and  horticulture  are  steadily,  though  not  rap¬ 
idly,  developing.  With  the  exception  of  bananas  and  pineapples,  fruit 
cuts  but  an  indifferent  figure  in  the  exports.  A  good  deal  goes  into 
home  consumption.  The  home  demand,  however,  is  becoming  increas¬ 
ingly  modified  by  a  varied  supply  of  fruit  growing,  with  little  trouble 
of  cultivation,  upon  the  premises  of  well-to-do  residents.  Much  was 
expected  of  pineapples  a  few  years  ago,  but  a  good  deal  of  capital  and 
labor  expended  on  this  fruit  has  borne  only  indifferent  results.  The 
drawbacks  have  been  chiefly  high  duties  upon  the  products — they  not 
being  in  the  American  reciprocity  free  list — and  losses  from  the  fail¬ 
ure  to  obtain  transportation  when  quantities  of  fruit  were  ripe.  With 
the  wiping  out  of  the  duties  by  annexation  and  the  expected  increase 
of  regular  steamers  to  the  Pacific  coast,  there  ought  to  be  great  prom¬ 
ise  for  both  fresh  and  preserved  pineapples.  The  same  improved  con¬ 
ditions  will  almost  certainly  stimulate  the  raising  of  other  fruits  for 
export. 

There  are  extensive  stock  ranches  on  the  eight  islands,  the  best 
breeds  of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  being  raised,  besides  the  little 
Hawaiian  horses  that,  for  some  purposes,  have  their  peculiar  value. 
With  the  exception  of  hides  and  fine  wool,  the  productions  of  the 
ranches  are  not  transported.  They  are  not  quite  up  to  the  home 
demand.  Seventy-four  head  of  cattle,  396  horses,  4,761  hogs,  and 
683  mules  were  imported  from  the  United  States  in  1897. 

HAWAIIAN  COMMERCE. 

Although  the  Honolulu  Harbor  is  the  only  properly  improved  harbor 
in  the  island,  the  statistics  for  1897  show  that  124,859,978  was  the 
aggregate  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands’ commerce  for  that  year;  $8,838,203 
was  the  value  of  the  imports  and  $16,021,775  the  value  of  the  exports. 
The  imports  included  $1,155,575  in  specie,  leaving  the  value  of  the 
merchandise  at  $7,682,628. 

Probably  there  is  no  country  whose  wealth,  in  proportion  to  popu- 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  281 


lation,  comes  up  to  that  of  Hawaii,  as  shown  by  the  figures  just  quoted. 
The  aggregate  commerce  amounts  to  $228  a  head — the  exports  to  $147 
and  the  imports  to  $81  per  capita.  Recent  statistics  show  the  values 
of  the  foreign  trades  of  different  countries,  thus:  Great  Britain, 
$3,690,940,000,  or  $92  per  head;  United  States,  $1,847,335,000,  or 
$26.40  per  head;  Germany,  $2,077,950,000,  or  $40  per  head;  France, 
$1,439,900,000,  or  $37.50  per  head.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Hawaii’s 
exports  alone  are,  in  proportion  to  population,  more  than  one-third 
greater. than  the  aggregate  trade  of  Great  Britain,  the  great  trading 
nation  of  the  world. 

Countries  from  whence  the  imports  of  1897  came,  with  values  and 
percentages,  are  here  shown: 


Countries. 

1 

Value. 

Per  cent. 

United  States . 

$6,800,024. 34 
865,  781. 25 

192.932.19 
260, 417. 40 
292, 316. 34 

122.453. 19 
58, 674. 92 

5,864.04 
30,997.32 
208,738. 10 

76.94 

Great  Britain . . 

9.80 

Germany. . 

2.18 

China . 

2.94 

Japan . 

3.31 

Australasia . 

1.39 

Canada  . 

.66 

Pacific  islands . . . . . 

.07 

France . 

.35 

Other  countries . 

2. 36 

• 

Total . j  8,838,203.09  I  100 


Merchandise  from  the  United  States  paying  duty  and  bonded 
amounted  to  $764,624.02,  and  from  other  countries  $1,608,947.30,  a 
total  of  $2,373,571.32.  All  other  imports  were  free  by  treaty  and  by 
civil  code,  the  free  list  of  goods  from  the  United  States  being  in  value 
$6,035,404.32. 

The  quantity  and  value  of  exports  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  to  all 
countries  for  1897  are  here  given: 


Articles. 


Sugar . 

Rice . 

Coffee . 

Bananas . 

Wool . 

Hides . 

Hides . 

Pineapples . 

Pineapples . 

Goatskins . 

Sheepskins  . 

Tallow . 

Molasses . . 

Betel  leaves . 

Taro  flour . 

Plants  and  seeds. 

Oranges . 

Sundry  fruits.... 

Awa . 

Bones  and  horn. 

Curios . 

Canned  fruit _ 

Sundries . 

Honey . 

Honey . 

Foreign . 


Quantity. 


..pounds.. 

. do _ 

. do _ 

.bunches. . 
..pounds.. 

. do _ 

_ pieces.. 

_ crates.. 

— pieces.. 

. do — 

. do — 

..pounds.. 

..gallons.. 

_ boxes.. 

_ sacks.. 

—  pieces.. 

. do _ 

_ boxes.. 

packages.. 

_ pieces.. 

packages.. 

. cases.. 

packages. . 
. ....cases.. 
..pounds.. 


520, 158,232 
5,499,499 
337, 158 
75,835 
249, 200 
241,996  \ 
20,100  J 
1,640  1 
116,715  / 
6,085 
9, 907 
9,000 
33,770 
145 
218 
40,754 
8,250  1 
504  / 
6 

105,235 

26 

115 

51 

476  1 
53,020  J 


Value. 


$15,390,422.13 
225, 575.  52 
99, 696.  62 
75,412. 50 
21, 308. 84 

87,545.48 

14, 423.17 

2, 055. 00 
2,711.95 
225. 00 
2,  892. 72 
509. 00 

267. 50 
1, 740. 65 

572.00 

27.49 
665. 80 

588. 50 
347. 90 

1,708. 21 

4, 993. 00 
88,086. 21 


16, 021, 775. 19 


Total 


282  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


EDUCATIONAL  EXHIBITS  OF  HAWAII. 

The  educational  exhibit  from  Hawaii,  although  small,  was  complete 
and  typical.  It  comprised  reports,  statistics,  pupils’  work,  photo¬ 
graphs,  and  text-books.  The  reports  showed  the  administrative  system, 
the  general  scheme  of  studies,  classification  of  schools,  etc.  The  sta¬ 
tistics  set  forth  the  progress  by  decades  and  made  it  clear  that  the 
compulsory  principle  is  so  far  successful  that  practically  the  whole 
school  population  is  under  instruction,  and  a  very  high  average  attend¬ 
ance  maintained.  The  pupils’  exercise  books  showed  the  actual  work 
and  progress  of  pupils,  and  the  photographs  presented  views  of  build¬ 
ings,  interior  and  exterior,  with  their  equipments,  and  also  showed 
classes  in  various  exercises,  manual,  gymnastic,  etc.  The  text-books 
were  not  only  excellent,  but  several,  notably  readers,  song  books,  and 
elementary  geographies,  showed  special  adaptations  of  lessons  to  the 
conditions  of  the  native  population.  This  feature  attracted  special 
attention  because  of  the  particular  interest  of  the  French  Government 
at  the  time  in  problems  of  colonial  education.  This,  with  the  evidences 
that  the  whole  population,  native  and  white,  have  been  brought  into 
the  schools,  and  the  completeness  of  the  exhibit  determined  the  award 
of  the  highest  degree,  that  is,  a  grand  prize  for  the  exhibit  as  a  whole. 

The  Kamehameha  school  is  one  of  the  most  richly  endowed  institu¬ 
tions  in  the  world,  and  justly  regarded  as  a  model  for  the  combination 
of  practical  and  theoretical  training.  It  has  separate  departments  for 
boys  and  girls,  and  the  exhibit  of  wood  and  metal  work  from  the  former 
was  especially  admirable.  This  school  received  a  gold  medal  at  the 
Exposition  of  1889,  and  following  the  well-known  principle  adopted 
b}T  the  French  was  honored  in  the  same  way  at  the  Exposition  of  1900, 
as  it  showed  no  signs  of  deterioration. 

I  may  add  that  the  Hawaiian  exhibit  did  not  reach  Paris  until  after 
the  class  examination  was  finished,  but  through  the  efforts  of  Director 
Rogers  and  the  American  juror  of  Class  I  it  secured  recognition.  A 
special  subjury  was  appointed  to  examine  it,  which  they  did  very 
thoroughly,  the  commissioner  and  secretary  from  Hawaii  affording 
every  facility  and  copious  explanation,  with  the  result  above  stated. 

Hawaii  has  a  thoroughly  organized  school  system.  By  an  act  of 
the  legislature  of  1896  its  administration  was  elevated  in  rank  from 
that  of  a  bureau,  without  representation  in  the  Executive,  to  that  of 
the  department  with  a  cabinet  minister  as  its  official  head.  By  that 
enactment  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  became  also  minister  of  pub¬ 
lic  instruction  and  president,  ex  officio,  of  a  board  of  six  commissioners 
of  education.  It  is  provided  that  two  of  the  commissioners  may  be 
ladies,  and  two  ladies  are  at  present  members  of  the  board. 

Schools  were  first  established  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  by  the  Ameri¬ 
can  pioneer  missionaries.  Though  dead,  they  have  left  records  that 
speak.  E.  W.  Clark  was  one  of  the  instructors  of  the  Lahainaluna 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  283 


Seminary,  and  he  wrote  an  article  upon  that  institution  in  the 
Hawaiian  Spectator  of  October,  1838.  This  was  a  quarterly  magazine 
u  conducted  by  an  association  of  gentlemen,”  as  appears  from  its  title- 
page,  and  printed  for  the  proprietors  by  Edwin  O.  Hall,  the  mission 
printer  of  Honolulu.  Mr.  Clark  wrote:  u  When  the  Sandwich  Islands 
Mission  commenced  its  operations  in  1820  nothing  like  education  was 
known  at  the  islands.  The  vernacular  tongue  had  not  even  been 
reduced  to  written  language.” 

Compare  the  condition  thus  stated  with  that  described  by  a  writer 
in  the  North  American  Review  for  July,  1897,  seventy-seven  years 
later,  of  the  status  of  that  time:  “  For  many  years  in  the  past  it  was 
rare  to  find  a  native  Hawaiian  who  could  not  read  and  write  his  native 
language.  There  is  a  change  now,  but  without  retrogression.  It  con¬ 
sists  of  a  rapid  advance  toward  an  equally  universal  command  of  Eng¬ 
lish  by  the  native  people.” 

Mr.  Clark,  in  his  writing  of  sixty  years  ago,  went  on  to  tell  of  the 
course  pursued  by  the  missionaries  to  remedy  the  condition  of  gross 
darkness  covering  Ms  people:  u  To  reduce  the  language  as  they  found 
it  in  the  mouths  of  the  people  to  a  written  form  was  their  first  object. 
A  few  elementary  schoolbooks  were  then  prepared,  and  the  business 
of  education  commenced.  *  *  *  Soon  multitudes  were  able  to  read 

and  write  (imperfectly,  it  is  true)  their  own  language.  Schools  were 
established  throughout  the  islands,  and  supplied  with  such  teachers  as 
could  be  obtained.”  The  instructor  of  Lahainaluna  tells  of  the  diffi¬ 
culties  obstructing  progress  in  the  educational  work,  such  as  “the 
pressing  engagements  of  the  members  of  the  mission  in  preaching, 
translating,  and  other  labors,”  and  goes  on  to  tell  of  the  birth  of 
Lahainaluna  Seminary  thus: 

uIn  this  state  of  things  it  was  unanimously  resolved  at  a  general 
meeting  of  the  mission  in  June,  1831,  to  form  a  high  school  for  rais¬ 
ing  up  school-teachers  and  other  helpers  in  the  missionary  work.” 

The  design  of  the  high  school,  later  called  the  Mission  Seminary,  was 
quoted  from  its  printed  laws  by  Mr.  Clark.  It  was  in  part  “  to  dis  ¬ 
seminate  sound  knowledge  throughout  the  islands,  embracing  general 
literature  and  the  sciences,  and  whatever  may  tend  to  elevate  the  whole 
mass  of  the  people  from  their  present  ignorance  and  degradation  and 
cause  them  to  become  a  thinking,  enlightened,  and  virtuous  people.” 

In  September,  1831,  the  school  went  into  operation  at  Lahainaluna, 
island  of  Maui,  under  the  care  of  Lorrin  Andrews  as  principal. 
Mr.  Andrews  was  the  maternal  grandfather  and  patronymic  of  Hon. 
Lorrin  Andrews  Thurston,  lately  Hawaiian  minister  to  Washington. 
Lahainaluna  is  now  an  institution  of  the  public  system  of  Hawaii.  It 
occupies  a  commanding  situation,  overlooking  the  village  of  Lahaina 
and  the  Pacific.  Industrial  training  is  one  of  its  strongest  features. 
Mr.  Clark,  telling  of  its  earliest  days,  mentions  that 66  a  printing  press 
was  established  in  connection  with  the  school  and  placed  under  the 


284  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


charge  of  Mr.  E.  H.  Rogers  as  printer.”  It  is  interesting,  therefore, 
to  note  that  to-day  an  educational  monthly  paper,  the  Progressive 
Educator,  is  printed  and  published  at  Lahainaluna — the  pupils  doing 
the  mechanical  work — under  the  auspices  of  the  department  of  public 
instruction,  which  has  recently  provided  a  modern  printing  plant  for 
the  institution. 

So  much  space  is  given  to  Lahainaluna  not  onty  because  it  is  the 
oldest  superior  school  in  the  system  as  it  now  stands,  but  because  it  is 
one  of  several  high  schools  in  the  islands  where  industrial  education 
is  made  prominent.  With  this  statement  the  others  of  the  class  may 
not  be  separately  mentioned.  The  discovery  of  the  old  missionary 
quarterly  quoted  in  the  foregoing,  which  happened  in  turning  over  a 
heap  of  musty  tomes  in  the  foreign  office,  enables  another  remarkable 
comparison  to  be  made  between  the  schools  of  those  da}^s  and  of  the 
present.  Edwin  O.  Hall  has  an  article  in  the  same  number  of  the  Spec¬ 
tator  on  “Common  schools  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,”  in  which  he  gives 
the  number  then,  the  year  1838,  under  instruction  as  at  least  15,000 
children.  He  remarks  that  some  of  the  reports  did  not  give  numbers, 
and  that  probably  18,000  would  come  nearer  the  truth.  The  figures 
he  gives,  by  islands,  total  up  15,313,  which  is  singular  as  being  about 
800  more  than  the  number  of  pupils  officially  reported  in  all  schools  of 
the  islands  for  the  year  1897,  viz,  14,522,  but  66  probably  18,000  would 
come  nearer  the  truth”  for  the  latter  part  of  1898,  judging  from  the 
fact  of  a  constantly  increasing  condition  of  schoolhouse  overcrowding. 
Here  is  a  comparison  of  school  attendance  in  1838  and  1897  by  islands: 


Islands. 

1838. 

1897. 

Hawaii  _  . . . . 

7,194 

2,892 

1,061 

2,233 

1,933 

3,828 

2,488 

157 

6,428 

1,621 

Maui,  2,743,  and  Lanai,  149 . . 

Molokai  . . !  . 

Kauai  and  Niihau . 

Total . 

15,313  14,522 

In  1838  Maui  and  Lanai  are  given  separately,  whereas  they  are 
coupled  in  1897,  and  Niihau  is  not  mentioned  in  1838.  This  compar¬ 
ative  statement  shows  a  great  falling  off  since  two  generations  in  the 
number  of  children  attending  school  on  the  islands,  other  than  Oahu, 
with  a  proportionate  increase  on  that  island,  owing  to  its  containing 
the  capital  city,  Honolulu.  In  another  country  such  a  condition  might 
be  taken,  offhandedly,  as  an  illustration  of  the  process  of  the  country 
losing  to  the  town.  It  is  something  more  than  that  here.  They  were 
virtually  all  native  Hawaiian  children,  those  attending  school  in  1838. 
The  total  number  of  Hawaiian  and  part  Hawaiian  children  enrolled  as 
pupils  in  1897  for  the  whole  group  was  7,809,  or  but  a  few  hundred 
more  than  the  school  attendance  on  the  island  of  Hawaii  alone  in  1838. 


RECEPTION  AND  WAITING  ROOM,  GROUND  FLOOR,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


FIRST  ROOM  TO  THE  RIGHT  ON  ENTERING  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION.  GROUND  FLOOR. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  285 

So  the  situation  simply  reveals  one  phase  of  the  diminution  of  the 
Hawaiian  race,  a  fact  that  has  been  much  deplored,  but  which  is  not 
for  discussion  in  this  connection. 

The  comparison  just  instituted  naturally  leads  to  an  inquiry  as  to  the 
composition  of  our  schools  by  nationalities.  What  a  conglomerate 
and  polyglot  mass  of  young  humanity  the  teachers  of  Hawaii  are 
expected  to  ground  in  the  elements  of  intelligence  and  good  citizen¬ 
ship  is  exhibited  in  this  official  table  of  school  attendance  in  1897 : 


Nationality. 

Number 
of  pupils. 

Nationality. 

Number 
of  pupils. 

Hawaiian . 

5, 330 

Scandinavian . 

106 

Part  Hawaiian . 

2, 479 

French . 

2 

American . 

484 

Japanese . 

560 

British . 

280 

Chinese  . . 

1,078 

German . 

302 

South  Sea  Islanders . . . . 

10 

Portuguese . 

3, 815 

Other  foreigners . 

76 

Attendance  was  divided  between  public  and  private  schools  thus: 


Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Public  schools. . . 

5, 925 
2,092 

4,643 
1,862  . 

10,568 
3, 954 

Private  schools . . . 

Grand  total . 

8,017 

6,505 

14, 522 

In  this  connection,  especially  in  view  of  the  object  of  this  book,  a 
circular  letter  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Townsend,  inspector-general  of 
schools,  for  replying  to  many  inquiries  from  abroad  is  here  quoted: 

There  is  but  one  system  of  public  schools  in  Hawaii.  One  board  employs  all 
teachers.  Permanency  being  an  important  consideration,  candidates  are  favored 
who  are,  or  who  are  expected  to  become,  permanent  residents  of  Hawaii.  All  schools 
are  in  session  ten  months  of  each  year,  and  all  teachers  are  engaged  by  the  year.  In 
consequence  there  are  few  vacancies  in  the  teaching  force  to  be  filled  after  the  1st 
of  September.  There  is  no  great  educational  reorganization  in  progress  in  the  islands, 
though  there  is  educational  progress  and  development.  Our  public-school  system  is 
older  than  those  of  most  of  the  States,  and  the  teaching  force  is  more  permanent. 
There  is  no  scarcity  of  teachers,  though  there  is  difficulty  in  finding  suitable  teachers 
for  some  of  the  less  desirable  positions  in  the  country  districts,  owing  to  the  lack  of 
suitable  boarding  places.  Cottages  are  sometimes  furnished  teachers  so  that  they 
may  be  able  to  board  themselves.  There  are  298  teachers  in  the  public  schools,  134 
of  these  being  classified  as  Americans,  but  the  majority  of  those  so  classified  are  of 
island  birth.  The  average  annual  salaries  of  men  are  $745.50;  of  women,  $551.80; 
of  all  teachers,  $631.80.  Qualifications  required  here  are  similar  to  those  required 
in  those  States  having  school  systems  of  the  better  sort,  though  not  quite  so  high  as 
the  requirements  in  California.  The  standard  is,  however,  gradually  rising. 

Education  is  compulsory  as  to  schools  in  general,  and,  with  an  exception  herein 
noted,  free  as  to  the  public  schools.  The  law  requires  that  every  child  from  5  to  15 
years  of  age,  inclusive,  shall  attend  either  a  public  or  private  school  taught  in  Eng¬ 
lish.  Special  police,  called  “truant  officers,”  are  appointed  in  every  district  to 
enforce  the  compulsory-attendance  clause.  English  education  in  Hawaii  gradually 
grew  upon  the  Hawaiian  stalk  first  planted  by  the  missionaries,  as  already  seen. 


286  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

When  schools  were  first  started  as  state  institutions  they  were  taught  in  the  Hawaiian 
language.  English  was  introduced  as  the  foreign  population  increased.  When,  in 
the  course  of  time,  the  better  classes  of  Ilawaiians  manifested  a  desire  for  English 
instruction,  English  schools  were  instituted  in  localities  upon  the  request  of  a  certain 
number  of  residents.  Thus  the  large  school  in  Honolulu,  still  called  the  “Royal 
School,’ ’  and  flourishing  as  part  of  the  public  system,  was  established  and  given 
its  name  to  become  the  place  where  the  scions  of  royalty  and  rank  were  to  be 
educated.  King  Kalakaua  and  Queen  Liliuokalani  attended  this  school.  English 
was  early  taught  as  a  classic  in  the  large  mission  schools.  It  was  recognized  as  the 
vernacular  in  1876  at  Lahainaluna  Seminary,  afterwards  becoming  there  the  domi¬ 
nant  medium  of  instruction.  Gradually  the  transformation  went  on  until  1896, 
when  teaching  in  this  language  became  obligatory  in  all  schools.  American  text¬ 
books  are  employed  almost  exclusively  in  the  public  schools,  those  for  the  higher 
grades  including  the  cream  of  English  classics.  The  only  exceptions  to  the  rule  are 
Hawaiian  geography  and  history. 

Select  schools,  where  tuition  fees  are  charged,  are  permitted  in  the  state  system 
and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  exist  in  a  group  centering  in  the  Honolulu  High  School. 
This  is  under  a  section  of  the  law  which  provides  ‘  ‘  that  the  department  may,  in  its 
discretion,  establish,  maintain,  and  discontinue  select  schools,  taught  in  the  English 
language,  at  a  charge  of  such  tuition  fees  for  attendance  as  it  may  deem  proper;  pro¬ 
vided,  however,  that  such  select  schools  shall  be  established  only  in  places  where  free 
schools  of  the  same  grade,  for  pupils  within  the  compulsory  age,  are  readily  accessible 
to  the  children  of  such  district.”  The  Honolulu  High  School  is  organized  in  three 
departments  of  English,  mathematics,  and  natural  science.  Good  work  is  also  done 
in  foreign  languages. 

Under  the  constitution  of  the  republic  of  Hawaii  aid  from  the  public  treasury  to 
sectarian  schools  was  prohibited.  Formerly  it  was  the  regular  practice  of  successive 
legislatures  to  pass  grants  of  money  to  schools  under  the  control  of  different  denom¬ 
inations.  Instead  of  becoming  weaker  from  the  withdrawal  of  public  aid,  the  inde¬ 
pendent  schools,  in  1896,  exhibited  an  increase  of  attendance  proportionate  to  that 
of  the  public  schools.  There  are  several  noble  institutions,  under  both  Protestant 
and  Catholic  auspices,  established  in  the  islands. 


REPORT  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  EXPLOITATION. 


JOHN  H.  McGIBBONS,  Director. 


287 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


February  24,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  In  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  your  committee 
on  the  final  report,  under  date  of  August  25,  1900,  I  beg  to  submit 
the  following  brief  account  of  the  work  of  the  department  of  exploita¬ 
tion  as  carried  on  under  my  direction. 

Respectfully,  yours, 

.  John  H.  McGibbons, 

Director  of  Exploitation. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner- General  for  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


S.  Doc.  232 


19 


289 


WOMAN'S  ROOM,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


REPORT  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  EXPLOITATION. 


When  the  desirability  of  the  participation  by  the  United  States  in  the 
Exposition  was  first  being  investigated  in  August,  1897,  by  the  special 
commissioner,  Moses  P.  Handy  (under  whom  your  director  was  serv¬ 
ing  as  chief  assistant),  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress  dated 
July  19,  1897,  a  letter  of  inquiry  sent  to  3,500  of  the  leading  manufac¬ 
turers  and  producers  of  the  country  elicited  requests  for  space  aggre¬ 
gating  750,000  square  feet.  These  demands  greatly  assisted  the  special 
commissioner  in  getting  the  Exposition  officials  to  reserve  for  the 
United  States  a  larger  amount  of  space  than  they  would  otherwise 
have  done,  and  afterwards  made  it  possible,  with  other  resources,  to 
have  these  allotments  increased. 

The  applications,  however,  came  only  from  firms  which  had  a  for¬ 
eign  business  and  understood  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
exhibiting;  and  these  concerns  made  their  demands  for  space  accord¬ 
ingly  large.  Among  the  greater  number  of  manufacturers  there  was 
evidenced  no  desire  to  exhibit.  The  opportunities  for  foreign  business 
were  unknown  to  them,  and  the  seeming  difficulties  to  engage  in  it 
were  more  than  they  wished  to  undertake.  They  reflected  somewhat 
our  national  feeling  in  being  content  to  live  within  themselves,  satisfied 
to  leave  good  enough  alone. 

To  have  distributed  the  space  at  the  Commission’s  disposal  among  a 
few  applicants,  giving  to  each  the  amount  desired,  would  have  ren¬ 
dered  its  duties  simple  and  easy  to  perform.  W e  then  would  not  have 
been  embarrassed  by  having  to  refuse  the  appeals  of  important  indi¬ 
vidual  concerns  and  interests  backed  by  influence;  few  assistants  would 
have  been  necessary;  the  cost  to  the  Government  would  have  been  min¬ 
imized,  and  less  stir  would  have  been  created.  But  what  would  have 
been  the  character  of  the  exhibits  and  the  results  ?  In  some  of  the  sec¬ 
tions  where  there  were  no  applications  for  space  we  would  have  had  no 
exhibit,  or  else  would  have  been  compelled  to  install  machinery  in  the 
art  gallery  and  machinery  in  the  textile  section,  which  the  rules  of  the 
Exposition  would  not  have  permitted.  A  few  manufacturers  only 
would  have  been  benefited,  and  the  world  led  to  believe  that  we  were 
not  the  nation  in  respect  to  resources  we  were  represented  to  be. 
Instead  of  2,500  awards  we  would  have  received  250. 


291 


292  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


It  was  concluded  that  we  should  have  an  exhibit  in  all  sections,  and 
as  a  whole  represent  all  the  various  and  numberless  industries  of  this 
country  instead  of  a  few  selected  manufacturers,  thus  to  establish  our¬ 
selves  as  a  nation  before  all  others  as  an  actual  factor  in  the  world’s 
field  of  trade — there  to  supply  in  any  quantity  the  best  of  every  arti¬ 
cle  that  skill,  ingenuity,  and  enterprise  can  produce — and  distribute 
whatever  commercial  benefits  were  to  be  derived  therefrom  among 
the  greatest  number  of  our  people. 

To  thus  make  our  display  as  a  whole  representative  and  select,  and 
to  harmonize,  systematise,  and  nationalize  each  exhibit  section,  seemed 
our  imperative  duty,  and  was  emphasized  by  the  opinion  of  many  of 
the  most  important  national  commercial  associations — such  as  the  New 
England  Cotton  Manufacturers’  Association,  the  National  Association 
of  Wool  Manufacturers,  the  National  Agricultural  Implement  and 
Vehicle  Association,  the  Carriage  Manufacturing  Association,  the 
Proprietary  Association  of  America,  the  National  Paint,  Oil  and 
Varnish  Association — before  whom  I,  personalty,  in  addresses,  outlined 
the  plan  and  asked  for  their  cooperation  and  assistance  at  their  annual 
meetings  held  in  September  and  October,  1898. 

An  extract  taken  from  one  of  these  addresses  is  here  presented, 
which  definitely  shows  the  nature  of  the  programme  inaugurated  at 
this  time: 

The  spot  chosen  for  the  Exposition  is  in  the  heart  of  Paris,  on  the  site  already 
made  historical  by  four  international  expositions.  The  beautiful  Seine  winds  its 
way  through  it  and  magnificent  boulevards  surround  and  traverse  it.  It  is  easily 
accessible,  and  while  not  as  large  by  one-half  as  that  of  the  White  City  in  Chicago 
in  1893,  it  embraces  336  acres,  more  by  60  acres  than  the  ground  occupied  by  the 
exposition  of  1889. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  its  projectors  that  the  Exposition  shall  be  a  fitting  expression 
of  the  wonderful  achievements  marking  the  close  of  the  century  of  the  greatest 
progress  known.  The  aesthetic  genius  of  the  French  will  be  taxed  to  its  utmost  and 
embodied  in  the  architecture  and  landscape.  More  than  fifty  nations  have  actively 
and  enthusiastically  entered  upon  the  work  of  preparation  for  participation  therein, 
and  “  quality  and  not  quantity  ”  will  be  the  motto  by  which  they  will  select  and  install 
their  exhibits.  It  is  therefore  assured  that  the  Exposition  will  be  a  realization  of 
grandeur  and  perfection,  and  that  in  the  city  of  the  Frenchman’s  idolatry,  the  city 
of  Europe,  at  the  dawn  of  the  twentieth  century  there  will  pass  in  grand  review  the 
magnificence  representing  the  achievements  and  progress  of  the  earth’s  potentates 
and  peoples. 

The  Exposition  will  not  be  an  exception  to  the  rule  that  all  expositions  have  as 
their  primal  object — the  sale  of  goods  of  which  the  producer  has  more  than  he  can 
consume.  Nations,  as  individuals,  do  not  produce  everything  they  need;  conditions 
prevent,  and  they  overproduce  many  articles  which  they  must  sell  that  they  may 
buy  of  what  they  need. 

Although  certain  goods  manufactured  in  the  United  States  may  not  now,  owing 
to  the  duties  and  the  home  demands,  have  an  extensive  foreign  sale,  they  should  be 
shown  in  Paris  in  1900  none  the  less,  in  keeping  with  their  actual  development  in 
this  country,  and  every  article  displayed  should  be  the  best;  and  the  United  States 
exhibit,  in  every  line,  should  be  complete  and  attractively  installed,  so  that  it  will 
demonstrate  that  America  is  no  longer  a  nation  in  swaddling  clothes,  but  a  country 
which  is  a  giant  in  all  respects. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  293 


Two  almost  insurmountable  difficulties,  however,  stood  in  the  way 
of  carrying  out  these  intentions — first,  the  limited  space  in  compari¬ 
son  with  our  wealth  and  diversity  of  industry,  and  second,  the  lack 
of  desire  on  the  part  of  leading  producers  to  exhibit. 

To  relieve  the  space  embarrassment  as  much  as  possible  was  the 
first  step  to  take,  and  taken,  although  it  was  clear  that  no  increase  of 
space  within  the  power  of  the  French  to  give  would  do  more  than 
slightly  assist.  To  accomplish  even  this  an  exploitation  of  an  unusual 
character  was  resorted  to.  The  effect  in  France  of  some  of  the  United 
States  press  criticisms  of  the  French  because  of  a  reported  sympathy 
which  they  had  for  Spain  in  our  struggle  with  that  country  had,  it  was 
thought,  to  be  overcome  and  the  assurance  established  in  the  minds  of 
the  French  that  America  as  a  nation  had  the  warmest  regard  for 
France,  as  France  had  always  shown  for  America,  and  that  the  deep 
sympathy  of  each  for  the  other  in  its  struggle  for  a  republican  form 
of  government  was  mutual  and  firmly  underlay  all  superficial  noises 
to  the  contrary.  The  opportunity  of  exchanging  expressions  of  this 
true  feeling  existing  between  the  sister  Republics  was  brought  about 
and  utilized  at  two  banquets  given  to  the  Commissioner-General  of 
the  United  States,  one  on  this  side  of  the  water  by  the  French  steam¬ 
ship  line  on  its  steamer  sailing  September  3,  1898,  and  the  other  given 
in  Paris  d>y  the  American  Chamber  of  Commerce  October  15,  1898. 
Prominent  officials  of  both  Republics  participated.  These  cordielles 
were  given  the  fullest  publicity  at  home  and  abroad,  and,  as  expected, 
struck  a  responsive  chord  among  the  peoples  of  both  countries.  The 
French  officials  strained  every  possible  effort  to  give,  and  gave,  all  the 
additional  space  within  their  power,  although,  as  before  stated,  the 
amount  was  grossly  inadequate  to  meet  the  requirements. 

Among  the  extracts  from  addresses  on  these  occassions  which,  on 
being  fully  exploited,  well  served  their  purpose,  the  following  are  to 
be  noticed: 

Lafayette  and  Cambon — the  knight  of  liberty  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the 
wise  diplomat  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  fraternity  inaugurated  by  the  immor¬ 
tal  Lafayette  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago  is  cemented  by  the  friendly  diplo¬ 
macy  of  the  ambassador  for  France  in  promoting  the  blessings  of  peace  that  have 
come  after  our  recent  struggle  with  a  foreign  foe.  (Commissioner-General  Peck  on 
French  steamer. ) 

The  population  of  the  United  States  is  75,000,000.  The  value  of  the  manufactures 
of  this  country  amount  to  35  per  cent,  or  over  one-third,  of  the  total  value  of  the 
manufactures  of  the  world.  Our  agricultural  resources  represent  nearly  40  per  cent 
of  those  of  all  countries  combined.  In  railroad  transportation  our  mileage  exceeds 
that  of  the  whole  of  Europe.  Our  mines  produce  more  than  those  of  any  other 
nation  on  earth  and  equal  those  of  all  Europe.  The  wealth  of  the  United  States 
amounts  to  nearly  409,000,000,000  francs,  or  twice  that  of  France,  equal  to  that  of 
Russia,  Austria,  Italy,  and  Spain  combined,  and  75  per  cent  more  than  that  of  Great 
Britain.  We  realize  that  our  efforts  to  display  our  resources  must  be  one  of  absolute 
selection.  However  limited  the  facilities  that  may  be  ultimately  provided  for  us, 
our  industrial  and  artistic  development  must  be  recorded  in  the  category  of  nations 


294  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

which  will  he  represented  in  the  Exposition.  *  *  *  These  great  exposition 

events  not  only  advance  commerce  and  industry  in  engendering  friendly  rivalry 
between  nations,  but  above  all  they  promote  a  fraternity  among  the  peoples  of  the 
earth  by  enabling  them  to  come  together,  look  into  each  other’s  faces,  and  thereby 
become  impressed  with  the  great  fact  of  humanity— the  brotherhood  of  mankind. 
(Commissioner-General  Peck,  Chamber  of  Commerce  banquet,  Paris.) 

I  am  extremely  touched  with  the  cordial  reception  that  the  American  Chamber  of 
Commerce  has  given  me,  and  I  am  deeply  sensible  of  the  words  of  its  president, 
which  are,  however,  too  eulogistic.  It  has  been  the  great  honor  of  my  life  to  have 
been  the  collaborator  of  men  eminent  in  the  grand  Republic  of  America,  and  to  have 
given  a  little  aid  toward  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  I  am  particularly  happy  in 
feeling  that  I  have  contributed  in  strengthening  the  bonds  which  unite  our  two 
nations.  The  Exposition  offers  an  opportunity  of  showing  Europe  and  France  the 
progress  that  America  has  made  in  every  branch  of  manufactures,  agriculture,  and 
art.  We  know  the  development  of  the  great  American  nation.  We  admire  it. 
(Jules  Cambon,  ambassador  of  France  to  the  United  States,  at  the  Chamber  of  Com¬ 
merce  banquet. ) 

Simultaneously  with  the  exploitation  to  assist  in  obtaining  more  space 
a  publication  was  issued  containing  110  pages,  entitled  “General  infor¬ 
mation  for  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America  who  desire  to  become 
exhibitors  in  the  Universal  International  Exposition  in  Paris  in  1900.” 
This  book  of  information  contained  a  translation  of  the  general  rules 
and  classifications  used  by  the  French  officials,  and  was  mailed  to  all 
those  throughout  all  parts  of  the  United  States  who  it  was  thought 
might  or  ought  to  participate  in  the  Exposition,  whether  on  a  large 
scale  or  in  a  small  way  in  collective  exhibits;  also  to  those  who  might 
“lend  a  hand.”  It  was  accompanied  by  reprints  of  the  reports  of  the 
special  commissioners,  Moses  P .  Handy  and  Thomas  I\  .  Cridler,  and 
of  the  consul-general  to  France,  Samuel  E.  Morss  most  excellent  and 
useful  publications;  also  by  an  application  blank  which  the  recipient 
was  requested  to  fill  out,  sign,  and  return  if  he  desired  fo  exhibit.  A 
letter  of  transmittal  set  forth  directly  the  importance  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion,  the  benefits  to  be  derived  by  exhibiting,  and  the  obligation  which 
rested  upon  us  as  a  nation  and  as  individuals  to  demonstrate  at  this 
opportune  moment  before  the  eyes  of  the  world  our  supremacy  in  the 
arts  of  peace.  The  limited  amount  of  space  at  our  disposal  was  referred 
to  and  the  hope  expressed  that  no  more  be  applied  for  by  the  exhibitor 
than  was  absolutely  necessary  to  i  nstall  an  exhibit  without  superfluous 
duplication.  If  the  recipient  did  not  desire  to  exhibit  he  was  requested 
to  so  notify  us. 

As  a  result  of  this  work  all  the  people  who  asked  the  special  com¬ 
missioners  for  space  renewed  their  applications,  and  many  new  requests 
were  received;  but,  as  before,  many  desired  industries,  and  the  arts 
and  education,  were  not,  except  in  a  small  way,  represented  among 
them. 

Having  obtained  all  the  space  possible,  our  entire  exploitation  efforts 
were  now  directed  toward  overcoming  our  second  difficulty  by  secur¬ 
ing  all  the  exhibitors  necessary  to  carry  out  our  proposed  plan.  To 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  295 


emphasize  the  difficulty  of  doing  this,  and  the  situation  as  to  the  feel¬ 
ing  of  our  people  toward  exhibiting,  it  is  only  necessary  to  quote  from 
the  address  of  Franklin  MacVeagh,  given  at  a  banquet  tendered  the 
Commissioner-General  by  the  city  of  Chicago  on  his  return  from  Paris, 
December  8,  1898,  in  the  presence  of  200  prominent  Chicagoans  and 
distinguished  guests  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States: 

Mr.  Peck  has  a  great  labor  to  perform  for  us.  He  must  stimulate  and  gather 
together  exhibitors.  That  of  itself  is  no  light  task.  For  though  all  the  currents  of 
our  national  lif-e  to-day  make  for  a  great  American  exhibit  at  Paris,  it  still  is  true 
that  all  these  currents  of  our  new  career  are  so  new,  so  unrealized,  so  unassimilated, 
so  unaccustomed,  that  it  is  going  to  be  a  task  of  great  difficulty  to  adequately  arouse 
the  commercial  interests  of  the  country  to  a  recognition  of  the  golden  opportunities 
of  Paris.  The  time  is  short;  the  transformation  of  our  trade  is  new. 

At  the  same  banquet  the  address  of  the  Commissioner-General  was 
closed  with  the  following,  which  is  of  interest  in  further  showing  the 
purpose  of  the  Commissioner: 

In  the  administration  of  this  serious  national  trust  there  should  be  no  Chicago,  no 
New  York,  no  Boston,  no  San  Francisco,  no  sectionalism,  but  always  and  only  our 
great  nation  in  all  its  strength  and  breadth  wherever  our  starry  banner  may  float. 
The  industrial  and  commercial  progress  of  our  entire  country  from  ocean  to  ocean 
must,  without  fear  or  favor,  have  equal  rights  and  equal  representations  at  the  great 
forthcoming  Exposition  of  1900  that  will  commemorate  the  passing  and  beginning 
of  a  century. 

In  the  efforts  to  secure  exhibits — 

First,  a  press  bureau  was  established,  with  offices  in  New  York  and 
Chicago,  through  which  the  rules  governing  the  different  departments 
of  the  Exposition,  the  interesting  features  about  them,  the  progress  of 
the  work,  with  photographs  of  same,  the  work  of  preparation  shown 
by  other  countries,  etc.,  were  furnished  the  daily  papers.  In  addition, 
the  trade  journals  were  supplied  with  specially  prepared  articles  and 
illustrations  tending  to  interest  the  trade  represented  by  the  journal. 
Magazine  articles  were  written,  and  whatever  was  best  was  reprinted 
and  mailed  where  it  was  thought  it  would  do  good. 

Second,  special  letters  fitting  the  different  conditions  were  written 
and  mailed  to  special  individuals  and  concerns  urging  them,  for  per¬ 
sonal  and  patriotic  reasons,  to  exhibit. 

Third,  the  directors,  as  is  to  be  noted  in  their  detailed  reports,  were 
dispatched  here  and  there  to  influence  the  producers  to  participate  in 
the  Exposition. 

Fourth,  the  Commissioner-General,  within  three  weeks,  between 
January  1  and  21,  accompanied  by  the  assistant  commissioner-general 
and  some  members  of  the  staff,  visited  nearly  all  the  principal  centers 
of  industry  in  the  United  States  to  assist  in  creating  the  desired 
interest  in  the  Exposition;  to  meet  State  commissioners  to  the  Exposi¬ 
tion,  and  to  address  meetings  of  national  or  local  organizations. 

What  the  United  States  should  and  would  do  at  the  Exposition  was 
now  conspicuously  and  continuously  emphasized  in  every  direction. 


296  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Among  the  embarrassments  encountered  in  this  exploitation  may  be 
mentioned  that  of  our  inability,  owing  to  space  limitations  and  the 
French  rules,  to  meet  the  wishes  of  the  large  national  commercial 
associations  and  large  corporations  and  the  State  commissions. 

Many  of  the  associations  or  organizations,  representing  75  to  90  per 
cent  of  the  business  of  their  industries,  wanted  to  make,  or  were  will¬ 
ing  to  make,  an  exhibit  if  sufficient  space  could  be  given  to  enable 
them  to  represent  fully  the  importance  of  their  product,  which  in 
most  cases  could  not  have  been  done  in  the  way  they  desired  if  all  the 
space  allotted  the  United  States  in  that  section  had  been  given  them, 
or  even  any  one  of  them.  Although  some  withdrew  because  of  this 
inability  to  make  such  a  display,  the  rest  of  them  were  persuaded  to 
accept  the  conditions  and  make  an  exhibit  of  their  product  only,  which, 
while  not  as  attractive  to  them  and  to  the  public  as  a  larger  exhibit 
would  have  been,  served  as  well,  as  was  afterwards  proven,  so  far  as 
awards  and  sales  were  concerned.  Some  associations  decided  upon 
collective  exhibits  and  selected  the  same,  and  were  allotted  space  for 
them,  but  for  some  reason  they  afterwards  withdrew. 

Many  individual  manufacturers  also  wanted  to  make  imposing  dis¬ 
plays  illustrating  their  methods  of  manufacture  in  addition  to  show¬ 
ing  their  product.  W  ith  them  also  our  space  restrictions  would  either 
compel  them  to  withdraw  or  make  an  exhibit  of  their  product  only, 
which  in  itself,  as  above  stated,  did  not  produce  the  effect  desired  by 
either  them  or  the  visitor;  but  when  taken  in  connection  with  the 
exhibit  of  the  whole  section,  harmoniously  arranged,  the  results 
obtained  were  no  less  advantageous,  and  aided  the  industry  and  the 
United  States  in  making  a  strong  link  in  the  chain  of  exhibits  repre¬ 
senting  all  the  different  lines.  In  nearly  all  cases  the  demands  of 
exhibitors  were  largely  in  excess  of  their  requirements,  and  it  was 
most  difficult  to  impress  upon  them  that  an  exhibit  equalty  advanta¬ 
geous  could  be  made  in  one-fourth  or  one-half  the  space  asked  for. 
The  almost  limitless  areas  given  manufactures  at  the  Columbian 
Exposition  in  Chicago  seemingly  gave  them  the  idea  that  the  merit 
of  an  exhibit  and  the  advantages  to  be  derived  therefrom  lay  in  the 
amount  of  territory  it  occupied.  At  Chicago  United  States  manu¬ 
facturers  occupied  55  per  cent  of  the  total  space,  while  in  Paris  the 
French  played  the  part  we  took  at  Chicago  and  gave  all  foreign  coun¬ 
tries  the  remaining  45  per  cent,  of  which  we  had  our  portion  only. 

Many  of  the  States  had  appointed  State  commissions  to  the  Expo¬ 
sition,  and  some  had  made  appropriations  for  a  State  exhibit.  Natu¬ 
rally  these  commissions  wanted  large  allotments  of  space  in  one  location 
wherein  they  could  install  together  all  their  exhibits.  The  classifica¬ 
tion  of  the  Exposition,  however,  prevented  any  other  installation  than 
that  of  each  product  in  the  building  set  aside  for  that  class  or  group  of 
articles. 


WRITING  ROOM,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  '297 

It  was  a  sad  disappointment  to  the  commissions  when  this  was  learned, 
and  prevented  the  United  States  having  valuable  exhibits  that  would 
have  appealed  to  local  and  State  pride.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  a 
letter  that  was  sent  to  them  to  explain  the  situation: 

Hon. - , 

Governor  State  of - . 

Dear  Sir:  In  reply  to  your  inquiry  of - ,  you  are  advised  that  the  space 

allotted  to  the  United  States  is  not  in  one  location,  but  is  distributed  among  about 
fifteen  different  buildings,  and  the  French  officials  have  declared  in  their  rules  and 
regulations  that  only  certain  products  will  be  displayed  in  each;  that  is,  machine 
tools  will  be  exhibited  only  in  the  machine  building,  and  textiles  only  in  the  textile 
building.  It  will  therefore  be  impossible,  under  the  French  rules,  to  install  all  the 
products  of  a  State  together,  even  if  we  had  sufficient  space  in  any  one  building  to 
permit  it,  but  it  will  be  necessary  to  distribute  them  among  the  different  buildings. 
All  applications,  however,  will  have  due  consideration  when  space  is  allotted,  and  we 
urge  that  you  secure  every  cooperation  possible  from  manufacturers  and  others  in 
your  State  to  the  end  that  we  may  make  an  exhibit  complete  in  every  line.  We 
expect  your  State  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  this  or  that  department,  while  other 
States,  because  of  the  different  character  of  their  products,  may  be  more  conspicuous 
in  other  departments. 

I  herewith  send  you  copy  of  rules,  etc. 

Yours,  truly,  John  H.  McGibbons, 

Director  of  Exploitation. 

In  many  lines  where  at  first  it  was  thought  there  would  be  no  diffi¬ 
culty  in  securing  exhibits  it  was  often  impossible  to  get  them.  In  the 
failure  to  do  so  lay  the  cause  of  any  and  all  criticism  made  of  the 
American  exhibit,  viz,  that  it  did  not  have  a  marvelous  or  colossal 
display  of  this  or  that  manufacture,  which  we  naturally  expected 
because  of  our  recognized  world-wide  supremacy  therein.  It  is  but 
proper  that  those  interested  should  know  the  cause  and  be  satisfied 
that  the  non -representation  in  question  was  not  any  fault  of  this  Com¬ 
mission  or  of  the  lack  of  efforts  in  exploitation. 

The  foreign  rights  to  the  inventions  referred  to  were  owned  by  for¬ 
eign  companies  which  had  and  have  the  exclusive  selling  rights  out¬ 
side  of  this  country,  and  the  parent  company  here  had  not  even  the 
privilege,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  sale,  to  exhibit  a  machine 
bearing  its  name  in  any  of  the  countries  where  such  rights  had  been 
sold.  For  this  reason  our  electrical  machinery,  in  which  Americans 
expected  to  see  an  exhibit  that  would  dwarf  that  of  any  other  country 
to  insignificance,  was  surpassed,  seemingly,  by  other  countries;  not, 
however,  in  the  minds  of  those  having  knowledge  of  the  secret.  To 
them  foreign  electrical  exhibits  in  the  main  were  considered  American, 
having  been  made  foreign  by  the  use  of  a  few  foreign  boltheads  and 
a  foreign  corporation  with  a  strong  contract.  Although  these  Ameri¬ 
can  manufacturers  could  not  make,  or  be  induced  to  make,  an  exhibit 
in  our  section,  the  grand  prize  in  some  cases  obtained  on  these  exhibits 
in  other,  countries  was  assigned  to  America.  This  recognition  was 


298  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


given  America  for  the  monstrous  chmamos  which  ran  the  moving  side¬ 
walk  and  the  electrical  intramural  railway,  though  their  installation 
was  in  the  French  section  and  consequently  not  considered  by  Ameri¬ 
can  visitors  as  American  exhibits. 

The  finest  cotton  loom  in  the  world,  which  proved  such  an  attraction 
in  the  French  and  Swiss  sections,  was  the  product  of  American  genius. 
Repeated  wiitten  and  verbal  appeals,  even  to  the  patriotism  of  the 
owner,  who  was  a  United  States  ambassador,  could  not  secure  a  repre¬ 
sentation  of  the  loom  in  our  section  because,  as  he  said,  the  contract 
with  the  foreign  lessees  would  not  permit  it.  The  grand  prize,  how¬ 
ever,  was  awarded  to  the  inventor  and  comes  to  America. 

Many  other  cases  similar  to  these  are  cited  in  the  detailed  reports 
of  the  different  directors. 

Some  manufacturers,  who  otherwise  would  have  exhibited  in  the 
United  States  section  and  even  promised  to  do  so  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  they  were  also  manufacturing  in  Europe,  withdrew  at  the 
last  moment  from  participation  in  our  exhibit  because  they  found  they 
could  get  more  space  in  the  French  section,  which  they  obtained  and 
utilized  to  their  advantage — the  right  to  objection  not  being  given  us 
because  they  manufactured  in  France.  The  benefits  to  them  were 
considered  even  greater  because  no  foreign  orders  would  be  sent  to 
America  to  be  filled,  but  to  France  or  some  other  country  where 
the}^  had  a  factory. 

When  the  national  associations  and  large  corporations  which  after 
much  persuasion  promised  to  exhibit  concluded  afterwards  not  to  do 
so  because  they  thought  it  would  not  pay  them  to  make  an  exhibit  in 
the  space  assigned  them,  others  had  to  be  found  in  their  branch  of 
manufacture  to  take  their  places.  This  necessitated  more  correspond¬ 
ence  and  much  traveling  to  personally  explain  the  situation.  The  last 
assurances  obtained  were  also  very  often  withdrawn,  and  in  most 
departments  several  sets  of  exhibitors  had  to  be  obtained  and  the 
distribution  of  the  space  therein  and  its  allotment  as  many  times 
considered  and  made. 

Large  orders,  due  to  the  prosperity  of  the  times,  preventing  atten¬ 
tion  to  the  necessary  preparation  of  an  exhibit;  the  absorption  of  one 
by  another  company;  the  illness  of  the  president  of  the  company,  or 
some  of  the  reasons  heretofore  given  were  offered  in  explanation  pf 
withdrawals  made  from  time  to  time. 

As  the  opening  date  of  the  Exposition  drew  alarmingly  near  it  was 
decided  to  make  governmental  collective  exhibits  as  the  only  feasible 
solution  of  the  difficulty  of  securing  representation  in  certain  impor¬ 
tant  industries.  Although  collective  exhibits  had  before  been  recom¬ 
mended  because  conducive  to  the  best  results  in  past  expositions,  and 
some  were  already  being  prepared  by  manufacturers,  they  were 
reluctantly  taken  up  by  the  Commission  itself  as  a  last  resort  only, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  299 


because  of  the  immense  amount  of  correspondence,  travel,  and  detail 
connected  with  their  preparation,  installation,  and  care.  The  cost  to 
exhibitors  and  the  Commission  was,  however,  reduced  to  a  minimum 
by  such  exhibits,  but  not  without  perseverance,  patience,  energy,  and 
untiring  application  on  the  part  of  the  directors. 

In  this  way  were  our  exhibits  obtained  and  our  exhibit  sections 
completed. 

After  the  goods  were  in  place  in  the  Exposition  spaces  every  means 
were  utilized  to  exploit  their  quality  before  the  juries  and  their  impor¬ 
tance  to  visitors  at  the  Exposition.  Blanks  were  supplied  to  exhibitors 
to  fill  out,  giving  the  fullest  information  as  to  the  age  of  their  com¬ 
panies,  the  capital  invested,  their  annual  product,  the  kind  and  quality 
of  goods  shown,  the  number  of  employees,  whether  hand  or  machine 
methods  were  used,  what  awards  were  received  in  past  expositions 
etc.  This  information  was  furnished  to  the  juries  for  their  guidance, 
when  a  representative  of  the  Commission  or  of  the  exhibitors  was  not 
present.  Some  producers  failed  to  comply  with  our  request  for  this 
information  and  thereby  made  it  more  difficult  to  make  proper  repre¬ 
sentation  of  their  product  before  the  jury.  Where  awards  to  collab¬ 
orators  were  not  secured  for  an  exhibitor  it  was  because  of  failure  or 
refusal  to  supply  their  names,  which  were  also  requested,  with  the 
above  information. 

As  is  usual  in  expositions,  circulars  were  distributed  freely  to  visit¬ 
ors,  but  they  were  required  to  be  of  uniform  size,  so  that  they  could 
be  carried  away  easily.  They  were  not  permitted  to  contain  any 
matter  which  did  not  relate  directly  to  the  exhibit. 

Blank  slips  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  superintendents  of  each 
of  the  sections,  which  they  were  requested  to  fill  out  advising  the 
Commission  of  the  names  and  addresses  of  visitors  who  seemed  to  be 
interested  in  the  exhibits  and  stating  the  particular  exhibit  receiving 
most  attention,  with  such  inquiries  and  comments  attached  as  the 
visitors  may  have  made.  This  information  was  sent  to  the  different 
exhibitors  and  it  is  believed  served  a  good  purpose. 

When  the  exceptionally  large  number  of  awards  were  received  (in 
point  of  numbers  and  quality,  more  than  were  received  by  any  other 
foreign  nation),  the  fact  was  given  the  greatest  publicity  abroad  to 
exploit  the  importance  of  this  country  in  the  commercial  world  and 
at  home  to  impress  our  producers  with  a  true  realization  of  the  possi¬ 
bilities  that  lie  in  the  extension  of  their  foreign  trade. 

What  the  results  will  be  only  the  future  can  tell,  but  we  are  hopeful 
that  if  competitors  in  business  find  it  profitable  to  exploit  at  home  any 
recognition  obtained  of  the  superiority  of  their  product,  the  United 
States  in  competition  with  the  world  will  also  be  benefited  immeas¬ 
urably  more,  as  the  United  States  is  greater  than  any  individual 
producer. 


300  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


While  our  exploitation  efforts  did  not  succeed  in  placing  a  world- 
electrifying  exhibit  in  each  of  our  small  sections  at  the  Exposition,  as 
the  casual  American  visitor  to  the  Exposition  seemed  to  expect,  having 
in  mind  America’s  reputation  for  ability  to  do  wonders,  these  efforts 
nevertheless  succeeded  in  overcoming  an  almost  complete  and  genera* 
indifference  to  exhibiting,  and  so  carried  out  a  great,  broad  plan  of 
presenting  an  exhibit  of  practically  every  line  of  industry  that  the 
results  achieved  were  of  the  most  creditable  and  representative  nature 
and  benefited  the  greatest  number  of  interests.  The  awards  obtained 
are  very  substantial  evidence  of  this  fact. 


REPORT  OF  THE  EDITOR  AND  STATISTICIAN. 


SELIM  H.  PEABODY,  Editor  and  Statistician. 


301 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Paris,  France,  October  1 0,  1900. 

Dear  Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  my  report  as  your 
editor  and  statistician. 

Respectfully,  yours,  Selim  H.  Peabody, 

Editor  and  Statistician. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General ,  United  States , 

Paris  Exvosition  Commission ,  Chicago. 


303 


REPORT  OF  THE  EDITOR  AND  STATISTICIAN. 


My  appointment  as  editor  and  statistician  was  made  on  the  17th 
day  of  November,  1899.  Previous  to  that  time,  however,  I  had  per¬ 
formed  considerable  service  for  the  Commissioner-General  in  the 
compilation  of  information  for  exhibitors  in  pamphlet  form,  and  in 
the  preparation  of  various  briefs,  instructions,  etc.,  and  work  of  a 
similar  nature  continued  to  fall  to  my  hands.  Papers  arranged  by 
me  in  this  connection  will  appear  in  their  appropriate  places  in  the 
various  divisions  of  the  Commissioner-General’s  report. 

The  most  important  and  immediate  duty  assigned  the  editor  and 
statistician  and  executed  by  him  was  the  compilation  of  the  catalogue 
of  United  States  exhibitors  at  the  Exposition. 

An  examination  of  the  general  regulations  issued  by  the  French 
Exposition  authorities  disclosed  the  fact  that  an  official  general  cata¬ 
logue  of  the  Exposition  would  be  prepared  by  a  special  commission 
appointed  for  that  purpose.  This  catalogue  was  to  consist  of  at  least 
one  volume  for  each  of  the  eighteen  groups  named  in  the  general 
classification.  The  matter  of  the  volumes  was  to  be  arranged  by 
classes.  In  each  class  the  French  exhibitors  were  to  be  entered  first; 
they  to  be  followed  by  the  exhibitors  from  the  French  colonies  and 
dependencies;  these  by  exhibitors  from  countries  foreign  to  France — 
arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

The  publication  of  the  official  general  catalogue,  with  the  privilege 
of  sale  within  the  inclosure  of  the  Exposition  was  assigned  as  a  con¬ 
cession  to  a  printing  house,  La  Societe  anonyme  des  Imprimeries 
Lemercier,  doing  business  at  No.  44  rue  Vercingetorix,  in  Paris.  The 
official  catalogue  was  to  be  free  from  advertisements,  except  that  it 
was  allowed  that  an  exhibitor  might  state  in  so-called  supplementary 
lines,  the  awards  which  he  had  previously  received  at  international 
and  universal  expositions,  and  to  express  more  fully  the  description 
of  his  exhibits  without  giving  any  opinion  as  to  their  merits.  For  the 
insertion  of  such  supplementary  lines  the  publisher  was  entitled  to 
collect  compensation  from  the  exhibitor  at  the  rate  of  25  francs  per 
line. 

The  publisher  of  the  catalogue  was  also  authorized  to  issue  for  sale 
with  each  volume  of  the  official  catalogue  a  supplementary,  or  annex 
volume,  which  should  contain  certain  matter  explanatory  of  the  gen¬ 
eral  character  of  the  exhibit  from  any  country,  with  advertisements, 

305 


S.  Doc.  232 - 20 


306  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

displayed  and  illustrated,  issued  by  exhibitors  or  others.  Each  group 
volume  with  its  annex  was  to  be  placed  in  a  case,  the  whole  to  be  sold 
for  3  francs,  or  60  cents. 

The  Commissioner-General  for  the  United  States  determined  to 
avail  himself  of  the  privilege  accorded  in  the  French  general  regula¬ 
tions  of  preparing  a  special  catalogue  of  exhibitors  from  the  United 
States  and  to  provide  a  separate  edition  thereof  in  each  of  the  four 
languages — English,  French,  German,  and  Russian. 

In  this  catalogue  the  groups  and  classes  were  to  be  arranged  in  the 
order  of  the  official  classification,  the  exhibitors  in  each  class  being 
placed  in  alphabetical  order. 

INSTRUCTIONS  TO  EXHIBITORS. 

The  French  catalogue  commission  issued  to  exhibitors  instructions 
regarding  the  catalogue  entries,  and  copies  thereof  were  already  upon 
the  desk  of  the  editor  when  he  entered  upon  duty.  These  instructions 
were  printed  upon  green  paper,  and  were  known  subsequently  as 
“ Green  Leaves” — “Feuilles  Vertes.”  In  theory  these  sheets  were 
to  contain  the  catalogue  matter  stated  by  or  for  the  exhibitor  himself. 
In  practice  it  was  often  impossible  to  await  the  dilatory  movements  of 
exhibitors,  and  the  catalogue  entries  were  provided  by  the  officers  of 
the  several  departments. 

The  Green  Leaves  being  in  French  would  be  of  little  service  to  the 
ordinary  exhibitor  from  the  United  States,  and  accordingly  exact  data 
was  forwarded  by  each  department  director  to  the  exhibitor  of  his 
department.  This  data  consisted  of  the  following  papers: 

1.  A  translation  of  the  Green  Leaf. 

2.  A  sheet  explanatory  thereof. 

3.  A  blank  form  to  be  filled  by  the  exhibitor  and  returned  in 

4.  A  franked  envelope  addressed  to  the  editor  of  the  catalogue. 

Replies  to  these  circulars,  copies  of  which  will  be  found  at  the  end 
of  this  report,  began  to  arrive  promptly,  and  the  information  was  at 
once  edited  and  arranged,  though  it  soon  became  evident  that  for  a 
large  number  of  exhibitors  the  catalogue  matter  could  be  secured  only 
from  the  directors  of  departments. 

Negotiations  had  early  been  entered  upon  between  the  Commissioner- 
General  and  the  printing  house  of  the  Lemercier  Company,  of  Paris, 
for  the  printing  and  publishing  of  the  special  catalogues  referred  to. 
During  the  week  of  the  Christmas  holidays  an  accredited  representa¬ 
tive  of  the  Lemercier  Company  appeared  in  Chicago  and,  on  the  30th 
of  December,  1899,  completed  a  contract  with  the  Commissioner- 
General  for  such  publications,  full  detail  of  which  translation  will  be 
found  in  the  report  of  the  director  of  affairs.  This  company,  officially 
known  as  the  Societe  anonyme  des  Imprimeries  Lemercier,  of  Paris, 
had  already  acquired  from  the  French  authorities  the  concession  for 
printing,  publishing,  and  selling  the  general  official  catalogue  of  the 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  307 


Exposition.  By  the  provisions  of  the  contract  then  made  three  edi¬ 
tions  of  the  special  United  States  catalogues  were  to  be  printed — one 
in  English,  one  in  French,  and  one  in  German,  it  being  agreed  also  by 
the  company  that  the  type  of  the  English  and  German  editions  be  set 
up  in  Chicago. 

On  inquiry  as  to  the  latest  date  at  which  the  catalogue  matter  would 
be  available  in  Paris,  answer  was  made  that  the  matter  must  be  ready 
by  March  1. 

A  meeting  of  the  directors  was  called  by  the  Commissioner-General 
at  the  Chicago  office  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1900.  At  that  meet¬ 
ing  the  directors  were  advised  that  the  compilation  of  the  catalogue 
could  not  await  longer  the  slow  movements  of  the  exhibitors,  and  the 
heads  of  the  departments  were  requested  to  forward  full  catalogue 
matter  as  to  their  exhibits,  to  be  delivered  to  the  editor  in  Chicago 
not  later  than  January  10.  By  that  date  the  matter  was  in  hand,  and 
an  adequate  clerical  force  had  been  organized  to  care  for  it.  It  was 
rapidly  edited  and  typewritten,  in  shape  suitable  for  the  printer. 

After  a  form  indicated  by  sample  pages  sent  from  Paris,  the  cata¬ 
logue  entries  were  to  be  set  in  two  kinds  of  type — the  titles  and 
addresses  in  a  black-faced  type  about  the  size  known  as  long  primer, 
the  descriptions  and  supplementary  lines  in  nonpareil  of  ordinary 
depth  of  color.  This  style  was  followed,  and  two  linotype  machines 
disposed  of  the  prepared  matter  with  great  rapidity. 

Mr.  F.  E.  Drake,  director  of  machinery,  crossed  to  Paris  immedi¬ 
ately  after  the  meeting  of  the  1st  of  January  and  promptly  acquainted 
himself  with  the  situation  there.  On  the  12th  of  the  month  he  cabled 
that  the  Exposition  authorities  demanded  the  copy  of  the  catalogue  in 
French  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  February.  This  announcement 
was  certainly  startling,  as  on  that  day  scarcely  a  line  of  the  matter  was 
in  type.  Only  nineteen  days  remained  in  January,  and  of  that  number 
ten  would  be  consumed  in  transit  of  the  catalogue  to  Paris.  In  order 
to  make  sure,  the  matter  should  leave  Chicago  not  later  than  the 
evening  of  the  18th  to  reach  a  steamship  to  sail  on  the  20th.  On  the 
14th  it  was  determined  that  the  editor  should  himself  become  a  special 
envoy  to  take  the  catalogue  to  the  French  authorities.  When  the  time 
was  up  the  printers  quickly  prepared  proofs  of  the  matter  they  had  in 
hand,  which  was  about  two-thirds  of  the  whole,  to  which  the  type¬ 
written  sheets  covering  the  balance  were  added,  so  that  a  complete 
catalogue  was  made. 

On  the  morning  of  the  18th  word  came  from  the  seaboard  that  the 
Etruria ,  the  only  fast  steamship  to  sail  on  the  20th,  had  been  suddenly 
withdrawn  by  the  British  Government  to  be  used  in  the  conveyance  of 
troops  to  South  Africa  and  that  no  other  satisfactory  ship  would  leave 
before  Wednesday,  the  24th.  Accordingly  the  messenger  was  delayed 
until  the  evening  of  January  22  before  leaving  Chicago.  The  added 
time  was  made  useful  for  increasing  the  quantity  of  proof  sheets  in  the 


308  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 

catalogue,  in  making  insertions,  alterations,  etc.,  as  occasions  devel¬ 
oped.  On  the  22d  the  catalogue  was  again  a  unit. 

Notice  had  been  sent  to  the  directors  of  the  call  which  the  editor 
would  necessarily  make  in  New  York  City,  and  each  responded  by 
sending  to  him  there  an  additional  invoice  of  the  catalogue.  By  per¬ 
sistent  application  he  was  able  to  distribute  this  matter  properly  while 
on  the  voyage. 

By  reason  of  storms  and  head  seas  the  steamship  was  so  much 
delayed  as  not  to  reach  Southampton  until  the  channel  boat  for  Havre 
had  been  some  hours  on  her  way,  and  the  passengers  of  the  ocean  ves¬ 
sel  were  compelled  to  go  to  Paris  via  London,  Dover,  and  Calais, 
arriving  after  nightfall  on  the  1st  of  February.  * 

At  the  office  of  the  United  States  Commission,  at  20  Avenue  Rapp, 
in  Paris,  the  editor  learned  that  the  French  authorities  had  issued  an 
imperative  demand  for  a  catalogue  to  be  delivered  not  later  than  3 
o’clock  on  the  afternoon  of  February  1,  that  such  a  catalogue  had 
been  prepared  by  translating  for  the  Feuilles  Vertes  the  entries  upon 
the  application  papers  on  file  in  the  Paris  office,  and  that  the  catalogue 
so  made  had  been  filed  at  the  time  required. 

This  catalogue  contained  about  3,500  entries,  while  that  brought 
over  by  the  editor  contained  more  than  6,500.  In  many  other  respects 
the  two  documents  differed  materially. 

The  messenger  was  cordially  received  by  Assistant  Commissioner- 
General  Woodward,  and  through  his  courtesy  an  audience  was  secured 
with  Director-General  Delaunay-Belleville. 

The  director-general  very  kindly  recognized  the  efforts  made  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  French  Commission  and  the  delays 
occasioned  by  causes  beyond  human  control.  He  expressed  gratifica¬ 
tion  at  the  form  in  which  the  catalogue  was  presented,  although  not 
in  French,  and  he  agreed  that  if  the  translation  was  entered  upon 
promptly  and  pushed  vigorously  the  groups  when  prepared  might  be 
substituted  for  the  catalogue  in  Feuilles  Vertes,  already  in  the  hands 
of  the  French  editors.  Mr.  Delaunay-Belleville  also  agreed  to  recog¬ 
nize  the  late  applications,  some  1,200  in  number,  which  had  been 
brought  over  by  the  special  envoy  with  the  catalogue.  All  these 
concessions  were  afterwards  made  effective  through  M.  Girard,  the 
gentleman  having  special  charge  of  the  French  catalogue. 

On  the  following  day  a  visit  was  made  to  the  printing  house  of  the 
Company  Lemercier.  Their  special  delegate  previously  mentioned, 
who  had  visited  the  United  States  and  made  contract  with  the  United 
States  Commission,  and  who  had  charge  of  the  printing  concern’s  cata¬ 
logue  matter  in  Paris,  was  absent  from  the  city,  but  the  members  of  the 
firm  promptly  recognized  the  agreements  he  had  made,  asking,  how¬ 
ever,  that  the  editor  should  undertake  the  supervision  of  the  work  and 
that  the  company  should  not  be  required  to  do  more  than  defray  its 
share  of  the  expense.  Desk  room  being  assigned  at  the  office  in 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  309 


Avenue  Rapp,  a  force  of  assistants  was  employed  and  the  translation 
and  readjustment  of  the  catalogue  was  undertaken.  The  latter  item 
was  important,  as  the  French  classifiers  had  made  very  many  changes 
in  the  classification  of  exhibits  as  they  had  been  assigned  by  the  officers 
of  the  Commission. 

As  fast  as  the  several  groups  were  finished  they  were  reported  to 
the  French  officials  through  Assistant  Commissioner-General  Wood¬ 
ward.  The  original  understanding  had  with  the  Lemercier  Company 
that  these  groups  should  be  put  in  type  as  fast  as  they  were  received 
was  not  carried  into  effect.  Nothing  was  set  up  until  the  whole  had 
been  received.  B}r  this  means  some  valuable  time  was  lost.  The 
translation  was  finished  and  all  proof  read  before  the  14th  of  April, 
on  which  date  the  editor  left  Paris  on  his  return  to  Chicago. 

The  Commissioner-General  and  the  Company  Lemercier  became 
satisfied  that  a  catalogue  in  Russian  would  prove  to  be  a  very  slight 
utility  and  agreed  to  abandon  this  one  of  the  publications  originally 
decided  upon.  In  its  place  the  Lemercier  Company,  according  to  pro¬ 
vision  made,  placed  in  each  of  the  annex  volumes  issued  by  them  an 
introductory  article  upon  the  progress  of  the  United  States  during  the 
century  just  closing  and  its  present  position  as  an  exhibitor.  This 
article,  including  5  pages  of  photographs,  occupies  22  pages  in  each  of 
the  annex  volumes. 

Returning  from  Paris,  the  editor  reached  Chicago  on  the  22d  of 
April.  The  changes  which  had  been  made  in  the  catalogue  by^  the 
withdrawal  of  exhibitors,  the  entries  of  new  ones,  changes  in  titles 
and  addresses,  had  been  so  numerous  that  it  seemed  wise  to  withdraw 
all  of  the  black-letter  lines  and  substitute  therefor  others  newly  set, 
it  appearing  that  much  of  the  matter  in  smaller  type  might  thus  be 
saved  which  was  not  included  with  the  purchase  made  of  the  lines  in 
black-faced  type.  This  was  done.  However,  considering  the  changes 
which  had  to  be  made  and  the  inconvenience  of  making  them,  it  prob¬ 
ably  would  have  been  no  more  expensive  if  the  Commission  had  pur¬ 
chased  outright  all  the  composition  done  in  January'  before  the  editor 
went  to  Paris  and  had  begun  the  work  entirely  afresh. 

With  the  purpose  of  making  the  special  catalogues  agree  with  our 
entries  in  the  general  official  catalogue  of  the  Exposition,  the  editor 
had  secured  the  promise  of  the  publishers  in  Paris  to  send  to  him  in 
Chicago  copies  of  the  official  catalogue  proof  sheets  as  fast  as  the  final 
proofs  were  made.  This  promise  was  only  in  part  fulfilled.  Changes 
continued  to  be  made  at  Paris  in  the  official  catalogue  and  in  the  spe¬ 
cial  catalogue  in  French  as  long  as  proofs  were  offered  for  correction. 

As  soon  as  the  composition  of  the  English  catalogue  was  well 
advanced  a  corps  of  translators  was  formed  in  Chicago  for  the  prep¬ 
aration  of  copy  in  German.  The  translation  was  put  into  type  upon 
linotype  machines,  though  it  presently  appeared  that  the  operators 
were  English  and  not  German  printers,  a  fact  which  caused  infinite 


310  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


trouble.  The  example  should  not  be  followed.  Nevertheless,  by  dint 
of  labor  and  perseverance  a  fair  translation  was  secured,  the  errors 
being*  such  as  only  printers  and  experts  would  be  likely  to  recognize. 

Before  the  editor  left  Paris,  after  the  completion  of  his  share  in  the 
general  catalogue,  the  representative  of  the  Lemercier  Company  had 
agreed  that  the  entries  for  the  United  States  should  be  collected  into 
a  single  volume,  the  same  type  to  serve  also  for  its  special  edition. 
It  afterwards  developed  that  for  the  special  catalogue  the  type  was 
reset  and  many  changes  were  made. 

To  the  English  catalogue' for  the  United  States  an  index  of  exhibitors, 
alphabetically  arranged,  was  appended,  occupying  70  pages  of  non¬ 
pareil  type  in  double  columns. 

Of  the  French  official  general  catalogue,  80,000  copies  were  printed 
at  Lille,  in  France.  Six  thousand  copies  of  the  French  special  catalogue 
for  the  United  States  were  printed  at  the  same  place.  Of  the  special 
United  States  catalogue  in  English,  8,500  copies  were  printed  in 
Chicago,  as  well  as  1,500  copies  of  the  same  catalogue  in  German. 

Two  thousand  of  the  special  English  catalogues  were  delivered  to 
the  Commission  for  distribution  from  the  Chicago  office  and  500  for 
distribution  from  the  Paris  office.  Fifty  copies  of  each  of  the  special 
editions  in  French  and  German  were  also  delivered  to  the  Paris  office. 
Twenty-five  copies  of  the  English  edition  were  bound  in  morocco,  full 
gilt,  for  special  distribution;  125  copies  were  put  up  in  half  morocco 
for  a  similar  purpose.  In  these  bound  copies  the  annex  volumes  were 
included. 

An  analysis  of  the  entries  by  groups  in  the  several  catalogues  is 
appended.  If  to  the  largest  aggregate,  found  in  the  latest  issued  cata¬ 
logue,  that  in  French,  be  added  the  number  of  exhibitors  participating 
in  collective  exhibits,  the  grand  total  of  exhibitors  from  the  United 
States  of  record  in  printed  catalogues  appears  to  have  been  7,091. 

Number  of  exhibitors  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 


Groups. 

Catalogue 
first  made 
at  Chi¬ 
cago. 

Official 

general 

French 

cata¬ 

logue. 

Special 
catalogues 
in  Eng¬ 
lish  and 
German. 

Special 

catalogue 

in 

French. 

I.  Education . 

256 

252 

261 

259 

II.  Fine  arts.. 

308 

326 

324 

324 

III.  Liberal  arts . 

563 

580 

565 

623 

IV.  Machinery . 

299 

282 

304 

263 

V.  Electricity . 

296 

284 

288 

173 

VI.  Transportation . 

456 

455 

447 

486 

VII.  Agriculture . 

1,108 

1,072 

210 

1,117 

212 

1,081 

VIII.  Horticulture . 

213 

210 

IX.  Forestry,  etc . 

163 

159 

159 

302 

X.  Food  stuffs 

284 

264 

269 

269 

XI.  Mining . 

1,299 

263 

1,297 

262 

1,301 

1,291 

271 

XII.  Furniture . 

259 

XIII.  Textiles . 

152 

133 

130 

122 

XIV.  Cheminal  industries. 

92 

92 

93 

93 

XV.  Varied  industries . 

113 

106 

115 

110 

XVI.  Social  economy . 

647 

547 

642 

665 

XVII.  Army  and  Navy . 

35 

37 

38 

39 

Retrospective . T ,  _  r . . 

16 

16 

Total . 

6,563 

6,358 

6,540 

6,581 

NEW  YORK  STATE  ROOM,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  311 


Letter  to  Exhibitors  Explaining  Catalogue  Entries. 


[ Read  with  care  to  learn  your  privileges  in  the  official  and  special  catalogues  and,  the  steps 
you  must  take  to  secure  them.  ] 


Chicago  Offices,  November  25 ,  1899. 

Dear  Sir:  The  accompanying  circulaf  explains  the  privileges  granted  by  the 
French  administration  to  each  exhibitor  as  to  the  insertion  of  data  concerning  his 
exhibit  in  the  official  general  catalogue.  Besides  the  general  catalogue  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition,  issued  in  French  by  the  French  authorities,  the  Commissioner-General  for 
the  United  States  has  provided  for  the  issue  by  the  same  publisher  of  a  special  cata¬ 
logue  of  the  exhibits  from  the  United  States  in  each  of  the  four  languages,  English, 
French,  German,  and  Russian. 

Each  exhibitor  is  entitled  to  two  lines — or,  if  they  are  insufficient,  to  three  lines, 
described  in  the  circular  of  the  general  catalogue — in  the  general  catalogue  and  in 
each  of  the  four  special  catalogues.  He  may  also  occupy,  upon  terms  stated  below, 
as  many  additional  or  “supplementary”  lines  as  he  may  choose  to  the  number  of 
six,  probably  ten,  in  any  or  all  of  the  five  catalogues,  at  his  option.  The  matter 
inserted  in  the  supplementary  lines  must  be  confined  strictly  to  statements  of  the 
articles  exhibited  or  the  materials  of  which  they  are  comprised  and  of  awards 
received  at  previous  international  expositions.  The  matter  must  be  dignified  in 
character,  and  whatever  savors  of  “advertising”  will  be  strictly  excluded.  Each  of 
the  three  free  lines  contains  about  45  letters;  each  of  the  “supplementary  lines” 
about  60  letters. 

The  cost  to  the  exhibitor  for  the  insertion  of  the  “supplementary  lines”  in  the 
official  general  catalogue  will  be  $5  per  line;  in  the  special  catalogue,  in  any  one 
language,  $5  per  line,  and  in  each  additional  special  catalogue,  $2  per  line.  The 
charge  for  the  insertion  in  the  entire  series  of  five  will  be  $16  per  line. 

The  exhibitor  will  furnish  the  matter  in  English.  It  will  be  carefully  translated 
into  the  other  languages  under  competent  supervision  and  without  charge. 

The  publishers  of  the  catalogue  will  also  issue  an  illustrated  advertising  volume, 
which  will  be  uniform  in  style  and  size  with  the  special  catalogues.  Each  copy  of 
the  special  catalogue  will  be  accompanied  by  the  advertising  volume,  the  two  being 
put  up  together  in  a  box.  Occupation  of  space  in  the  illustrated  advertising  volume 
will  be  wholly  optional  with  the  exhibitor,  who  will  make  his  own  terms  with  the 
publisher  as  to  the  space  taken  and  cost  thereof.  The  matter  inserted  must  be  dig¬ 
nified  in  character  and  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Commissioner-General. 

Kindly  note  upon  the  inclosed  blank  form  the  date,  which  should  be  inserted  in  the 
free  lines  assigned  to  you.  Also  state  the  number  of  supplementary  lines  you  desire 
to  use,  specify  the  catalogues  in  which  you  wish  them  inserted,  and  give  the  matter 
you  wish  to  have  appear. 

As  the  preparation  of  matter  for  the  catalogues  will  require  the  most  careful  super¬ 
vision,  in  the  interest  of  both  the  exhibitor  and  the  Exposition,  your  immediate 
reply  is  earnestly  solicited,  to  be  forwarded  in  the  inclosed  franked  envelope. 

Yours,  very  truly, 


(Signed  by  the  Director  of  the  Department.) 


Approved: 


Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 
Commissioner-  Geneeral. 


312  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Instructions  to  Exhibitors  as  to  Catalogue  Entries. 

[International  Universal  Exposition  at  Paris  in  1900.] 

THE  OFFICIAL  GENERAL  CATALOGUE. 

The  official  general  catalogue  for  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  will  contain  for 
each  exhibitor —  # 

1.  One  free  entry,  including  the  information  mentioned  in  article  74  of  the  general 
regulations. 

2.  Optional  supplementary  information. 

I.  Lines  accorded  free  to  exhibitors. — The  information  inserted  free  for  each  exhibitor 
in  the  official  general  catalogue  includes:  (1)  The  name  of  the  firm  name;  (2)  the 
address;  (3)  the  summary  naming  of  the  articles  exhibited;  (4)  the  place  where 
these  articles  are  exhibited;  (5)  the  serial  number  of  the  exhibitor. 

Items  4  and  5  will  be  inserted  officially  by  the  administration,  and  may  be  counted 
together  as  an  average  of  six  letters. 

As  a  general  rule  two  lines  of  the  catalogue  are  granted  for  this  information;  if 
they  do  not  suffice,  a  third  line  is  due  free.  Each  of  these  lines  will  be  composed  of 
about  forty-five  letters. 

.  Every  fraction  of  a  line  counts  as  an  entire  line. 

II.  Exhibitor  admitted  in  several  classes. — An  exhibitor  admitted  to  exhibit  in  several 
classes  has  a  right  to  an  entry  with  the  same  number  of  lines  in  each  of  the  classes. 

III.  Collective  exhibits. — The  collective  exhibits  will  figure  in  the  general  official 
catalogue  under  the  conditions  above  fixed  for  individual  exhibitors.  However, 
when  these  exhibits  are  under  several  names,  the  announcement  of  the  collective 
name  must  be  followed  by  the  names  of  the  participants  in  alphabetical  order,  with 
the  products  exhibited  by  each. 

IV.  Supplementary  lines.  —Following  the  entry  to  which  he  regularly  has  a  right, 
each  exhibitor  has  the  option  to  complete  the  list  of  articles  that  he  exhibits  and  to 
state,  on  his  own  responsibility,  the  prizes  that  he  may  have  obtained  at  preceding 
international  universal  expositions  having  an  official  character. 

The  supplementary  entry  may  not  exceed  six  lines  and  must  not  serve,  under  any 
pretext,  to  give  a  judgment  on  the  quality  of  the  products  or  the  artistic,  industrial, 
or  commercial  merits  of  the  exhibitor. 

In  case  the  whole  number  of  exhibitors  do  not  use  the  six  lines  authorized  to  each 
as  a  supplement,  the  lines  not  used  may  be  divided  among  the  exhibitors  who  may 
request  it,  without,  however,  the  same  exhibitor  being  permitted  to  have  more  than 
ten  supplementary  lines. 

Each  one  of  the  supplementary  lines  will  contain  about  sixty  letters.  Every  frac¬ 
tion  of  a  line  counts  as  a  whole  line. 

V.  Contractor  for  the  official  catalogue. — The  price  for  the  insertion  of  each  supple¬ 
mentary  line  in  the  official  general  catalogue  is  uniformly  fixed  at  25  francs.  It  is 
payable  directly  to  the  Society  anonyme  des  Imprimeries  Lemercier,  44  rue  Vercinge- 
torix,  Paris,  contractor  for  the  printing  and  publication  of  the  official  catalogue. 

The  contractor  of  the  catalogue  will  submit  the  text  of  the  supplementary  lines 
to  the  general  directions  of  exploitation  (service  of  the  official  catalogue)  which  lias 
the  right  to  refuse  what  may  appear  to  it  contrary  to  good  order  or  the  regular 
requirements. 

Form  of  Catalogue  Entry  to  be  Returned  by  Exhibitor. 

[International  Universal  Exposition  at  Paris  in  1900. — United  States  of  America.] 

Matter  for  entry  of  exhibits  in  the  official  general  catalogue. 

FOR  THREE  FREE  LINES. 

1.  Name  or  style  of  firm . 

2.  Place  of  business . , . 

3.  Summary  statement  of  exhibit . 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  313 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LINES. 

I  desire  to  occupy - supplementary  lines  in  each  of  the  catalogues  of  the  Paris 

Exposition  of  1900  whose  names  following  I  have  not  erased: 

The  general  official  catalogue  in  French,  the  special  catalogues  of  United  States 
exhibits  issued  in  English,  French,  German,  and  Russian. 

For  this  service  I  agree  to  pay  the  publisher  of  said  catalogues — 

For  insertion  in  the  general  official  catalogue,  in  French,  five  dollars  ($5.00)  per 
line. 

For  insertion  in  one  of  the  special  United  States  catalogues,  five  dollars  ($5.00)  per 
line. 

For  insertion  in  each  of  the  other  special  catalogues  used,  two  dollars  ($2.00)  per 
line. 

Matter  for  supplementary  lines . 


(Signature:) - . 

Form  of  Catalogue  Entry  to  be  Returned  by  French  Exhibitors. 

[No  du  certificat  d’ admission, - .  Section  Etats-Unis:  Groupe, - .  Classe, '.] 

FORMULE  D’ INSCRIPTION  AU  CATALOGUE  GENERAL  OFFICIEL,  A  REMPLIR  TRES  LISIBLE" 

MENT  PAR  L’EXPOSANT. 

Rasion  commerciale  ou  sociale  (1)  . . 

Adresse  ou  siege  social . . .  . 

Nature  de  l’industrie . 

Denomination  des  produits  exposes .  . 

Nota. — Cette  formule  doit  faire  retour  dans  le  plus  bref  delai  u  la  direction  generate 
de  P  exploitation.  Les  noms  des  exposants  dont  la  formule  ne  serait  pas  parvennue 
avant  le  31  Octobre,  1899  (date  de  riguer)  ne  pourraient  au  catalogue  general  officiel. 

En  case  d’ indications  imparfaites  ou  insuffisantes,  Y administration  decline  toute 
responsabilite  pour  les  erreurs  orthographiques  ou  autres  qui  pourraient  se  glisser  dans 
Y impression  de  catalogue  officiel. 

Voir  au  dos  le  regime  des  lignes  gratuites  et  des  lignes  supplementaires  pour  les 
inscription  au  catalogue  general  officiel. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Selim  H.  Peabody, 

Editor  and  Statistician. 


REPORT  OF  THE  TRUSTEE  TO  THE 
COMMISSIONER-GENERAL, 


STATEMENTS  OF  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES  TO  JANUARY  1,  1901. 


C.  I.  DRAKE,  Trustee. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Paris,  France,  January  31 ,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  In  pursuance  of  my  duty  as  a  member  of  your  staff  1 
have  the  honor  to  herewith  transmit  a  brief  report  of  the  work  per¬ 
formed  in  my  department,  with  a  statement  of  receipts  and  expendi¬ 
tures  up  to  January  1,  1901. 

The  nature  of  the  work  has  been  such  that  it  is  impossible  to  pre¬ 
sent  an  interesting  narrative  covering  the  subject,  as  is  done  b}^  your 
directors  of  exhibit  departments,  but  as  figures  often  tell  the  story 
sought  for,  it  is  hoped  that  the  statement  will  receive  an  examination 
at  your  hands. 

Your  attention  is  respectfully  called  to  the  following  items  under 
heading  of  expenditures  in  the  several  departments,  which,  under 
ordinary  conditions,  are  borne  by  the  Government: 

Construction  of  the  United  States  machinery  building  at  Vincennes,  with  installa¬ 
tion  and  maintenance  of  power  plant  in  connection  therewith. 

Flooring,  salaries,  etc.,  in  palace  of  machinery  and  electricity,  Champ  de  Mars. 

Facade  and  partitions  in  department  of  varied  industries. 

Facade  and  show  cases  in  department  of  mining  and  metallurgy. 

Flooring  in  department  of  civil  engineering  and  transportation. 

There  are  numerous  others  of  less  importance,  but  the  above-men¬ 
tioned  alone  indicate  that  the  exhibitors  have  contributed  handsomely 
to  the  success  of  our  display  in  the  way  of  buildings  and  other  con¬ 
structions,  and  had  these  contributions  not  been  made  the  appearance 
and  size  of  the  various  sections  would  have  been  unworthy  of  the 
United  States. 

It  is  hoped  that  a  review  of  the  work  performed  under  the  collective 
exhibit  plan  will  fully  illustrate  that  through  your  wise  adoption  of 
the  same  many  meritorious  items  were  displayed  for  the  first  time 
abroad  and  could  not  have  been  exhibited  under  any  other  system  on 
account  of  the  expense. 

In  one  of  these  collective  exhibits  a  firm  made  sales  amounting  to 
$40,000,  and  now  have  a  permanent  representative  in  Europe.  The 
total  amount  assessed  against  them  for  installation,  maintenance,  etc., 
was  less  than  $1,100. 

In  conclusion,  I  desire  to  express  my  sincere  appreciation  of  the 

317 


318  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


trust  and  confidence  placed  in  me,  and  if  by  good  fortune  you  should 
find  that  my  work  merits  approval,  I  would  ask  that  the  credit  be 
given  Director  Blackmar,  who  through  his  broad  experience  in  such 
matters  was  able  to  give  me  invaluable  advice  at  the  beginning  and 
remained  the  good  friend  and  adviser  throughout  the  Exposition 
period. 

Hoping  that  this  may  yet  be  in  time  to  be  of  service,  I  am, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

C.  I.  Drake,  Trustee. 

Hon.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General  for  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Exposition  of 1900. 


REPORT  OF  THE  TRUSTEE  FOR  COLLECTIVE  EXHIBITS. 


CONTENTS. 

Appointment — Assistants — Bond  of  trustee — Depository  for  funds — Blank  forms  of 
circulars — Estimates  and  calculations — Reports  and  disbursements — Statement 
of  receipts  and  expenditures  (department  of  machinery  and  electricity;  depart¬ 
ment  of  varied  industries;  department  of  mining  and  metallurgy;  department 
of  civil  engineering  and  transportation) — Recapitulation. 


TEMPORARY  APPOINTMENT. 

In  consequence  of  the  assurances  received  from  exhibitors  that  they 
would  cooperate  with  the  director  of  machinery  and  electricity  in  his 
plan  to  construct  a  model  machine  shop  at  the  u  Bois  de  Vincennes,” 
the  writer  was  appointed  by  you  to  take  charge  of  the  accounting  in 
connection  with  this  work  and  entered  upon  such  duties  on  June  22, 
1899. 

The  first  few  weeks  were  spent  in  becoming  familiar  with  allot¬ 
ments,  planning  blanks,  contract  forms,  books,  etc.,  and  mapping  out 
the  work,  which  of  necessity  must  be  done  hurriedly  and  under  a  sys¬ 
tem  requiring  the  least  amount  of  detail  possible.  It  was  while  thus 
engaged  that  the  question  of  the  handling  of  exhibitors’  funds  occu¬ 
pied  much  of  the  time  and  attention  of  yourself  and  staff,  and  having 
received  the  best  legal  opinion,  as  well  as  suggestions  from  various 
sources,  the  matter  was  brought  up  for  discussion  at  a  conference  of 
your  directors  in  New  York,  where  the  general  plan,  as  outlined  in 
the  report  of  the  director  of  affairs,  was  accepted  and  agreed  upon. 

PERMANENT  APPOINTMENT. 

In  the  carrying  out  of  this  general  plan,  the  writer  had  the  honor 
to  be  selected  by  you  to  act  as  trustee  for  collective  exhibit  and  other 
special  funds  contributed,  and  such  selection  was  approved  by  all 
exhibitors  whose  funds  were  placed  in  his  hands. 


319 


320  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


ASSISTANTS. 

Prior  to  September,  1900,  the  writer  had  no  regular  assistants,  but 
received  help  in  the  way  of  stenographic  work  from  Director  Black- 
mar’s  staff. 

On  September  5,  1900,  you  appointed  Miss  Gertrude  C.  Heymen,  of 
New^  York,  as  an  accountant,  who  was  assigned  to  my  department  and 
remained  in  charge  of  the  bookkeeping  up  to  December  31,  1900. 

Mr.  Gaston  Aillaud,  of  Paris,  was  engaged  on  October  20  as  transla¬ 
tion  clerk  and  assistant  accountant,  in  which  capacity  he  has  served  up 
to  the  present  time. 

BOND. 

The  estimates  made  by  directors  indicated  that  large  sums  of  money 
would  pass  through  the  trustee’s  hands,  therefore  he  was  required  to 
furnish  a  bond  which  would  be  sufficient  to  cover  any  probable  cash 
balance,  and  in  fulfilling  such  requirement  he  submitted  one  to  the 
amount  of  $50,000,  issued  by  the  United  States  Fidelity  and  Guaranty 
Company,  of  Baltimore,  which  was  accepted  by  you  on  behalf  of  the 
exhibitors,  on  August  19,  1899. 

DEPOSITORY  FOR  FUNDS. 

As  receipt  of  moneys  began,  an  account  was  opened  with  the  Ameri¬ 
can  Trust  and  Savings  Bank,  Chicago,  Ill.,  under  the  name  of  C.  I. 
Drake,  trustee,  and  the  first  deposit  was  made  under  date  of  Septem¬ 
ber  9,  1899,  and  all  receipts  thereafter  were  promptly  deposited  with 
said  institution  up  to  the  time  of  the  trustee’s  departure  for  Europe  on 
March  8,  1900,  at  which  time  arrangements  were  made  whereby  a  part 
of  the  funds  could  be  transferred  to  Paris. 

This  transfer  was  effected  by  the  issue  of  a  letter  of  credit  by  the 
depository  at  Chicago  by  the  Credit  Lyonnais,  which  was  to  act  in  a 
similar  capacity  in  Paris. 

PRINTED  FORMS. 

In  carrying  out  the  work  of  this  department,  certain  printed  forms 
were  necessary  and  the  copies  herewith  indicate  clearly  the  use  made 
of  them: 

Form  No.  1. — Official  receipt. 

Form  No.  2. — Official  voucher. 

Form  No.  3. — Check  used  for  depository. 

Form  No.  4. — Invoices. 

Form  No.  5. — Collective  exhibitors’  contract. 

In  reference  to  the  last  named,  it  may  be  said  that  the  general  con¬ 
ditions  mentioned  in  all  contracts  with  exhibitors,  whether  individual 
or  collective,  were  uniform  but  certain  modifications  were  necessary  in 
agreements  made  with  individual  exhibitors  for  constructions,  such  as 
the  United  States  machinery  building,  at  Vincennes,  but  the  difference 
being  slight  the  special  form  was  not  given. 


RECEPTION  ROOM  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  321 


No.  946. 

Form  No.  1. 

Universal  Exposition ,  Paris,  1900. 

COLLECTIVE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

[Auditorium  Building,  Chicago;  20  Avenue  Rapp,  Paris;  C.  I.  Drake,  trustee.] 

Received  of - the  sum  of  — - dollars,  in  full  of  assessment 


$ - . 


Trustee. 


Form  No.  2. 

[Voucher  No. - .] 

Universal  Exposition,  Paris,  1900. 


COLLECTIVE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


[IT.  S. Commission  to  Paris  Exposition,  Auditorium  Building,  Chicago;  20  Avenue  Rapp,  Paris.] 

C.  I.  Drake,  Trustee.  To - ,  Dr. 


I  certify  the  above  account  to  be  correct.  - - - Superintendent.  Approved. - 

Director  of - . 

Approved  for  payment. 

- ,  Trustee. 

Distribution. 


Charge. 

Sub  acc’t. 

Amount. 

Total _ 

- 

1 

Date 

Received  of  C.  I.  Drake,  trustee, - dollars,  in  full  of  above  account. 


8 - . 


Per 


Form  No.  3. 


[U.  S.  collective  exhibits  at  Paris  Exposition,  1900.  C.  I.  Drake,  trustee.] 

[Revenue  stamp.]  No.  998. 

Chicago, - ,  189 — . 

The  American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank  of  Chicago. 

Pay  to  the  order  of - ($ - ) - dollars. 

Countersigned  by 


S.  Doc.  232 - 21 


■,  Trustee. 


322 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Form  No.  4. 

Office  of  the  United  States  Commission  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 
[C.  I.  Drake,  trustee,  20  Avenue  Rapp,  Paris.] 

- ,  Dr. 


Make  all  cheeks  payable  to  C.  I.  Drake,  trustee. 


No. 


Form  Nq.  5. 


United  States  Commission  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 

[Commissioner-General,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck;  assistant  commissioner-general,  Benjamin  D.  Wood¬ 
ward;  secretary  of  the  commission,  Frederick  Brackett;  Chicago,  Auditorium  building;  New  York, 
Equitable  building;  Paris,  20  Avenue  Rapp.] 

Department  of - .  -  Collective  exhibit - . 

Chicago, - ,  189 — . 


Dear  Sir:  In  accordance  with  the  space  contract  to  you  of  this  date,  your  pro¬ 
posed  exhibit  has  been  accepted  as  a  part  of  tbe  above  collective  exhibit,  subject  to 
your  acceptance  of  the  terms  of  such  contract  and  of  this  communication. 

Said  collective  exhibit  will  be  under  the  charge  of  — - ,  superintendent, 

who  has  been  agreed  upon  by  many  of  the  exhibitors  in  the  said  collective  exhibit 
to  take  care  of,  manage,  and  handle  the  same  a's  their  representative  and  at  their 
expense,  which  expense  is  included  in  the  estimate  below. 

The  superintendent  and  myself  have  made  a  careful  estimate  of  the  amount  of 
money  necessary  to  conduct  said  exhibit,  which  estimate  was  then  carefully  revised 
by  the  trustee,  the  said  superintendent,  trustee,  and  myself  agreeing  upon  the  total 
estimate  as  it  now  stands. 

The  estimated  cost  to  you  is  $ - ,  being  your  pro  rata  of  the  entire  estimated  cost 

of  the  said  collective  exhibit.  This  estimate  does  not  include  insurance  or  salesmen, 
and  you  are  at  liberty  to  make  &nangements  for  these  if  they  are  necessary. 

C.  I.  Drake  has  been  agreed  upon  by  many  of  the  exhibitors  as  trustee  for  the  funds 
to  be  contributed  and  expended  in  their  interest,  and  the  American  Trust  and  Sav¬ 
ings  Bank  of  Chicago  has  also  been  agreed  upon  by  many  of  the  exhibitors  as  a 
proper  and  safe  depository  in  which  the  trustee  shall  deposit  the  funds,  to  be  checked 
against  as  required.  A  bond  has  been  issued  by  the  United  States  Fidelity  and 
Guaranty  Company  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  the  sum  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  (which 
bond  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Commissioner-General) ,  guaranteeing  all  exhibitors 
whose  funds  may  be  intrusted  to  the  trustee  against  loss  or  misappropriation  of 
funds  on  his  part. 

The  above  trustee  will  be  compensated  from  the  collective  exhibit  funds  of  all  the 
collective  exhibits  in  the  various  departments  of  the  Exposition  under  his  care,  pro 
rata,  the  charge  to  each  exhibitor  being  a  very  small  sum,  which  is  covered  in  the 
amount  of  above  estimate. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


323 


All  expenditures  for  the  benefit  of  the  above  collective  exhibit  will  first  be  author¬ 
ized  by  the  superintendent  within  the  lines  of  the  original  estimate,  and  vouchers  for 
the  same  will  be  approved  by  him,  will  then  be  examined  and  approved  by  me,  and 
will  be  finally  approved  by  the  trustee,  who  will  draw  his  check  for  the  amount. 

For  the  better  protection  of  the  exhibitors  and  this  commission,  it  has  been  arranged 
that  each  check  must  be  countersigned  by  some  trusted  representative  of  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General. 

All  vouchers  will  be  carefully  filed;  complete  and  accurate  sets  of  books  will  be 
kept  of  all  contributions,  expenditures,  and  payments  of  every  nature  and  descrip¬ 
tion;  which  vouchers  and  books  will  at  all  reasonable  times  be  open  to  the  inspection 
of  any  exhibitors  interested. 

Should  any  surplus  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  trustee  after  paying  all  expenses  in 
connection  with  the  above  collective  exhibit,  such  surplus  will  be  returned,  pro  rata, 
to  the  exhibitors  who  have  contributed  thereto. 

Please  send  check  to  the  order  of  American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank,  the  deposi¬ 
tory  above  mentioned,  addressed  to  the  undersigned,  and  also  sign  and  return  the 
approval  and  acceptance  on  the  bottom  of  this  document,  retaining  the  attached 
duplicate  for  your  own  information. 

Very  truly,  yours, 


Director  of 

I  approve  and  accept  the  above. 


ESTIMATES  AND  COLLECTIONS. 

Estimates  were  carefully  drawn  up  by  the  superintendent  or  archi¬ 
tect,  which  were  then  revised  by  the  director  and  trustee,  who,  after 
adding  20  per  cent  for  contingent  items,  finally  approved  the  same. 

Although  having  no  precedent  to  go  by,  and  but  meager  informa¬ 
tion  regarding  the  cost  of  transportation  and  installation  at  Paris,  the 
result  of  the  studied  estimates  of  the  directors  cooperating  in  this 
work  is  a  happy  one,  as  in  nearly  every  instance  the  original  figures 
have  proved  sufficient  to  cover  the  expenditure  indicated  in  the  final 
estimates. 

As  conditions  varied  greatly  in  the  various  departments,  it  was 
extremely  difficult  to  make  intelligent  comparisons,  and  it  was  found 
impossible  to  fix  upon  a  uniform  charge  per  square  foot,  owing  to  the 
difference  in  the  installation  of  an  electrical  instrument,  a  bath  tub,  and 
that  of  a  steam  boiler.  However,  the  general  expense  items,  such  as 
the  salaries  of  experts,  travel,  janitor  service,  etc.,  did  not  vary  to  so 
great  an  extent. 

The  problem  of  collections  was  not  a  light  one,  as  the  files  will  indi¬ 
cate,  and,  although  much  was  accomplished  between  the  month  of 
August,  1899,  and  March,  1900,  a  great  deal  had  to  be  performed  at 
Paris  under  great  disadvantages,  owing  to  the  limited  knowledge 
possessed  by  many  of  the  exhibitors’  agents  or  representatives  regard¬ 
ing  the  previous  arrangements  entered  into  by  the  home  offices  and 
the  directors  of  departments,  and  also  the  limited  authority  given  the 
representatives  by  their  firms  in  matter  of  expenditure.  These 


324  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


remarks  apply  exclusively  to  constructions,  special  installation,  electric 
power,  railing,  etc.,  furnished  individual  exhibitors  by  the  various 
departments  for  the  sake  of  uniformity  and  economy,  the  expense 
being  prorated  among  the  firms  and  individuals  interested. 

In  the  departments  of  machinery  and  electricity  and  varied  indus¬ 
tries  the  amounts  of  contracts  were  divided  into  two  or  three  assess¬ 
ments,  while  in  civil  engineering  and  transportation,  agriculture,  and 
mining  and  metallurgy  but  one  was  made. 

For  the  larger  contracts  50  percent  for  each  of  two  assessments  and 
with  the  smaller  ones  the  total  amount  would  appear  to  be  the  most 
satisfactory  arrangements. 

REPORTS. 

Up  to  February,  1900,  frequent  reports  were  made  to  the  interested 
directors  regarding  collections,  which  enabled  them  to  make  other 
dispositions  of  space  that  had  been  allotted  to  firms  who  would  not  or 
could  not  raise  the  necessary  amount  to  cover  the  estimated  expenses 
assessed  against  them. 

Lack  of  office  room  and  adequate  assistance  at  Paris  from  March  20 
to  September  1,  1900,  prevented  the  writer  from  issuing  regular  and 
formal  reports,  but  the  books  were  posted  promptly  and  the  informa¬ 
tion  requested  by  the  directors  from  time  to  time  was  given  upon 
application. 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

As  provided  in  the  contracts  with  exhibitors,  much  care  was  taken 
by  this  department  in  the  disbursement  of  trust  funds. 

All  bills  were  first  checked  by  the  superintendent,  then  approved 
by  the  director,  and  finally  approved  for  payment  by  the  trustee,  who 
drew  his  check  for  the  amount  thereof. 

This  was  not  only  carried  out  in  cases  where  a  formal  contract 
existed,  but  also  for  expenditures  made  for  special  installations,  power, 
etc. ,  where  no  written  agreement  had  been  made. 

All  checks  drawn  upon  the  American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank  or 
the  Credit  Lyonnais  were  countersigned  by  one  of  the  three  trusted 
representatives  of  the  Commissioner-General,  whose  names  follow: 
Paul  Blackmar,  F.  J.  V.  Skiff,  M.  H.  Hulbert.  No  expenditures 
were  made  for  any  collective  exhibit  account  until  a  number  of  con¬ 
tracts  had  been  signed  and  a  payment  made  thereon,  which  was 
sufficient  to  guarantee  that  the  project  would  succeed. 

While  ample  precautions  were  taken  in  the  auditing  of  bills,  it  was 
aimed  to  be  prompt  at  all  times  in  the  settlement  of  accounts,  and 
experience  has  proved  that  our  ability  to  pay  cash  for  purchases 
enabled  us  to  procure  lower  quotations  than  would  have  been  possible 
for  strictly  governmental  orders. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  325 


STATEMENT  OF  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES. 

In  the  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures  up  to  January  1, 1900, 
which  follows,  the  writer  has  aimed  to  give  briefly  an  idea  of  the  work 
performed,  with  the  cost  thereof,  without  going  into  needless  detail. 

As  man}r  items  of  expense,  such  as  return  freight,  etc.,  can  not  be 
known  for  some  weeks,  the  following  can  only  be  considered  as  a  par¬ 
tial  report  in  so  far  as  it  relates  to  expenditures. 

The  departments  are  taken  up  in  the  order  of  size  of  fund  and 
importance  of  exhibits,  as  follows:  Machinery  and  electricity,  varied 
industries,  agriculture,  mining  and  metallurgy,  civil  engineering,  and 
transportation. 


STATEMENT. 


January  1,  1901. 


Department  of  Machinery  and  Electricity. 


receipts. 


United  States  machinery  building,  Vincennes: 

From  exhibitors,  for  building  construction  at  $1.25  per 


square  foot .  $37, 664.  44 

Uniform  railing,  at  5  francs  per  running  foot .  2, 250. 15 

Unloading  and  handling  exhibits,  at  10  francs  per  ton  . .  2, 049.  52 

Electric  connections .  1, 563.  03 

Steam,  air,  gas,  and  water  connections  (labor  and  material )  -  1 , 261 .  98 

Steam,  air,  and  electric  power,  at  $5  per  estimated  horse¬ 
power  per  month,  May  15  to  November  5 .  11,  705.  68 

Reloading  and  handling  exhibits,  at  10  francs  per  ton. . .  746.  00 

United  States  Government  through  disbursing  agent — 

fuel,  engine  rental,  and  freight1  .  8,554.  74 

Salvage  on  building,  power  plant,  and  equipment .  18,  374.  38 

- $84, 169.  99 


Palace  of  machinery  and  electricity: 

From  exhibitors  for  floorings,  sunshades,  partitions,  etc., 

at  $1  per  square  foot . 

Electric  connections . 

Uniform  railing  and  lamp  posts . . 


21, 417.  93 
904.  80 
3, 336.  40 


Collective  electrical  and  mechanical  exhibit: 

From  exhibitors,  fortransportation,  installation,  and  main¬ 
tenance,  at  $8  per  square  foot . 


25,  659. 13 


2, 925.  65 


Total 


112,  754.  70 


1  In  order  that  our  accounts  might  show  the  total  cost  of  the  building  and  its  main¬ 
tenance,  the  amounts  paid  by  the  disbursing  agent  of  the  Government  for  fuel,  freight, 
and  rental  of  temporary  generating  unit  appear  under  proper  heading  of  expendi¬ 
tures,  offsetting  credit  item  of  $8,554.74. 


326  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


EXPENDITURES. 


United  States  machinery  building,  Vincennes: 

Construction  of  building,  covering  a  gross  area  of  39,000 


square  feet . $44,  972.  31 

Plumbing . 195.  63 

Salaries . 7,768.23 

Uniform  railing .  1, 957. 13 

Supplies  and  sundries .  4, 080.  33 

Power  plant  construction  and  installation — 

Boilers .  $5, 000.  00 

Engine . ‘  .  4,  646.  00 

Dynamo  and  switch  board .  5, 127.  78 

Electric  crane .  5,  200.  00 

Feed  pump  and  heater . • .  450.  00 

Valves  and  gates .  648.  23 

Installation,  piping,  fittings,  and  repairs. .  6, 458.  22 

- - -  27,530.23 


Fuel . 

Palace  of  machinery  and  electricity: 

Flooring,  sunshades,  and  partitions . 

Power  and  lighting  circuit . 

Salaries  (experts  and  labor) . 

Uniform  railing  and  lamp-posts . 

Sundry  expenses . . 

Collective  electrical  and  mechanical  exhibit: 

Salaries . 

Travel . 

Freight  and  cartage . 

Installation . 

Signs  and  labels . 

Decoration . 

Caretaking .  . 

Auditing  and  accounting . 

Sundries . 


7, 162.  41 

-  $93,  666.  27 

4,  927.  22 
904.  80 

2,  719.  58 

4,  789.  74 

2, 606.  54 

-  15,  947.  88 

1,030. 50 
301.  67 
235. 13 
512.  73 
134.  32 
197.  34 
115.  65 
69.23 
320.  94 

- 2,  917.  51 


Total 


112, 531.66 


SUMMARY. 

Total  receipts  to  January  1,  1901 .  $112,  754.  70 

Total  expenditures  to  January  1,  1901 . .  112, 531.  66 

Balance  on  hand . . .  223. 04 


Department  of  Varied  Industries. 


receipts. 

Collective  exhibit  of  furniture  and  decoration: 

From  32  exhibitors,  in  payment  of  contracts .  $12, 068.  38 

Individual  exhibitors: 

From  51  contracts  for  colonnade  construction .  $8, 010.  00 

Partitions . .  2, 662.  66 

Flooring  and  show  cases .  .  2,  650.  00 


13,  322.  66 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  327 
Collective  exhibit  of  stationery: 

From  32  exhibitors,  in  payment  of  contracts .  $12,  823.  15 

Collective  exhibit  of  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus: 

From  33  exhibitors,  in  payment  of  installation  contracts.  .$10,  909.  00 
From  24  exhibitors,  for  exploitation .  4,  534.  00 


-  15, 443. 00 

Janitor  service: 

From  exhibitors  for  labor  expended  in  cleaning  spaces  and  exhibits. .  2,  631.  88 

Light  and  power: 

From  exhibitors  for  installation  and  electric  current .  ‘  4,  250.  09 


Total . , . . , .  60,544.46 


EXPENDITURES. 

Collective  exhibit  of  furniture  and  decoration  space  occupied, 


2,800  square  feet: 

Colonnade . . . .  $1,  316.  00 

Partitions  and  ceilings .  . .  1,  779.  04 

Freight,  cartage,  and  storage . . . - .  403.  84 

Installation . .  1, 407. 41 

Signs  and  labels . . .  306.  66 

Labor . 255.  49 

Decoration . . .  170. 14 

Illumination . .. . .  196.  66 

Caretaking .  538. 44 

Salaries .  2,  750.  00 

Travel . 466.  57 

Auditing  and  clerical  labor .  603.  44 

Floor  coverings . . .  20.  76 

Sundries . 948.34 

- 11,162.79 

Individual  exhibitors: 

Colonnade  construction .  . . .  7,  377.  99 

Colonnade  cleaning . . .  238.  36 

Partitions . 2,366.88 

Show  cases .  1 , 354. 35 

General  expenses . 511.  85 

Sundries... .  247.81 

Platforms . .’ .  14. 46 

Auditing  and  accounting . 306.  68 

Special  charges  for  installation,  etc .  119.  66 

-  12,  538.  04 

Collective  exhibit  of  stationery,  occupying  3,200  square  feet: 

Colonnade . . .  1,  333.  41 

Show  cases .  2, 477.  96 

Partitions .  524.57 

Freight  and  cartage . . . . .  314.  89 

Salaries . 2,625.00 

Travel . 656.24 

Decoration . .  144.  20 

Signs  and  labels  . . . ' .  .  254. 16 

Auditing  and  accounting . . .  559.  44 

Labor . . 186.42 


328  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Collective  exhibit  of  stationery,  etc. — Continued. 

Caretaking . $359.  63 

Light  and  power .  218. 67 

Sundries .  815. 42 

Refunds  to  exhibitors .  587.  50 

Installation .  954. 11 

- $12,011.62 

Collective  exhibit  of  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus: 

Fagade .  1,319.66 

Partitions . . .  550.  75 

Freight  and  cartage .  1,  511. 93 

Installation . 668.  23 

Decoration .  127. 16 

Signs  and  labels .  155. 11 

Labor .  381.  73 

Show  cases . . . . .  115.  51 

Auditing  and  accounting . 715.  41 

Caretaking . 227.85 

Sundries .  531.77 

Salaries .  5,408.13 

Travel . 115.14 

Special  charges  to  exhibitors . 22.  00 

Repacking .  1 12. 34 

Advertising .  82. 92 

Photographs .  210.  37 

- - -  12, 556. 01  > 

Janitor  service: 

Pay  roll  and  supplies .  2, 629.  71 

Light  and  power: 

Alternating  current,  110  volts. . . . . .  $850.  24 

Direct  current,  500  volts . . . . .  833. 50 

Installation,  supplies  and  pay  roll .  2, 500.  43 

-  4, 184. 17 


Total .  55,082.34 


SUMMARY. 

Total  receipts  to  January  1,  1901 .  $60, 544. 46 

Total  expenditures  to  January  1,  1901 .  55, 082. 34 


Balance  on  hand . .  5, 462. 12 


Department  op  Agriculture, 
receipts. 


Collective  exhibit  of  agriculture  and  food  products: 

From  130  exhibitors  in  payment  of  contracts .  $12, 938.  75 

Constructions,  agricultural  annex: 

From  20  individual  exhibitors  for  platforms,  signs,  and  railing .  1,  756.  38 


Total .  14,695.13 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


329 


EXPENDITURES. 

Collective  exhibit  of  agriculture  and  food  products: 


Salaries . .  $2,  722.  67 

Show  cases .  6,  325. 64 

Travel . - .  205.00 

Labor .  432.  87 

Installation . . .  333.  98 

Sundries . „ . .  56.51 

F reight  and  cartage . . .  1 , 408. 02 

Signs  and  labels .  172.  42 

Auditing  and  accounting . .  476.  94 

Storage . . — .  202.  65 

-  $12,334.68 

Constructions,  agricultural  annex: 

Platforms .  940.49 

Signs . - .  181.  50 

Railing . . . .  370.  75 

Sundry  expenses .  147.  68 

-  1,  640.  42 


rotal _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _  13,  975. 10 


SUMMARY. 


Total  receipts  to  January  1,  1901 .  $14,  695. 13 

Total  expenditures  to  January  1,  1901 _ _  13,  975. 10 

Balance  on  hand . . . .  720.  03 


Department  op  Mining  and  Metallurgy. 


receipts. 

Mining  and  metallurgy  facade: 

From  5  individual  exhibitors,  voluntary  contributions . . .  $5,  936.  50 

Collective  exhibit  of  hardware: 

From  20  collective  exhibitors  for  uniform  cases,  etc . .  5,  680.  00 

Total . . . . . . .  11,  616.  50 


expenditures. 


Mining  and  metallurgy  fagade : 

Construction . 

Collective  exhibit  of  hardware: 

Show  cases . 

Installation . . 

Auditing  and  accounting. . 

Freight  and  cartage . 

Special  charges . . 

Photographs  and  framing . 
Signs  and  labels . . 


$4, 026.  01 


23.16 
307.  71 
14.  00 
211.  39 
159.  32 


23.  38 


$5, 936.  50 


4,  764.  97 


Total 


10,  701.  47 


SUMMARY. 


Total  receipts  to  January  1,  1901 . . $11,  616.  50 

Total  expenditures  to  January  1,  1901 . . . .  10,  701.  47 

Balance  on  hand . . .  915. 03 


330  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS, 


Department  of  Civil  Engineering  and  Transportation. 


receipts. 

Collective  engineering  exhibit: 

From  16  exhibitors  in  payment  of  contracts .  $2,  781. 54 

Automobile  building,  Vincennes: 

From  5  individual  exhibitors  for  flooring,  etc .  846.  50 

Railing  construction,  Group  VI,  Champe  de  Mars .  694.  57 

Total .  4,  322.  61 


EXPENDITURES. 

Collective  engineering  exhibit: 

Installation . . . 

Freight  and  cartage . . 

Show  cases . . . . 

Salaries . . 

Caretaking.. . . 

Sundries . 

Auditing  and  accounting . . . . 

Automobile  building,  Vincennes: 

Flooring  contract . . . 

Sundries . 

Railing  construction,  Group  VI,  Champe  de  Mars: 
Material . 


$146.  29 
223.  51 
326. 17 
649. 13 
190. 79 
87.28 
123. 47 

- $1,  746.64 


737.  98 
73. 47 

-  811. 45 

.  681. 97 


Total 


3, 240.  06 


SUMMARY. 


Total  receipts  to  January  1,  1901 .  $1, 322.  61 

Total  expenditures  to  January  1,  1901  .  3,  240.  06 

Balance  on  hand .  1, 082.  55 


Recapitulation 


RECEIPTS. 

Department  of  machinery  and  electricity . 

Varied  industries . . 

Agriculture . 

Mining  and  metallurgy . 

Civil  engineering  and  transportation . 

....  $112,754.70 
60,  544.  46 
. . . .  14,  695. 13 

. . . .  11,  616.  50 

4,  322.  61 

EXPENDITURES. 

Department  of  machinery  and  electricity . 

Varied  industries . 

Agriculture . 

Mining  and  metallurgy . 

Civil  engineering  and  transportation . . 

. . . .  112,  531.  66 

. . . .  55,  082.  34 

. . . .  13,  975. 10 

. . . .  10,  701.  47 

3,  240.  06 

- - -  195,530.63 

Balance  on  hand  Jannary  1,  1901 . . .  8, 402.  77 

Respectfully  submitted. 

20  Avenue  Rapp, 

Parris,  January  1 ,  1901. 


C.  1.  Drake,  Trustee . 


REPORT  OX  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  CUSTOMS. 


BY  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  FINAL  REPORT  OF  THE 
COMMISSIONER-GENERAL. 


331 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Chicago,  February  £3,  1901. 

Dear  Sir:  In  the  absence  of  a  special  contribution  on  that  subject, 
your  committee  on  final  report  has  compiled  and  submits  the  following 
as  the  report  on  the  Department  of  Customs. 

Committee  on  Final  Report. 

lion.  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner- General  for  the  United  States 

to  the  Paris  Fxjoosition  of 1900. 


333 


REPORT  ON  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  CUSTOMS. 


CONTENTS. 

Introduction — General  regulations  for  exhibitors — Circulars  and 'blank  forms — 
Duties,  how  paid,  etc. — Transportation  facilities  in  Paris — Exposition  terminals — 
Declarations — Disposal  of  goods  at  close  of  Exposition — Liquidation  of  customs 
obligation — Transportation  and  storage  of  cases. 


The  necessity  of  a  thoroughly  organized  custom  department  at  an 
international  exposition  will  appeal  to  all  who  have  had  experience  in 
expositions  of  this  class.  The  multiplicity  of  forms  to  be  compiled 
and  arranged  to  cover  every  detail  of  the  widely  varied  objects  which 
go  to  make  up  a  complete  and  satisfactory  representation  of  the  manu¬ 
factured  and  raw  products  of  a  country  like  the  United  States  must 
conform  with  the  customs  regulations  of  the  country  in  which  the  expo¬ 
sition  is  to  be  held. 

The  requirements  of  the  French  minister  of  customs  relative  to  arti¬ 
cles  shipped  to  Paris  intended  for  the  United  States  participation  in 
the  Universal  Exposition,  Paris,  1900,  and  the  formalities  required  by 
the  United  States  Treasury  Department  for  the  free  entry  of  these 
exhibits  upon  their  return  to  our  country  after  the  close  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion  were  first  given  consideration.  The  magnitude  of  tire  wTork  is 
evident  when  one  realizes  that  the  United  States  had  representative 
exhibits  in  every  group  of  the  Exposition  classification  and  that  the 
total  number  of  individual  exhibitors  in  the  United  States  section 
exceeded  6,500.  Instructions  were  sent  to  the  exhibitors,  transla¬ 
tions  of  the  numerous  regulations  compiled  by  the  French  authorities 
governing  the  importation  of  articles  of  different  natures  were  dis¬ 
seminated,  and  in  some  cases  special  rulings  were  necessary  to  govern 
extraordinary  cases  and  conditions. 

As  early  as  December,  1896,  the  following  was  published  in  a  report 
of  Hon.  S.  E.  Morse,  consul-general  of  the  United  States  at  Paris: 

REGULATIONS  AS  TO  TARIFF  DUTIES,  INDIRECT  TAXES,  AND  OCTROI  OR  MUNICIPAL 

DUTIES  ON  EXHIBITS. 

The  provisions  under  this  head  are  very  liberal  as  regards  foreign  exhibitors. 
The  Exposition  grounds  are  constituted  a  bonded  warehouse.  Foreign  exhibits  may 
enter  France  through  any  custom-house.  They  should  be  accompanied  by  a  bul- 

335 


336  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


letin  from  the  shipper,  attached  to  the  bill  of  lading  and  indicating  their  nature, 
class,  weight,  and  place  of  origin.  These  goods  will  be  transported  directly  to  the 
Exposition  grounds,  under  the  conditions  of  international  or  domestic  transit,  at 
the  choice  of  the  shipper.  They  will  be  exempt  from  statistical  dues  and  from 
inspection  at  the  frontier.  Seals  will  be  affixed  without  charge.  All  foreign  prod¬ 
ucts  will  be  taken  in  charge  at  the  Exposition  grounds  by  the  special  customs  agents, 
and,  if  finally  entered  for  consumption,  will  be  subject  only,  whatever  their  origin, 
to  the  duties  imposed  upon  like  products  from  the  most-favored  nation.  Articles 
manufactured  on  the  grounds  from  imported  materials  will  be  subject  only  to  the 
duties  to  which  such  materials  from  the  most-favored  nation  are  liable.  The  manu¬ 
facture  of  tobaccos  by  machines  and  apparatus  exhibited  will  be  authorized  on  the 
express  condition  that  the  goods  so  produced  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  duties  and 
excises  prescribed  bylaw.  No  foreign  goods  will  be  subject  to  indirect  taxes  or 
municipal  dues  (octroi)  unless  entered  for  consumption. 

In  order  that  each  exhibitor  should  be  conversant  with  the  adminis¬ 
tration  requirements,  the  following  regulations  for  exhibitors  were 
compiled: 

REGULATIONS  FOR  EXHIBITORS. 

The  regulations  herewith  presented  for  the  guidance  of  exhibitors  from  the  United 
States  of  America  at  the  Paris  Exposition  have  been  compiled  from  instructions 
received  from  the  French  Exposition  authorities  in  printed  matter  and  by  corre¬ 
spondence,  and  from  the  advice  of  those  expert  in  Exposition  affairs.  Business  men 
know  that  an  enterprise  so  vast  in  scope  and  so  intricate  in  detail  demands  a  careful 
adjustment  of  all  its  working  parts.  If  advised  explicitly  as  to  what  is  required,  they 
will  readily  comply  with  such  requirements.  It  is  believed  that  these  instructions, 
which  must  be  understood  to  be  mandatory,  will  enable  the  exhibitor  to  forward, 
display,  and  return  his  exhibit  with  the  best  success  and  with  the  least  inconven¬ 
ience  both  to  himself  and  to  the  Commission,  which  desires  to  aid  him  in  the  fullest 
manner. 

F.  J.  V.  Skiff, 

Director  in  Chief  of  Exhibit  Departments. 

Paul  Blackmar, 
Director  of  Affairs. 

Approved : 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 

Labels  and  marks. — Each  package  should  bear: 

1.  Two  labels,  affixed  to  opposite  sides  of  the  case.  These  labels  will  be  furnished 
by  the  Commission  as  required.  The  exhibitor  should  inscribe,  very  plainly,  his 
name  upon  each  label.  The  labels  should  be  affixed  securely  with  varnish  or  shel¬ 
lac,  and  to  make  it  impervious  to  water,  both  the  label  and  the  adjacent  wood  should 
be  thoroughly  coated  with  the  adhesive  material. 

2.  The  letters  “EU”  (Exposition  Universal)  within  a  circle  rE  IB.  Any  other 
distinctive  shipping  mark  which  the  exhibitor  may  use. 

3.  Mention  of  the  gross  weight  in  kilograms,  derived  from  the  English  weight  at 
the  rate  of  2.2  pounds  per  kilogram.  As  both  weights  will  be  useful  in  parts  of  the 
transit,  it  is  recommended  that  both  be  inscribed,  thus:  “  Weight,  350  polinds;  poids, 
160  kilograms.” 

4.  If  the  shipment  requires  more  than  one  case,  each  should  bear  a  serial  number 
as  well  as  the  whole  number  of  the  series.  Thus,  5/12  will  mean  that  the  case  is  the 
fifth  in  a  series  of  twelve. 

5.  The  contents  should  be  indicated  both  in  English  and  French,  thus:  “Books;” 
“librairie.”  The  proper  Frencn  term  may  be  learned  from  the  director  of  the 
department  in  which  the  articles  are  to  be  exhibited. 


RECEPTION  ROOM  OF  THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERN ATION A L  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  337 


All  the  markings  described  in  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  and  5  should  be  made  plainly  with 
black  paint. 

Declaration. — Blank  forms  of  invoice,  called  by  the  French  “  declaration,' ’  are  fur¬ 
nished  to  each  exhibitor.  This  paper,  prepared  in  triplicate,  must  bear  the  name  of 
the  exhibitor,  an  itemized  statement  of  the  number  of  packages  sent  forward  in  one 
shipment,  and,  in  detail,  of  the  contents  of  each  package,  with  weights  in  French 
units.  A  separate  declaration  must  accompany  each  distinct  shipment  of  one  or 
more  packages.  For  goods  wTay  billed  through  to  Paris,  not  to  be  rebilled  at  Havre, 
a  separate  declaration  should  be  made  for  goods  going  to  the  Champs  de  Mars  or  to 
the  Bois  de  Vincennes.  For  goods  billed  only  to  Havre  (for  example,  valuable  pack¬ 
ages  by  the  French  line  of  steamships)  only  one  declaration  is  needed,  the  consignees 
at  Havre  attending  to  further  formalities. 

One  copy  of  the  declaration  will  be  forwarded  with  the  shipment,  through  the  ship¬ 
ping  agent,  if  one  is  employed;  one  copy  will  be  sent  to  the  director  of  the  department 
in  which  the  exhibit  belongs;  the  shipper  will  retain  a  copy. 

List  of  contents  of  cases. — Each  case  should  contain  a  list  of  its  contents,  bearing  the 
name  of  the  exhibitor  and  the  serial  number  of  the  case,  placed  in  an  envelope  to 
appear  on  the  opening  of  the  case.  A  copy  of  this  list  should  also  be  affixed  to  the 
inner  surface  of  the  cover  of  the  case.  The  officer  who  opens  the  case  will  verify  its 
contents  by  the  list.  The  customs  officers  will  demand  an  exact  agreement  between 
this  statement  and  the  contents  of  the  case. 

At  the  close  of  the  Exposition  the  customs  officers  will  verify  the  contents  of  each 
case,  which  must  be  packed,  under  supervision  of  the  officer,  in  the  identical  case  in 
which  they  arrived.  Upon  any  article  which  does  not  appear  in  the  final  verification 
and  is  not  satisfactorily  accounted  for  duty  will  be  collected. 

This  verification  will  also  be  the  basis  of  the  certification  which  the  railroads  will 
require,  showing  that  the  goods  have  had  a  place  in  the  Exposition  and  are  entitled 
to  be  carried  at  reduced  rates. 

Date  of  shipment. — The  Exposition  opens  April  15,  1900.  Shipments  should  be 
made  from  New  York  on  or  before  February  1,  1900. 

Reception  of  shipments  at  port  of  entry. — Goods  forwarded  by  any  agency  which  con¬ 
tracts  to  deliver  at  the  Exposition  grounds  in  Paris  will  require  no  attention  from 
the  exhibitor  at  Havre  or  other  port  of  entry.  Otherwise  the  goods  must  be  met  at 
port  of  entry  by  the  shipper  or  his  accredited  agent,  who  will  attend  to  the  unloading 
from  steamship,  to  customs  formalities,  to  forwarding  by  rail  or  boat,  etc. 

Freights  on  French  railroads. — The  discount  allowed  by  all  French  railways,  as  to 
freight  upon  goods  going  to  the  Exposition,  will  be  25  per  cent  of  full  tariff  rates; 
upon  goods  returning  from  the  Exposition  the  discount  will  be  75  per  cent.  Valua¬ 
ble  objects  and  objects  of  art  will  pay  full  tariff  rates.  Shipments  pay  also  a  regis¬ 
tration  fee  and  a  stamp  duty. 

The  railways  will  require  evidence  that  the  goods  offered  for  shipment  at  reduced 
rates  have  been  accepted  for  admission  to  the  Exposition  or  that  they  have  been 
upon  exhibition. 

Freight  rates  upon  goods  going  must  be  prepaid;  goods  returning  will  be  carried 
C.  O.  D.  at  seaport. 

The  railroads  will  not  carry  exhibits  at  reduced  rates  after  six  months  from  the 
close  of  the  Exposition. 

The  transit  secured  by  payments  of  the  rate&  named  above  is  only  to  the  usual 
freight  terminals  in  Paris. 

Transfer  from  railway  terminal  stations  in  Paris  to  the  Exposition  grounds. — Can  be 
effected  either  by  the  exhibitors  or  their  agents  or  by  the  railway  companies.  In 
the  first  case  packages  must  be  directed  to  the  terminal  stations,  and  the  cartage  will 
be  provided  for  by  the  consignees.  In  the  second  case  the  transit  will  be  attended 
to  by  the  companies,  using  trucks  for  packages  weighing  less  than  1,200  kilograms 


S.  Doc.  232 - 22 


338  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


(2,640  pounds);  or  for  larger  packages  the  belt  railway  on  the  right  or  left  bank  of 
the  Seine  and  special  tracks  in  the  interior  of  the  Exposition.  Packages  sent  by 
trucks  will  be  unloaded  on  the  macadamized  roads  of  the  Exposition,  as  near  as  pos¬ 
sible  to  the  designated  exhibit  space,  and  the  further  delivery  will  be  at  the  expense 
of  the  exhibitor.  Packages  going  by  trucks  must  he  accompanied  by  a  customs 
officer,  at  the  cost  of  the  exhibitor. 

Foreign  goods  in  carload  lots  in  sealed  cars  will  be  delivered  upon  the  Exposition 
tracks.  Four  or  five  tons  of  ordinary  merchandise  will  make  a  carload.  This 
method  of  transit  should  be  adopted,  wherever  practicable,  as  most  direct  and 
economical. 

For  this  delivery,  whether  by  wagon  or  by  rail,  the  railroads  will  charge  10  francs 
per  1,000  kilos,  the  charge  being  added  to  the  railroad  freight.  Freights  will  be 
charged  for  each  10  kilograms  or  fraction  thereof..  Thus  10  kilos  and  a  fraction  will 
be  charged  as  20  kilos,  etc.  The  minimum  charge  will  be  1  franc. 

Customs  regulations. — Duties  are  collected  in  France  by  the  nation  as  customs  or 
internal  revenue  or  by  the  city  of  Paris  as  octroi.  Articles  from  foreign  countries 
used  solely  for  exhibition  or  for  the  installation  of  exhibits  or  for  examination  by 
the  juries  of  awards  are  free  from  duty,  but  if  the  articles  are  sold  during  or  at  the 
close  of  the  Exposition  or  are  given  away  for  purposes  of  advertisement,  or  even  as 
souvenirs,  duties  must  be  paid.  Examples:  Circulars  or  handbills  for  distribution, 
printed,  lithographed,  etc.,  must  pay  a  duty:  (The  Commission  is  making  a  strenu¬ 
ous  effort  to  have  this  item  rescinded.)  Fresh  meats  sold  after  exhibition  are  liable 
to  both  duty  and  octroi. 

Articles  manufactured  at  the  Exposition  pay  duty,  but  only  on  the  foreign  mate¬ 
rials  used.  Such  articles  are  also  charged  with  a  subsidy  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Exposition. 

Exhibits  may  enter  France  at  any  port.  They  will  not  be  examined  at  the 
frontier.  Seals  will  be  affixed  without  charge.  Goods  may  be  deposited  tempora¬ 
rily  in  a  bonded  warehouse,  either  at  the  port  of  entry  or  at  Paris,  but  the  cases 
may  not  be  opened  before  reaching  the  Exposition. 

They  will  be  forwarded  under  an  “acquit-a-caution,”  or  bond,  made  by  the  ship¬ 
per,  with  sureties,  but  this  will  be  attended  to  by  the  shipping  agents.  The  “acquit- 
a-caution”  must  be  accompanied  by  a  statement  made  by  the  shipper,  giving  in 
detail  the  nature,  character,  weight,  and  origin  of  the  goods.  This  document  is 
based  upon  the  shipper’s  declaration  described  above. 

The  entire  space  of  the  Exposition  is  constituted  a  customs  bonded  warehouse. 
Upon  arrival  there  foreign  goods  will  be  receipted  for  by  the  exhibitor,  who  will 
unpack  his  cases  under  the  general  supervision  of  an  officer  of  the  American  Com¬ 
mission,  styled  the  director  of  customs.  When  the  goods  are  arranged  in  the  exhibi¬ 
tion  cases  they  will  be  inspected  by  a  French  customs  officer  and  verified  with  the 
lists  which  have  been  furnished  as  part  of  the  declaration. 

At  the  close  of  the  Exposition  the  goods  wilL  again  be  verified  by  a  customs  officer 
and  repacked  in  the  identical  cases  in  which  they  arrived.  Upon  articles  which  do 
not  appear  in  this  final  verification,  and  are  not  properly  accounted  for,  duties  will 
be  collected.  To  facilitate  this  verification  of  the  case  and  its  contents  a  list  of  the 
contents  should  be  affixed  to  the  inside  of  the  cover. 

Goods  must  be  promptly  receipted  for. — When  the  goods  arrive,  whether  at  the  rail¬ 
way  terminal  or  on  the  Exposition  grounds,  the  exhibitor  or  his  accredited  agent 
must  be  present  to  receive  them,  or  they  will  forthwith  be  warehoused  at  the  railway 
station  or  be  sent  to  a  bonded  warehouse,  as  the  case  may  require.  In  either  case 
expenses  will  accrue  to  the  shipper. 

Power  of  attorney. — If  the  exhibitor  can  not  be  present  in  person  to  receive  his 
goods,  etc.,  he  should  give  a  power  of  attorney  to  such  agent  as  he  may  employ.  He 
may  issue  such  power  of  attorney  to  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  United  States, 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


339 


who  will  transfer  it  to  one  of  his  staff,  or  to  agents  with  whom  he  has  contracted  for 
such  service. 

Unpacking  empty  cases. — Packages  must  be  unpacked  under  the  immediate  super- 
-vision  of  the  exhibitor  or  a  director  of  a  department  of  the  Commission.  Unpacking 
must  be  done  in  the  exhibit  space;  neither  full  packages  nor  empty  cases  may  remain 
in  passageways.  Exhibitors  must  provide  for  the  prompt  removal  and  storage  of 
their  empty  cases,  or  they  will  be  removed  and  stored  by  the  administration  at  the 
exhibitor’s  charge. 

Return  of  goods. — Empty  cases  will  be  returned  to  the  exhibitor’s  stands,  beginning 
on  the  morning  of  November  6,  1900.  This  was  afterwards  changed  to  the  13th. 

Goods  must  be  verified  by  customs  officers,  and  duties  paid  on  such  as  are  not 
properly  accounted  for.  They  must  be  packed  in  the  identical  cases  in  which  they 
arrived.  If  the  marks  described  for  forwarding  remain  intact,  they  will  be  sufficient 
for  the  return  of  the  goods,  otherwise  they  must  be  renewed. 

The  railroads  will  require  evidence  that  the  goods  offered  them  for  transit  at 
reduced  rates  have  figured  in  the  Exposition.  The  goods  may  be  loaded  upon  cars 
within  the  Exposition  grounds,  in  which  case  the  charge  of  10  francs  per  1,000  kilos 
will  be  added  to  freight  charges,  as  upon  arrival;  or  they  may  be  sent  to  the 
railway  terminals  for  loading,  at  shipper’s  charge  for  truckage,  etc.  It  is  not  necessary 
that  the  method  adopted  on  arrival  be  repeated. 

The  usual  forms  of  way-bills  will  be  used,  with  such  forms  of  permit  for  reexpor¬ 
tation  as  the  French  customs  will  furnish. 

Reentry  of  Exposition  goods  on  their  return  to  the  United  States. — Articles,  whether  of 
domestic  or  foreign  production,  exhibited  at  Paris  from  the  United  States,  may  be 
returned  thereto  free  of  duty,  provided  that,  if  of  foreign  production,  duty  has  once 
been  paid  and  no  drawback  has  been  allowed;  or,  if  of  domestic  production  subject 
to  internal-revenue  tax,  such  tax  has  been  paid  and  has  not  been  refunded. 

To  facilitate  reentry  the  following  documents  are  required: 

1.  A  certificate  from  the  customs  officers  of  the  port  of  entry  at  which  the  goods 
were  exported,  setting  forth  as  follows: 


Certificate  of  exportation  of  exhibition  goods. 


District  of - ,  Port  of 


- ,  19—, 

This  is  to  certify  that  there  were  cleared  from  this  port  on  the - ,  in  the - , 

whereof - was  master,  for - ,  the  following  articles  of  merchandise  (here 

enumerate  the  number  of  packages,  their  denominations,  marks,  numbers,  and  con¬ 
tents)  ,  on  which  no  drawback,  allowance,  or  bounty  has  been  paid  or  admitted. 

[seal.]  - ■,  Collector. 

[seal.]  - •,  Naval  Officer. 


2.  A  declaration  made  before  a  United  States  consul,  upon  the  reexport  of  the 
goods  from  a  French  port,  setting  forth  that  the  goods  (stating  number  of  packages, 
their  denomination,  marks,  numbers,  and  contents)  were  imported  from  the  United 
States  and  sent  to  Paris  lor  temporary  use  at  the  Exposition  entitled  ‘  ‘  The  Interna¬ 
tional  Exposition  of  1900,”  held  at  Paris  on  the  15th  day  of  April,  1900. 

2.  The  oath  of  the  reimporting  exhibitor,  sworn  to  before  the  collector  of  the  port 
at  which  the  goods  are  reentered,  as  follows: 


Oath  for  return  of  articles  exported  for  exhibition  purposes. 

- ,  do  solemnly,  sincerely,  and  truly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  the  sev¬ 
eral  articles  of  merchandise  in  the  entry  hereto  annexed  are,  to  the  best  of  my  knowl¬ 
edge  and  belief,  truly  and  bona  fide  exhibition  goods;  that  they  were  truly  exported 
and  imported  as  therein  expressed;  that  the  articles  of  foreign  production  have  once 


340  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


paid  duty  in  the  United  States;  that  no  drawback,  bounty,  or  allowance  has  been 
paid  or  admitted  thereon,  or  on  any  part  thereof;  and  that  the  internal  revenue  due 
upon  the  domestic  articles  therein  mentioned  has  been  paid,  and  no  part  thereof  has 
been  refunded. 

Port  of - . 

Sworn  to  on  this - day  of - ,  19 — . 

- ,  Collector. 

These  papers,  properly  authenticated,  will  insure  the  free  reentry  of  exhibits.  If, 
however,  it  should  appear  that  duty  or  internal-revenue  tax,  as  the  case  may  be,  has 
not  been  paid,  or  has,  in  whole  or  in  part,  been  refunded,  then  the  goods  will  be 
liable  for  the  payment  of  such  sums  as  the  conditions  may  require. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  Commissioner-General  devised  a  series  of  provisions  for  the 
purpose  of  aiding  exhibitors  who  wished  to  avail  themselves  of  such  assistance. 
These  provisions,  offered  freely,  might  be  accepted  or  declined,  at  the  option  of  those 
interested.  They  consisted  of  special  agreements  with  forwarding  agents,  ocean 
transportation  companies,  and  terminal  handlers,  and  included  special  rates. 

In  conformity  with  these  rules  and  requirements,  the  following  forms  were  pre¬ 
pared  and  sent  to  each  exhibitor: 

UNITED  STATES  COMMISSION  TO  THE  PARIS  EXPOSITION  OF  1900. 

Chicago  Offices, - . 

Dear  Sir:  By  instruction  of  the  Commissioner-General  I  forward  you  a  series  of 
blank  forms  for  your  assistance  in  meeting  the  formalities  required  by  the  United 
States  Treasury  Department  for  the  reentry  of  goods  at  United  States  custom-houses 
on  their  return  from  exhibition  at  Paris.  They  consist  of  the  following: 

1.  Official  certificate  of  exportation,  to  be  signed  by  customs  officers  at  the  port  of 
shipping. 

2.  Consular  certificate,  to  be  signed  by  a  consular  officer  at  the  French  port  of 
shipment,  Paris  or  Havre.  This  paper  must  be  prepared  in  quadruplicate. 

3.  Oath  of  reentry,  to  be  filed  by  the  exhibitor  with  the  customs  officer  at  the  port 
of  reentry,  on  the  return  of  the  goods  to  the  United  States. 

If  you  employ  a  shipping  agent,  he  will  attend  to  this  business  for  you,  and  you 
should  send  him  these  forms. 

The  fee  for  the  consular  certificate  will  be  the  equivalent  of  $2.50  in  American  gold. 

No  fee  will  be  requirecj  at  the  custom-house,  out  or  in. 

With  the  hope  that  these  papers  will  be  fomid  of  valuable  assistance  to  you,  I  am 
Very  truly,  yours, 


Approved: 


Cat.  No.  594. 

Under  Department  Circular  86,  of  1896. 


Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 


Oath  for  return  of  articles  exported  from  the  United  States  for  exhibition  purposes. 

United  States  Customs  Service, 

Port  of - , 

Collector's  Office, - ,  1900. 

I, - ,  do  solemnly,  sincerely,  and  truly  swear  that  the  several  articles 

of  merchandise  mentioned  in  the  entry  hereto  annexed  are,  to  the  best  of  my  knowl¬ 
edge  and  belief,  truly  and  bona  fide  Exposition  goods;  that  they  were  truly  exported 
and  imported  as  therein  expressed;  that  the  articles  of  foreign  production  have  once 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  841 


paid  duty  in  the  United  States;  that  no  drawback,  bounty,  or  allowance  has  been 
paid  or  admitted  thereon,  or  any  part  thereof;  and  that  the  internal  revenue  due 
upon  the  domestic  articles  therein  mentioned  has  been  paid  and  no  part  thereof  has 
been  refunded. 


Sworn  to  this - day  of - ,  1900. 

,  > 

Collector. 


- ,  1900. 

Invoice  of  certain  goods,  viz,  -  exhibited  at  the  International  Exposition  of  1900, 

held  at  Paris,  by  -  - ,  and  despatched  to  - from,  - -  via  - 

per  s.  s. - 


The  name  of  deponent’s  firm  should  be  signed  below  the  total  of  this  invoice  by  the  person  making 
the  declaration. 

(Indorsement  on  back:) 

All  blanks  in  these  three  columns  to  be  filled  in  by  shipper.  The  form  of  invoice  on  other  side  to 
be  used. 


CONSULAR  CERTIFICATE. 

I,  the  undersigned, - 

- — ,  of  the  United  States, 

do  hereby  certify  that,  on 

this - -  day  of - ,  1900, 

the  invoice  described  in  the 
indorsement  hereof  was 
produced  tome  by  the  signer 
of  the  annexed  declaration. 

I  do  further  certify  that  I 
am  satisfied  that  the  person 
making  the  declaration  is 
the  person  he  represents 
himself  to  be,  and  that  the 
said  invoice  is  correct  and 
true,  except  as  noted  by  me 
upon  the  said  invoice  or  re¬ 
specting  which  I  shall  make 
special  communication  to 
the  proper  authorities. 


Direc¬ 

tions. 

1.  Full 
names 
of  de¬ 
ponent. 

2.  Ad¬ 
dress. 


3.  Name 
of  town. 


Witness  my  hand  and  seal 
of  office  the  day  and  year  } 
aforesaid. 

Received  the  equivalent,  ! 
of  $2.50  in  gold. 


United  States - 


4.  Port. 

5.  Sig¬ 
nature 
of  de¬ 
ponent. 


DECLARATION  OF  EXHIB¬ 
ITOR. 


RETURNED  BY  EXHIBITOR. 


Invoices 
No.  | 


(leave  blank.) 


I, - ,  the  under¬ 
signed,  of - ,do  solemn¬ 

ly  and  truly  declare  that  I 
am  the  owner  and  exhib¬ 
itor  of  the  goods  in  the 
within  invoice  mentioned 
and  described;  that  the 
said  invoice  is  in  all  re¬ 
spects  correct  and  true,  and 

was  made  at - ,  whence 

said  goods  are  to  be  reex¬ 
ported  to  the  United  States; 
and  that  said  goods  were 
imported  into  France  from 
the  United  States  and  sent 
to  Paris  for  temporary  use 
at  the  Exposition  entitled 
“The  International  Expo¬ 
sition  of  1900,”  held  at  Paris 
on  the  15th  day  of  April, 
1900. 


Issued  in 
quadrupli¬ 
cate. 


of  the  United  States 
AT 


Date _ _ 1 900. 

Exhibitor _ 

Address _ 


Here  mark  the 
form  “Original,” 
“Duplicate,” 
etc.,  respectively. 


Name  of  vessel 


I  further  declare  that  it 
is  intended  to  make  re¬ 
entry  of  the  said  goods  at 

the  port  of  - ,  in  the 

United  States  of  America. 

Dated  at - ,  this - 

day  of - ,  1900. 


Port  of  shipment 

Port  of  arrival _ 

Port  of  entry _ 

Value,  $ 

Contents _ 


Custom-house  indorsement.* 1— No.  - .  Importer - .  Vessel - .  From - .  Arrived 

- .  Kind  of  entry:  - .  Marks,  quantity,  and  contents: - . 


1  Consular  officers  will  leave  all  of  above  indorsement  blank.  It  is  to  be  filled  in  only  at  the 
custom-house  at  the  port  of  entry. 


842  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


343 


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(Indorsement  on  back:)  International  Exposition,  Paris,  1900.  United  States.  International  transportation.  Declaration  No.  - - .  Shipper - .  Date 

Point  of  departure - .  Place  of  destination:  Champ  de  Mars;  Bois  de  Vincennes.  (Strike  out  one  cr  the  other  point.) 


344  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Regulations  for  the  free  entry  of  goods  sent  to  the  Paris  Exposition,  1900. —Manufac¬ 
tures,  articles,  or  wares,  produced  or  manufactured  in  the  United  States,  and  pair 
ings  or  other  works  of  art,  the  production  of  foreign  artists,  which  may  be  now  in 
and  owned  by  residents  of  the  United  States,  and  which  may  be  loaned  for  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1800,  will,  upon  their  return  to  the  United  States,  be  admitted  to  free 
entry  upon  compliance  with  the  following  requirements: 

At  the  time  of  shipment  from  the  United  States  shippers  must,  by  themselves  or 
through  their  agents,  file  with  the  collector  of  customs  at  the  port  of  departure  a 
statement  in  the  following  form: 

Form  No.  1. 

Statement  of  goods  shipped  by - (name  of  exporter)  in  the  ss. - ,  bound 

for - ,  and  intended  for  exhibition  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900. 

Marks, - ;  numbers, - ;  description, - ;  value, - . 

I  hereby  certify  that  the  within-described  merchandise  appears  on  the  manifest  of 
the  ss. - ,  as  above  stated. 

,  Collector. 

The  form,  when  executed  as  above  described,  shall  be  delivered  to)  the  exhibitor 
or  his  agent  for  use  in  making  free  entry  upon  return  to  the  United  States  of  any  or 
all  the  goods  described  in  same. 

At  the  time  of  shipment  from  Paris  the  shipper  or  his  agents  must  prepare  and 
execute  before  the  United  States  consul,  or  other  officer  having  authority  to  admin¬ 
ister  oaths,  a  statement  in  the  following  form : 

Form  No. 

Statement  of  goods  exported  from  the  United  States  and  exhibited  at  the  Paris 

Exposition  of  1900,  and  now  returned  without  having  been  advanced  in  value  or 

condition. 

Marks; - ;  numbers, - ;  description,  - - ;  value, - % 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this - day  of - ,  1900. 


United  States  Consul  (or  other  officer  authorized  to  administer  an  oath). 

In  cases  where  the  United  States  consul  takes  an  affidavit  as  above  described,  that 
officer  will  make  no  charge  for  such  certification  or  affidavit. 

Upon  arrival  at  any  port  in  the  United  States  from  which  unappraised  merchan¬ 
dise  may  be  shipped  under  the  immediate-transportation  act  of  June  10,  1880,  the 
importer  or  his  agent  will  be  permitted  to  forward  such  returned  merchandise  to  any 
port  of  entry  or  delivery  in  the  United  States  by  filing  with  the  collector  of  customs 
at  the  port  of  first  arrival  an  immediate-transportation  entry  in  the  same  form  and 
manner  as  in  the  case  of  ordinary  merchandise;  but  the  importer  or  agent  at  the 
port  of  first  arrival  may  designate  on  the  immediate-transportation  entry  the  name 
of  the  ultimate  consignee  and  destination  of  the  goods,  regardless  of  destination  as 
shown  by  the  inward  bill  of  lading. 

Upon  arrival  of  the  shipment  at  the  port  of  destination  as  indicated  by  the 
immediate-transportation  entry,  the  importer,  owner,  or  agent  at  such  port  of  desti¬ 
nation  may  make  free  entry  by  filing  with  the  collector  of  customs  a  consumption 
entry,  together  with  the  certificate  issued  by  the  collector  of  customs  at  the  port  of 
shipment  (Form  No.  1)  and  the  sworn  statement  of  the  shipper  at  Paris  (Form  No. 
2),  and  the  usual  affidavit  as  to  articles  of  American  production,  as  provided  for  by 
paragraph  No.  331,  United  States  customs  regulations. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  345 


After  entry  has  been  made,  as  described,  the  collector  of  customs  shall  cause  the 
merchandise  to  be  inspected,  in  order  to  establish'  the  identity  of  the  same,  and,  if 
found  to  agree  with  the  statement  in  the  entry,  the  goods  covered  by  same  shall  be 
delivered  to  the  owner,  importer,  or  agent  without  payment  of  any  duty. 

In  case  a  discrepancy  shall  be  discovered  by  the  collector  making  such  inspection, 
that  officer  will  detain  the  shipment  until  proof  to  his  satisfaction  has  been  given 
that  the  goods  imported  are  actually  of  American  production,  or  loaned  and  exhibited, 
as  hereinbefore  stated,  in  which  case  he  shall  release  them  to  the  owner,  importer, 
or  agent. 

Before  entering  upon  the  subject  of  duties,  it  will  be  well  to  give  an  explanation 
here  of 

Customs,  internal  revenue,  and  city  tolls. 

A.  CUSTOMS. 

Art.  61.  The  entire  space  occupied  by  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  is  consti¬ 
tuted  a  customs  bonded  warehouse. 

Art.  62.  Foreign  products  intended  for  the  Exposition  may  enter  France  at  any 
of  the  offices  passing  goods  in  transit. 

The  merchandise  must  be  accompanied  by  a  statement  made  by  the  shipper,  and 
annexed  to  the  “acquit  a  caution,”  which  shall  give  the  nature,  character,  weight, 
and  origin  of  the  goods. 

Art.  63.  Merchandise  may  be  forwarded  directly  to  the  Exposition  grounds  by 
either  the  international  or  the  ordinary  transit  system,  at  the  option  of  the  shipper. 

The  goods  are  free  from  the  statistical  duty. 

Whether  forwarded  by  international  or  ordinary  transit,  merchandise  will  not  be 
examined  at  the  frontier. 

Seals  are  affixed  without  charge. 

Art.  64.  Foreign  merchandise  received  in  the  grounds  of  the  Exposition  will  be 
taken  in  charge  by  special  officers  of  customs  detailed  to  the  Exposition  under  the 
regulations  applicable  to  goods  entered  in  bonded  warehouses.  The  duty  levied 
upon  goods  which  may  eventually  be  cleared  for  consumption  shall  not  be  more  than 
the  duty  applicable  to  like  products  of  the  most  favored  nation. 

Art.  65.  Goods  manufactured  within  the  grounds  of  the  Exposition  from  raw 
materials  of  foreign  origin  imported  under  the  regulations  of  the  customs  shall  be 
liable  for  such  duties  only  as  may  accrue  on  the  material  imported  and  manufactured. 

B.  INTERNAL  REVENUE. 

Art.  66.  Articles  of  French  origin  liable  for  excise  dues  (beverages,  alcoholic 
products,  vinegar,  oils,  candles,  wax  tapers,  sugars,  etc.),  when  destined  for  the 
Exposition,  shall  be  accompanied  by  an  “acquit  a  caution,”  and  will  be  placed 
under  the  regulations  for  transit  and  bonded  warehouse.  The  products  are  not 
examined,  but  are  taken  in  charge  by  the  city  customs  service  to  their  destination 
gratis. 

Art.  67.  The  manufacture  of  tobacco,  authorized  under  the  privilege  of  demon¬ 
strating  the  operation  of  machinery  and  apparatus  in  action,  will  be  subject  to  the 
express  reservation  that  on  all  products  so  manufactured  the  duties  fixed  by  law 
shall  be  paid  under  such  conditions  as  may  be  determined  by  future  regulations. 

Art.  68.  Articles  of  gold  or  silver  of  French  manufacture  may  be  sent  to  the  Expo¬ 
sition  without  being  stamped  with  the  legal  marks.  To  obtain  this  privilege  exhib¬ 
itors  must  previously  forward  to  the  chief  of  the  guaranty  office  at  Paris  a  detailed 
list  of  the  number  and  weight  of  the  goods,  and  must  engage  to  present  the  articles 
at  the  close  of  the  Exposition  to  the  controllers  charged  with  the  supervision  of  the 
guaranty. 


346  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


C.  CITY  CUSTOMS  DUTIES. 

Art.  69.  French  products  liable  to  this  duty  go  into  bond.  These  products  are  not 
examined,  but  are  taken  in  charge  by  the  city  customs  service  to  their  destination 
gratis. 

Explanation  of  customs  regulations. — “Goods  in  transit”  maybe  entered  through 
custom-house  offices  at  any  of  the  ports  of  France.  “Acquit  a  caution”  is  a  trans¬ 
portation  document  accompanying  any  goods  shipped  in  bond.  It  is  signed  by  the 
shipper  and  one  or  two  bondsmen  who  undertake  to  fulfill  all  the  provisions  of  the 
customs  laws  and  regulations.  A  noncompliance  with  the  same  makes  the  goods 
liable  to  seizure.  The  document  further  gives  all  details  required  for  the  identifica¬ 
tion  of  the  goods,  and  as  may  be.  necessary  for  the  proper  collection  of  the  duty. 

“Ordinary  transit”  in  general  means  transportation  with  leaded  seals  affixed  to 
such  goods  as  are  sent  to  bonded  warehouses.  Customs  officers  are  authorized  by 
law  to  require  that  all  packages  shall  be  in  good  condition.  Goods  that  can  not  be 
sealed  (such  as  lumber,  etc.)  must  be  declared  in  the  “acquit  a  caution”  according 
to  number,  weight,  and  value.  Dimensions  of  same  should  also  be  given  when 
necessary  for  the  identification  of  the  pieces. 

‘  ‘  International  transit  ’  ’  differs  from  ordinary  transit  in  so  far  that  goods  shipped 
by  this  system  need  not  be  declared  in  detail.  Instead  of  the  ordinary  transit 
declaration,  a  general  enumeration  is  given  of  the  number  of  packages.  Usually  only 
the  vehicle  which  transports  the  goods  is  sealed.  The  railroad  companies,  who  alone 
are  authorized  to  carry  goods  under  this  regime,  are  held  responsible  for  all  infringe¬ 
ments  of  the  customs  laws  and  regulations. 

The  railroad  companies  sign  a  special  register,  or  document,  which  relieves  them 
of  the  necessity  of  subscribing  to  “acquit  a  caution”  which  obtain  in  the  ordinary 
transit  regime.  An  exception  to  the  above  rule  is  made  when  the  goods  are  shipped 
by  boat  from  a  foreign  country  direct  to  Paris  via  the  river  Seine.  While  these 
boats  have  no  legal  right  to  engage  in  this  traffic,  which  is  accorded  to  them  as  a 
favor,  and  can  at  any  time  be  withdrawn  or  modified,  they  can  obtain  the  necessary 
permit  if  the  vessels  conform  to  certain  requirements.  The  hold  must  be  in  one 
compartment  and  without  communication  with  any  other  part  of  the  vessel.  It  must 
not  be  accessible  to  the  crew.  The  hatch  must  be  covered  with  cauvas.  The  vessel 
is  visited  at  Rouen,  where  the  navigation  dues  are  payable,  and  where  also  the  mani¬ 
fest  and  ship’s  papers  are  verified.  The  goods,  however,  are  examined  at  Paris. 

No  “  acquit  a  caution  ”  or  other  guaranty  whatever  need  be  given,  as  all  such  cus¬ 
tomary  regulations  are  superseded  by  the  sealing  of  the  hatches,  escort  by  customs 
officers,  and  vise  of  the  manifest,  “ne  varietur.”  Packages  are  not  allowed  to 
remain  on  deck,  unless  authority  has  been  previously  obtained  from  the  custom¬ 
house  authorities  at  Rouen.  Goods  are  unloaded  at  Paris  under  the  same  regulations 
as  are  applicable  in  seaport  towns. 

“Regulations  affecting  goods  in  bonded  warehouses:”  Goods  entered  into  the 
Exposition  grounds  are  there  examined  by  the  custom-house  officers  to  learn  their 
dutiable  values.  Unpacking  and  repacking  is  at  the  charge  of  the  owner  of  the 
goods.  The  custom-house  officers  are  the  judges  as  to  whether  the  declaration  of  the 
owner  shall  be  taken  and  whether  the  goods  shall  be  examined  in  detail  or  by 
sample.  Goods  may  be  examined  by  sample  only  when  they  are  uniform  as  to 
weight,  marks,  etc. 

On  merchandise  tared  above  20  francs  per  100  kilograms,  one  case  out  of  five  is 
weighed;  two  cases  are  weighed  if  the  number  amounts  to  20;  and  if  above  20,  one- 
tenth  of  the  packages  must  be  weighed. 

“Most  favored  nation”  clause:  This  clause  provides  that  all  goods  sold  upon  the 
Exposition  grounds  shall  pay  only  the  lowest  tariff  collected  upon  that  class  of  goods 
without  reference  to  whence  they  are  imported. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  347 


-  [Translation.] 

[Republic  of  France — Ministry  of  commerce,  industry,  post-office,  and  telegraph — International 
Universal  Exposition  of  1900 — General  direction  of  exploitation.] 

GENERAL  NOTICE  RELATIVE  TO  THE  FULFILLMENT  OF  OCTROI  FORMALITIES  OF  PARIS  BY 

EXHIBITORS. 

Marks  on  the  outside  of  packages  taken  to  the  Universal  Exposition. — Article  3,  of  the 
order  of  September  12,  1899,  specifies  that  each  package  containing  objects  to  lie 
exhibited  must  bear — 

First.  Two  labels  indicating  the  section  it  is  to  be  sent  to,  and  respectively  placed 
on  opposite  sides. 

Second.  The  letters  “  E  TJ  ”  surrounded  by  a  black  circle. 

Third.  Indication  of  the  gross  weight  in  kilograms. 

By  the  terms  of  the  same  order  the  name  of  the  exhibitor  and  the  number  of  his 
certificate  of  admission  must  be  written  in  French  characters  on  each  label,  and  these 
particulars  will  be  repeated  on  the  shipping  bill,  bill  of  lading,  receipt,  waybill,  etc. 

Verification  of  the  octroi  service.— The  octroi  service  contents  itself  with  verifying 
the  exterior  identity  of  the  packages  by  the  aid  of  the  distinctive  signs  above  indi¬ 
cated,  and  does  not  proceed  to  any  verification. 

Free  escort  of  the  shipments. — An  employee  escorts  the  packages  gratuitously  to  the 
Exposition,  where  their  contents  are  taken  in  charge  by  the  octroi  if  there  are  articles 
subject  to  entry  and  octroi  duty. 

Packages  sent  to  Vincennes. — Those  packages  presented  under  the  same  conditions 
and  destined  for  the  annex  of  the  Exposition  at  Vincennes  are  likewise  introduced 
into  Paris  without  examination  and  escorted  gratuitously  until  their  exit  from  Paris. 

Putting  in  transit  of  the  bonds  for  Internal- Revenue  Service. — The  official  papers  of  the 
Internal-Revenue  Service  accompanying  the  beverages  sent  as  specimens  are  received 
“in  transit”  at  the  central  office  of  the  Exposition. 

Exhibited  articles  coming  from  warehouses. — The  above  measures  are  applicable  to 
goods  coming  out  of  bonded  warehouses,  domiciliary  warehouses,  and  uncontrolled 
establishments. 

Temporary  stay  of  products  in  Paris  before  introduction  into  the  Exposition  grounds  or 
its  Vincennes  annex. — In  case  dutiable  articles  destined  to  be  exhihited  must  remain 
temporarily  in  Paris,  for  any  cause  whatsoever,  the-  payment  of  duty  temporarily  is 
required  after  examination  of  the  contents  of  the  packages.  A  special  bulletin  men¬ 
tioning  the  deposit  is  then  delivered  to  the  importer,  who  should  deliver  it  to  the 
octroi  service,  either  at  the  principal  Exposition  when  the  articles  are  taken  there, 
or  at  their  exit  from  Paris  when  they  are  sent  to  Vincennes.  But  in  either  case  the 
money  deposit  is  not  paid  back,  except  on  a  request  addressed  to  the  administration 
of  the  octroi  by  the  interested  parties. 

Provisions  and  beverages  destined  to  be  consumed  within  the  Exposition. — Duty  leviable 
on  provisions,  beverages,  etc.,  that  the  importers  declare  are  to  be  consumed  on  the 
Exposition  grounds  is  collected  at  the  moment  of  introduction  into  Paris,  as  is  done 
for  all  dutiable  goods  turned  over  to  local  consumption. 

Fuel  used  for  the  operation  of  machines  on  the  Exposition  grounds — Oils  and  fatty 
matters  for  the  lubrication  of  machinery. — By  exception  there  have  been  allowed: 

First.  Reduction  of  the  tax  provided  by  the  decree  of  January  10,  1873,  for  fuel 
used  on  the  Exposition  grounds  for  the  operation  of  machinery. 

Second.  Exemption,  with  reserve  of  proof  of  use  to  be  furnished  by  exhibitors  to 
the  octroi  for  oils  and  grease  used  in  the  lubrication  of  machinery. 

Exhibitors  who  are  in  circumstances  to  profit  by  the  reduction  of  the  tax  on  fuel 
must  address  a  request  to  the  central  administration  of  the  octroi  at  Paris,  or  to  the 
office  of  mechanical  services  of  the  Exposition,  where  they  will  be  told  what  steps  to 
take. 


348 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


As  for  oils  and  greases  that  the  introducers  declare  are  to  used  for  lubrication  of 
machinery,  examination  of  kind  and  quantity  is  made  at  the  entry  into  Paris  in  the 
ordinary  way.  They  are  then  escorted  gratuitously  by  the  octroi  to  their  destination. 
Products  of  this  kind  taken  to  Vincennes  are  submitted  to  the  rule  of  “passedebout” 
paper,  allowing  the  crossing  only  of  the  city  without  paying  duty. 

Exhibited,  articles  delivered  to  local  consumption. — All  exhibited  articles  and  those 
resulting  from  manufacture  carried  on  with  these  materials  on  the  Exposition  grounds 
are  dutiable  if  they  are  turned  over  to  consumption. 

Reshipment  of  exhibited  articles  after  the  close  of  the  Exposition. — At  the  close  of  the 
Exposition  the  articles  reshipped  into  bonded  warehouses  or  to  foreign  countries  will 
be  escorted  gratuitously  to  the  establishment  to  which  they  are  destined,  or  to  the 
exit  octroi  office,  and  it  will  be  the  same  for  articles  which  having  been  exhibited  at 
Vincennes  will  be  declared  on  their  reentry  into  Paris  to  be  destined  to  a  warehouse 
or  to  a  foreign  country. 

Permits  to  remain  in  Paris  before  reshipment  to  foreign  country. — Special  permits  will 
be  delivered,  on  deposit  of  duty,  for  goods  wTiich  may  have  to  remain  temporarily 
in  Paris. 

Validity  of  permits  to  remain. — The  release  of  these  pieces  will  be  subordinated  to 
the  verification  of  the  delay  indicated  on  the  papers  and  of  the  identity  of  the  goods 
with  those  mentioned  with  them. 

Repayment  of  the  duty  on  permits. — Deposits  given  for  obtaining  these  permits  will 
be  refunded  either  by  the  receiver  of  the  octroi  office  where  they  were  paid  in,  if  it 
concerns  exhibits  coming  from  Vincennes,  or  by  the  receivers  of  octroi  ports  down¬ 
stream  if  it  concerns  articles  coming  from  the  principal  Exposition,  upon  the  produc¬ 
tion  of  permits  to  remain'regularly  released.  If  the  articles  were  declared  as  destined 
for  Paris  the  duty  will  be  collected  in  the  usual  way. 

Octroi  offices  at  the  Universal  Exposition. — Five  octroi  offices  will  be  established  in  the 
Exposition  at  the  points  below'  indicated: 

First.  Central  office,  avenue  de  La  Bourdonnais. 

Second.  Champ  de  Mars  office,  Quai  d’Orsay,  near  station  of  Western  Railroad. 

Third.  Esplanade  des  Invalides  office,  on  Rue  Fabert,  near  Rue  de  1’Universite. 

Fourth.  Trocadero  office,  near  the  avenue  d’lena  entrance. 

Fifth.  Champs  Elys6es  office,  small  fine  art  palace. 

DUTIES. 

This  subject  is  one  which  required  a  great  amount  of  time  and 
patient  industry  to  negotiate  upon  an  equitable  basis.  Many  articles 
were  subjected  to  a  tariff  upon  a  general  basis  when  specific  ruling 
was  necessary. 

An  extract  from  the  French  custom  regulations  applying  to  duties 
reads:  “  But  if  the  articles  are  sold  during  or  at  the  close  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition,  or  are  given  away  for  the  purpose  of  advertising  or  even  as 
souvenirs,  duties  must  be  paid.” 

In  the  matter  of  duty  on  material  intended  for  manufacture  on  the 
ground,  and  the  free  entry  of  materials  for  constructing  the  national 
pavilion  and  United  States  facades,  the  French  authorities  ruled  there 
would  be  no  charge  for  souvenirs  given  away,  but  articles  manufac¬ 
tured  on  the  premises  and  distributed  gratuitously  would  have  to  pay 
a  duty  on  the  crude  material  used  as  provided  in  article  5  of  the  decree 
of  July  28,  1894.  Goods  manufactured  within  the  grounds  of  the 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  349 


Exposition  from  raw  material  of  foreign  origin,  imported  under  the 
regulation  of  the  customs,  were  liable  for  such  duties  only  as  accrued 
on  the  material  imported  and  manufactured.  This  regulation  had  the 
effect  of  keeping  many  exhibitors  from  giving  practical  demonstra¬ 
tions  of  the  manufacture  of  their  product  and  the  effectiveness  of  the 
means  employed.  When  considering  the  difference  between  a  live  and 
dead  exhibit  and  their  relative  value  it  is  eas}r  to  realize  what  this 
clause  meant  to  directors  and  exhibitors.  In  some  cases  exhibitors 
operated  working  exhibits,  buying  the  raw  material  in  France^or,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  paying  duty  on  the  raw 
material.  The  material  destined  for  the  construction  of  the  national 
pavilion  and  the  facades  surrounding  the  United  States  exhibit  spaces 
was  not  admitted  on  the  free  list,  but  was  imported  under  the  regime 
of  temporary  admission  awaiting  inscription  in  the  accounts  of  the 
real  entrepot. 

In  order  to  apply  the  administration  decision  of  the  4th  of.  August, 
1898,  it  was  sufficient  for  each  shipment  of  material  mentioned  in  said 
decision  that  the  interested  person  should  present  an  authentic  docu¬ 
ment  showing  that  the  material  was  really  destined  for  a  foreign 
section. 

Under  this  ruling  it  was  prescribed  that  certificates  of  inspection 
should  be  addressed  to  the  French  director  of  the  customs.  As  soon 
as  the  transitory  operations  were  accomplished,  arrived  articles  liable 
to  dut}^  were  borne  on  the  documents  of  this  office  and  taken  in  charge 
for  the  account  of  the  entrepot  of  the  Exposition.  It  was  necessary, 
therefore,  that  the  said  certificates  should  be  prepared  with  the  great¬ 
est  care  and  absolutely  in  conformity  with  the  terms  of  the  tariff.  It 
was  also  necessary,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  auditing  of  the  accounts 
at  the  end  of  the  Exposition  that  our  official  list  of  the  articles  should 
be  submitted  in  support  of  the  declaration. 

Articles  used  for  consumption,  no  matter  what  their  origin,  paid 
only  the  minimum  rate. 

Articles  manufactured  on  the  Exposition  grounds  by  special  per¬ 
mission  obtained  in  advance  were  not  subjected  to  other  duties  than 
those  on  material  imported  and  actually  used. 

The  bonded  warehouse  did  apply  to  foreign  products  sent  to  the 
Exposition  for  commercial  purposes,  such  as  restaurants  or  cafes. 

Building  material,  liquids,  provisions,  etc.,  were  subject  to  duty  on 
their  entrance  into  the  Exposition. 

Subsequent  ruling  modified  these  regulations  to  some  extent. 

Transportation  of  United  States  exhibit  material  was  of  two  kinds, 
namely,  Government  exhibits  and  private  exhibits.  Government 
exhibits  included  all  exhibits  furnished  by  the  Government  and  those 
loaned  by  citizens  for  exposition  by  the  Commission.  These  shipments 


350  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


were  made  in  the  U.  S.  steamship  Prairie ,  assigned  by  the  Navy 
Department  for  the  purpose,  and  under  date  of  November  17, 1899. 

In  the  case  of  privrate  exhibits  the  Commission  from  time  to  time 
collected  such  data  as  was  necessary  for  the  exhibitors  to  have  a  clear 
understanding  of  the  requirements.  The  records  were  replete  with 
information  applying  to  railroad  traffic  rates,  routes,  etc.,  ocean  traffic 
rates,  French  railroad  traffic  rates,  and  much  other  information  destined 
to  assist  the  exhibitors  and  facilitate  their  shipments,  left  free  to 
engage  whatever  means  of.  transportation  appealed  to  them  best,  pro¬ 
viding  it  was  along  the  line  with  instructions  issued  and  within  the 
French  regulations  following: 

TERMINAL  FACILITIES  IN  PARIS. 

Exhibits  arriving  by  any  of  the  railways  were  forwarded,  unless 
otherwise  specified,  directly  to  the  grounds  of  the  Exposition.  A 
station  for  freight  and  passengers  was  constructed  at  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  near  the  Seine  and  the  Avenue  de 
SuflTen.  The  railway  line  continued  along  the  south  bank  of  the 
Seine  to  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides,  where  another  station  for  freight 
and  passengers  was  constructed  at  the  south  end  of  the  new  bridge 
Alexander  III. 

The  heavier  exhibits,  such  as  machinery,  etc.,  were  placed  in  the 
Champs  de  Mars,  and  railway  tracks  led  from  the  station  at  the  corner 
of  the  grounds  to  various  parts  of  the  Champs  de  Mars,  so  that  cars 
were  taken  near  to  the  location  of  the  exhibits. 

The  Commissioner-General  had  a  plan  for  the  tracks,  showing  in 
what  part  of  the  Champ  de  Mars  tracks  were  or  would  be  laid,  to 
remain  under  the  floors  until  the  cases  were  taken  out  at  the  close  of 
the  Exposition. 

Lighter  exhibits,  such  as  furniture,  etc.,  were  placed  for  the  most 
part  in  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides,  and  such  exhibits  were  lifted  from 
the  cars  by  cranes  to  smaller  cars  on  tracks,  and  pushed  to  their  proper 
location. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  EXHIBITS  THROUGH  THE  CITY  OF  PARIS. 

The  transportation  of  goods  through  the  city  of  Paris  from  the  ter¬ 
minal  stations  of  the  lines  to  the  Exposition  grounds  was  done  either 
by  the  exhibitors,  their  agents,  or  by  the  railways. 

Packages  were  either  directed  to  the  terminal  stations  of  the  lines 
in  Paris  and  the  cartage  provided  for  by  the  exhibitors  or  delivered 
to  the  railway  companies,  which,  at  their  option,  delivered  parcels 
weighing  less  than  1,200  kilograms  (2,610  pounds)  by  wagons.  Parcels 
weighing  more  than  1,200  kilograms  were  delivered  by  rail  upon  special 
tracks  in  the  grounds  of  the  Exposition.  For  this  delivery,  whether 
by  wagon  or  by  rail,  the  railways  charged  a  fee  of  10  francs  per  ton. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  351 


TRANSPORTATION  THROUGH  THE  CITY  OF  PARIS  UNDER  DIRECTION  OF 

THE  EXHIBITOR. 

If  the  exhibitor  preferred,  he  could  have  his  goods  delivered  to  him 
or  his  agent  at  the  terminal  station  of  the  railway  and  make  his  own 
arrangement  for  delivery  to  the  Exposition  grounds.  This  form  of 
delivery  was  under  the  control  of  the  Exposition  authorities,  and  the 
cost  was  10  francs  per  ton.  Wagons  used  in  this  form  of  delivery 
were  not  allowed  to  leave  the  macadamized  streets.  Although  such 
streets  surrounded  the  Exposition  grounds,  and  in  many  cases  entered 
therein,  it  was  not  always  possible  to  bring  the  goods  quite  to  the 
location  of  their  exhibit  space. 

All  freight  bills  were  paid  on  the  delivery  of  the  goods  at  the  ter¬ 
minal  station  at  Paris.  Goods  were  unloaded  at  the  freight  station  at 
the  expense  of  the  railway  company  and  taken  in  charge  by  the  exhib¬ 
itor  or  his  agent,  and  if  not  promptly  removed,  a  charge  for  storage 
was  added  to  the  freight  bills.  Goods  were  required  to  be  removed 
from  the  station  on  the  same  day  if  received  in  the  morning,  or  dur¬ 
ing  the  forenoon  of  the  next  day  if  received  in  the  afternoon. 

RECEIPT  OF  GOODS  AT  EXPOSITION  GROUNDS. 

Exhibitors  were  required  to  receipt  for  their  exhibits  immediately 
upon  their  arrival  at  the  Exposition  grounds.  If  they  failed  in  this 
respect,  the  railway  company  removed  the  goods  to  the  station  or  to  a 
warehouse,  and  the  expense  of  removal,  storage,  and  return  was  added 
to  the  freight  bill.  When  received  by  the  exhibitor,  exhibits  were 
unloaded  from  the  cars  on  the  tracks  in  the  Exposition  grounds,  and 
placed  on  the  space  by  contractors,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition  authorities,  at  a  fixed  price.  In  the  case  of  bulky  exhibits  which 
required  to  be  delivered  at  once  from  the  car  to  the  nearest  point  of 
installation,  the  exhibitor  provided  at  once  for  the  location  of  his 
exhibit  when  notified  of  its  arrival;  otherwise  it  was  placed  in  the 
warehouse.  Upon  the  arrival  of  goods  at  the  Exposition  the  permit 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  customs  officers,  in  order  that  the  integ¬ 
rity  of  the  lead  seal  and  the  contents  of  the  cars  and  drays  could  be 
determined. 

DECLARATION. 

The  exhibitor  or  his  representative  deposited  a  detailed  declaration, 
drawn  upon  the  blank  used  for  entrance  into  bonded  warehouse.  After 
inspection  of  the  goods  the  custom-house  took  the  shipment  in  charge 
on  behalf  of  the  exhibitor. 

The  liquidation  of  bonded  warehouse  accounts  was  effected  by  the 
reexportation  abroad  or  by  the  goods  being  consumed  in  France.  In 
both  cases  the  exhibitor  or  his  representative  remitted  to  the  custom¬ 
house  service  of  the  Exposition  a  declaration  on  the  usual  blank  form, 
here  appended. 


352  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


RESHIPMENT  OF  GOODS. 

The  goods  declared  into  bonded  warehouse  of  the  Exposition,  before 
all  removals  from  the  pavilions  or  spaces  where  they  are  shown,  under¬ 
went  the  following  formalities:  A  declaration  signed  by  the  exhibitor 
or  his  agent,  inspection  of  the  declared  goods,  and  sealing  of  the  pack¬ 
ages.  The  loading  of  goods  on  drays,  wagons,  or  cars  took*  place  only 
in  the  presence  and  under  the  control  of  customs  agents.  Goods  not 
reshipped  were  declared  in  the  custom-house  the  same  time  as  the 
parts  declared  for  reexportation.  Duty  on  reexported  goods  was 
refunded  on  the  return  of  documents  establishing  the  passage  of  goods 
into  a  foreign  country.  Duty  on  goods  not  reexported  entered  on  the 
final  receipt  at  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  the  account.  No  package 
or  set  of  packages  was  allowed  to  go  out  of  the  Exposition  grounds 
not  accompanied  by  an  exit  ticket  drawn  and  signed  by  the  exhibitor, 
contractor,  or  concessionaire,  and  which  was  required  to  be  given  up 
at  the  gate  of  exit. 

Packages  going  out  by  rail  from  the  Exposition  grounds  in  cars 
were  sealed  by  the  customs. 

In  the  case  of  Government  exhibits  each  group  director  was  fur¬ 
nished  with  a  list  showing  the  serial  number  of  each  case  which  con¬ 
tained  material  used  in  his  department,  with  contents  and  weights 
and  the  number  of  the  custom-house  account  book  in  which  the  articles 
were  entered.  Upon  exportation  the  directors  of  groups  showed  the 
relation  of  the  reshipping  serial  number  to  this  number,  thereby  mak¬ 
ing  the  liquidation  of  the  Government  obligation  to  the  French  customs 
authorities  very  simple. 

STORAGE  OF  EMPTY  CASES. 

The  subject  of  placing  cases  on  the  exhibit  spaces,  removal  from  the 
space,  storing  and  insuring  of  the  empty  cases  during  the  term  of 
the  Exposition,  and  the  return  of  the  same  to  the  exhibit  space  was 
one  which  always  required  from  those  who  had  this  work  in  charge 
much  attention  and  forethought.  Official  concessionaires  who  had  the 
ability  and  the  facilities  for  handling  these  cases  would  not  recognize 
the  individual  exhibitor  as  liable  for  the  expense  incurred  in  fulfilling 
the  French  administration’s  mandates  in  this  matter,  making  it  neces¬ 
sary  for  the  Commissioner-General  to  assume  the  responsibility  and 
also  the  debts  of  exhibitors  for  these  services. 

The  payment  of  these  obligations  and  collecting  of  the  sum  from 
those  who  received  the  benefit  of  the  service  was  a  proposition  of 
much  detail,  and  in  succeeding  international  expositions  those  who 
may  have  this  responsibility  upon  them  will  have  accomplished  much 
when  they  arrange  with  exhibitors  for  the  prepayment  of  cartage  and 
storage  expenses. 


REPORT  OF  DEPARTMENT  OF  AFFAIRS. 

PAUL  BLACKMAR,  Director. 


S.  Doc.  232 - 23 


353 


REPORT  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


INDEX. 

Appointments  in  department  of  affairs— Organization  (salaries) — Library — Offices — 
Purchase  of  furniture  and  material — Vouchers — Estimates  and  appropriation — 
Information  pamphlets — Selling  privileges — Collective  exhibits — Catalogue — • 
Transportation  of  exhibits — Individual  exhibits — Insurance — Landing  exhibits 
in  France — Customs — Railroad  rates:  Shipment  by  rail  to  Paris — Unloading  and 
placing  exhibits — Storage  of  empty  packing  cases — Guards — Passes — Return  of 
exhibits — Conclusion — Translation  of  regulations  for  shipping,  receiving,  hand¬ 
ling,  and  reshipment  of  articles  destined  to  figure  or  having  figured  at  the  Expo¬ 
sition — Formalities  in  relation  to  goods  declared  into  bonded  warehouse  of  the 
Exposition. 


APPOINTMENTS  IN  DEPARTMENT  OF  AFFAIRS. 

The  director  of  affairs  was  the  first  aid  appointed  by  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  though  the  title  of  the  office  was  not  indicated  at  once. 
This  appointment  was  embodied  in  order  No.  1,  dated  July  22,  1898, 
which  reads  as  follows: 

Paul  Blackmar,  Esq.,  Chicago ,  III. 

Dear  Sir:  I  assign  you  the  following  duties  in  connection  with  the  Paris  Exposi¬ 
tion  of  1900: 

To  take  charge  of  the  organization  of  the  office  and  attaches  and  all  correspondence, 
papers,  records,  and  accounts  of  the  Commissioner-General  and  his  staff;  to  recom¬ 
mend  the  purchase  of  such  furniture  and  material  of  all  kinds  as  may  be  necessary; 
to  provide  and  contract  for  transportation;  to  regulate  expenditures,  and  to  exercise 
a  general  supervision  over  all  business  matters,  all  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Commissioner-General. 

Very  respectfully,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck, 

Commissioner-  General. 

The  clause  in  this  order  “to  regulate  expenditures”  referred  to  the 
contracting  of  obligations  for  expenditures  under  the  authority  of  the 
Commissioner-General,  as  the  disbursement  of  moneys  is  under  the  law 
intrusted  to  the  secretary. 

On  July  28, 1898,  by  order  JSo.  9  the  director  of  affairs  was  officially 
so  designated  and  the  instructions  previously  given  as  to  duties  were 
confirmed  and  somewhat  enlarged. 


355 


356  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  department  of  affairs  was  conducted  without  an  assistant  direc¬ 
tor  until  January  20,  1900.  The  departure  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  and  the  greater  portion  of  his  staff  for  F ranee  made  it  neces¬ 
sary  to  leave  some  one  in  the  United  States  in  authority  and  control  of 
business  matters,  and  also  to  provide  assistance  for  the  discharge  of 
extra  duties  devolving  upon  the  director  upon  his  arrival  in  Paris. 

Ity  order  No.  875,  dated  January  20,  1900,  William  E.  Cash,  of 
Philadelphia,  was  appointed  assistant  director  of  affairs  for  Paris. 

By  order  No.  912,  dated  February  15,  1900,  James  M.  Allen,  of 
Chicago,  who  had  up  to  this  time  acted  as  librarian  under  the  director 
of  affairs,  was  appointed  assistant  director  of  affairs  for  the  United 
States. 

There  has  been  no  change  in  these  three  appointments,  and  the 
gentlemen  named  have  continued  to  perform  the  duties  of  their 
respective  positions. 


ORGANIZATION— SALARIES. 

Immediately  after  the  appointment  of  the  director  of  affairs  he  took 
under  consideration  with  the  Commissioner-General  the  organization 
of  his  department.  It  was  decided  that  the  department  of  affairs  was 
to  have  no  authority  over  exhibits,  exhibit  departments,  or  details 
which  had  to  do  expressly  with  exhibits,  except  where  such  details 
were  matters  of  business  and  general  organization.  This  department 
was  to  act  as  a  sort  of  clearing  house  for  business  affairs  for  all  the 
exhibit  departments.  All  information  collected  from  any  source  was 
to  be  finally  disseminated  through  the  department  of  affairs,  that  such 
information  might  be  harmonious.  General  instructions  were  also  to 
be  issued  through  this  department,  except  in  cases  where  these  instruc¬ 
tions  referred  expressly  to  exhibit  matters,  when  they  were  to  be 
disseminated  through  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibit  departments. 

The  organization  of  the  offices  of  the  Commission  in  Chicago  and  all 
matters  pertaining  thereto  Avere  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
director  of  affairs.  The  office  in  Paris  Avas  also  organized  by  him, 
but  immediately  passed  to  the  control  of  the  assistant  commissioner- 
general.  When  the  entire  staff  arrived  in  Paris  in  February,  1900, 
however,  the  Paris  offices  Avere  again  placed  under  the  charge  of  the 
director  of  affairs. 

All  minor  salaries  in  all  departments  of  the  Commission  were  con¬ 
sidered  and  recommendations  made  through  the  director  of  affairs  in 
order  that  in  the  smaller  clerical  positions  the  salaries  might  as  far  as 
consistent  with  good  services,  be  on  a  uniform  basis. 

All  orders  of  the  Commissioner-General  passed  through  this  depart¬ 
ment  in  order  that  confusion  might  not  obtain  and  that  the  possibility 
of  the  issue  of  conilicting  or  contradictory  orders  might  be  avoided. 

Each  director  of  an  exhibit  department  was  to  a  certain  extent  an 


RECEPTION  ROOM  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  357 


independent  officer.  However,  it  was  necessary  that  in  all  general 
matters  the  staff  as  a  whole  should  work  harmoniously.  The  methods 
of  obtaining  this  unity  of  action  was  intrusted  jointly  to  the  director 
in  chief  of  exhibit  departments  and  the  director  of  affairs,  who  were 
in  constant  and  harmonious  conference  on  all  important  matters  and 
whose  final  recommendations  to  the  Commissioner-General  on  subjects 
of  importance,  after  conference  with  him,  were  acted  upon  and  made 
authoritative. 


LIBRARY. 

Each  director  of  exhibits  necessarily  had.  his  own  records,  files,  and 
correspondence.  It  was  required,  however,  that  the  Commissioner- 
General  should  be  able,  without  interruption,  to  call  up  any  informa¬ 
tion  desired  and  to  have  access  immediately  and  directly  to  all  papers 
and  correspondence.  For  this  reason  the  director  of  affairs  was 
intrusted  with  the  organization  of  the  library  of  the  Commission,  to 
which  was  designated  the  care  and  filing  of  all  papers  and  documents 
of  every  description,  and  their  classification  in  such  a  way  that  any 
special  paper  could  be  immediately  produced  upon  the  request  of  the 
Commissioner-General,  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibits,  the  director- 
of  affairs,  or  any  attache  entitled  thereto. 

The  library  was  one  of  the  chief  aids  of  the  Commissioner-General 
in  the  successful  execution  of  his  extensive  work,  keeping  him  in 
immediate  and  personal  touch  with  ever}7 thing  done  in  every  depart¬ 
ment. 

The  organization  and  conduct  of  this  special  department  was  an 
onerous  work,  requiring  not  only  industry,  but  capacity  and  experi¬ 
ence.  It  was  intrusted  by  the  director  to  James  M.  Allen,  of  Chicago, 
who  had  acted  in  a  similar  capacity  for  the  executive  department  of 
the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893,  and  who  possessed  both 
general  and  specific  knowledge  as  to  the  work  to  be  performed.  In 
addition  to  the  care  of  the  papers,  the  mailing  department,  involving 
the  copying  and  mailing  of  all  letters,  was  placed  under  the  direction 
of  the  library,  as  was  also  the  receipt  and  disbursement  of  mail. 

OFFICES. 

After  conference  with  President  McKinley  it  was  decided  by  the 
Commissioner-General  that  the  chief  office  of  the  Commissioner-Gen¬ 
eral  in  the  United  States  should  be  established  in  Chicago.  For  this 
purpose  large  and  commodious  quarters  were  secured  on  the  gecond 
floor  of  the  Auditorium  building  in  that  city.  It  was  decided  also  that 
there  should  be  an  office  in  New  York  for  the  accommodation  of  a  large 
number  of  citizens  and  possible  exhibitors  adjacent  to  that  great  cen¬ 
ter,  and  rooms  were  secured  in  the  Equitable  Building  in  New  York, 


358  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


at  120  Broadway.  The  space  accommodations  of  both  of  these  sets  of 
offices,  although  afterwards  added  to,  proved  comparatively  inadequate 
to  the  amount  of  business  to  be  transacted. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  Commissioner-General  in  Paris  in  Septem¬ 
ber,  1898,  accompanied  by  the  director  of  affairs  and  others,  the  ques¬ 
tion  of  a  location  for  offices  in  Paris  was  immediately  taken  up.  An 
attempt  was  made  to  secure  quarters  near  the  Place  de  l’Opera,  but  no 
available  rooms  were  found.  This  circumstance  afterwards  proved  to 
be  fortunate,  as  experience  demonstrated  that  a  location  as  near  the 
Exposition  grounds  as  possible,  and  also  near  the  offices  of  the  French 
administration  of  the  Exposition,  was  extremely  convenient  and  desir¬ 
able.  A  commodious  suite  of  rooms  was  found  at  20  Avenue  Rapp, 
between  the  two  great  wings  of  the  Exposition — the  Champ  de  Mars 
and  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides — convenient  to  both  sections  and 
within  two  blocks  of  the  offices  of  the  French  administration  of  the 
Exposition. 

Later,  in  October,  when  it  became  too  cold  to  do  office  work  on  the 
grounds  in  unheated  exhibit  spaces,  additional  rooms  were  engaged  at 
No.  11  Rue  Sedillot,  within  a  block  of  the  offices  in  Avenue  Rapp. 

The  rental  cost  of  these  offices  will  be  shown  in  the  report  of  the 
secretary  and  disbursing  agent  of  the  Commission. 

PURCHASE  OF  FURNITURE  AND  MATERIAL. 

The  purchase  of  furniture  and  office  material  of  all  kinds,  so  far  as 
the  same  related  to  supplies  for  the  Chicago  offices,  was  delegated  to 
the  librarian  under  the  control  of  the  director  of  affairs.  The  purchase 
of  this  class  of  material  in  Paris  after  the  arrival  of  the  Commissioner- 
General  and  entire  staff,  in  February,  1900,  was  placed  under  the 
charge  of  the  assistant  director  of  the  department  in  Paris. 

The  clause  in  order  No.  1  providing  that  the  director  should  pur¬ 
chase  material  of  all  kinds  was  very  materially  modified  as  it  became 
evident  that  material  for  the  use  of  the  exhibit  departments  on  the 
exhibit  spaces,  such  as  facades  and  material  of  like  character,  could 
only  be  properly  purchased  under  the  supervision  and  authority  of  the 
directors  of  the  various  exhibit  departments.  The  estimates  for  these 
purchases,  however,  were  submitted  to  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibits 
and  to  the  director  of  affairs,  and  conference  was  held  as  to  the  final 
approval  of  contracts  before  any  were  made. 

VOUCHERS. 

Nearly  all  vouchers  of  every  description  originated  in  and  were  made 
by  this  department.  This  involved  the  checking  of  bills  rendered  for 
all  classes  of  material  furnished  and  labor  and  services  performed, 
except  in  the  case  of  such  statements  as  were  rendered  directly  to  the 
secretary.  This  work  included  an  enormous  amount  of  detail,  and  a 
considerable  force  of  clerks  was  required  to  care  for  it  alone. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  359 
ESTIMATES  AND  APPROPRIATION. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  work  of  the  Commission  estimates  were 
made  by  each  director  as  to  the  expenses  of  his  department.  These 
estimates  were  submitted  to  the  Commissioner-General,  who  in  turn 
referred  them  to  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibits  and  the  director  of 
affairs  for  revision  and  recommendation  to  him.  It  was  necessary  to 
compare  and  regulate  the  figures  presented,  so  that,  as  has  already 
been  mentioned,  salaries  in  the  various  grades  of  clerical  work  might 
be  harmonized,  as  well  as,  so  far  as  possible,  for  work  of  a  superior 
order,  due  attention  being  paid,  of  course,  to  the  character  of  the 
service  to  be  performed  and  the  capacity  of  the  individual  who  under¬ 
took  it  in  each  case. 

The  final  estimates  thus  secured  were  approved  by  the  Commissioner- 
General  and  later  made  the  basis  of  an  application  for  an  appropria¬ 
tion  which  was  made  by  Congress.  However,  while  they  proved  to 
be  as  accurate  as  it  is  possible  to  make  estimates  of  this  character, 
they  were  found  to  be  imperfect  and  inadequate  in  many  respects. 
This  was  due  largely  to  the  many  unforeseen  difficulties  and  outlays 
caused  by  the  delay  of  the  French  administration  in  completing  the 
buildings  of  the  Exposition  and  having  them  prepared  for  the  installa¬ 
tion  of  exhibits.  These  delays  necessitated  an  expenditure  much  larger 
than  would  otherwise  have  be^n  the  case.  The  fact  that  in  very  many 
instances  spaces  were  not  floored  over  and  partitions  were  not  ready, 
it  being  therefore  impossible  to  install  exhibits  promptly  upon  their 
arrival,  caused  infinite  expense,  which  was  further  increased  by  the 
necessity  of  having  to  move  material  from  place  to  place  in  order 
that  one  section  of  the  floor  or  partitions  or  other  work  might  be  com¬ 
pleted  while  other  portions  of  the  same  space  continued  still  in  con¬ 
fusion,  unavailable  for  installation  purposes. 

INFORMATION  PAMPHLETS. 

A  number  of  pamphlets  of  information  were  issued  by  the  Com' 
mission  through  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibit  departments  and  the 
department  of  affairs. 

A  pamphlet  entitled 4  4  General  information  ”  was  published  in  January, 
1899,  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  and  intending  exhibitors.  The 
information  for  this  pamphlet  was  collected  in  Paris  during  September 
and  October  of  the  previous  year  by  the  attaches  who  accompanied 
the  Commissioner-General  on  his  first  visit  to  Paris  and  prepared 
under  the  supervision  of  the  director  in  chief  of  exhibit  departments. 

In  June,  1900,  owing  to  the  fact  that  visitors  from  the  United  States 
did  not  comprehend  that  the  exhibits  from  this  country  were  not 
grouped  together  in  the  United  States  pavilion  or  any  other  one 
department,  the  Commissioner-General  ordered  that  a  map  of  the 
Exposition  grounds  should  be  published,  on  which  should  be  desig- 


360  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


nated  all  of  the  spaces  in  which  United  States  exhibits  were  to  be 
found,  and  that  this  map  should  be  distributed  free  to  citizens  of  the 
United  States  visiting  the  Exposition. 

In  all,  18,000  of  these  maps  were  distributed,  at  a  cost  of  $736.30. 

SELLING  PRIVILEGES. 

The  French  Exposition  authorities  allowed  certain  privileges  in  the 
wa}T  of  selling  from  active  exhibits  under  the  following  regulation: 

Upon  payment  of  a  royalty  on  the  sale  of  articles  manufactured  exclusively  before 
the  public. 

The  Commissioner-General  was  determined  that  a  uniform  method 
should  be  adopted  and  adhered  to  in  considering  the  granting  of  privi¬ 
leges  under  this  regulation. 

It  was  decided  that  in  the  case  of  applications  for  such  concessions 
the  director  of  the  department  in  which  the  exhibitor  was  located  who 
desired  to  sell  should  first  pass  upon  his  application  and  determine 
whether  it  was  a  privilege  he  desired  to  have  exercised  in  the  section 
or  not.  If  the  director  approved  of  the  character  of  the  business  to 
be  done,  he  was  to  state  his  approval  to  the  director  of  affairs. 

The  director  of  affairs  was  then  to  consider  the  matter  as  a  business 
proposition  and  recommend  to  the  Commissioner-General  whether  the 
privilege  should  or  should  not  be  recommended  to  the  French  authori¬ 
ties  for  their  final  action,  and  the  Commissioner-General  was  to  pass 
upon  this  point. 

If  favorably  considered  by  the  Commissioner-General  it  was  then  to 
be  approved  to  the  French  authorities  of  the  Exposition,  who  would 
finally  grant  or  withhold  the  privilege,  as  they  deemed  fit. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  Commissioner-General  in  Paris,  however, 
before  the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  the  whole  matter  of  selling  privi¬ 
leges  was  found  to  be  in  such  confusion  that  it  was  deemed  best  to 
approve  no  such  privileges  whatever,  and  accordingly  no  action  was 
taken  in  relation  to  selling  privileges  in  connection  with  exhibits. 

COLLECTIVE  EXHIBITS. 

Collective  exhibits  having  been  determined  upon  as  a  necessary 
adjunct  to  the  work  of  the  Commission,  the  method  of  determining 
the  amount  of  money  which  each  exhibitor  should  pa}r  and  the  method 
of  expending  this  money  to  the  best  advantage,  so  that  for  the  mini¬ 
mum  of  expenditure  the  exhibitor  and  exhibit  might  receive  the  maxi¬ 
mum  of  benefit,  received  the  most  careful  consideration  for  many 
months  before  a  plan  was  finall}"  determined  upon  and  put  into  effect. 
This  plan  was  clearly  set  forth  in  a  letter  of  August  16, 1899,  addressed 
by  the  Commissioner-General  to  the  director  of  each  exhibit  depart¬ 
ment,  and  in  the  blank  accompanying  same,  which  was  to  be  sent  by 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  361 

the  directors  to  each  exhibitor  who  was  to  enter  into  any  collective 
exhibit,  copies  of  which  circulars  will  be  found  embraced  in  an  appen¬ 
dix  to  the  Commissioner-General’s  personal  report.  * 

It  having  been  advised  by  the  honorable  attorney-general  that  the 
Commissioner-General  would  not  be  permitted  to  receive  and  disburse 
such  outside  funds  as  the  proposed  arrangement  would  necessitate,  a 
trustee  was  appointed  by  the  exhibitors  for  this  service.  The  total 
amount  collected  by^  this  trustee  for  collective  exhibit  purposes  and 
the  amounts  disbursed  will  be  fully  set  forth  in  the  report  of  C.  I. 
Drake,  of  Marquette,  Mich.,  who  was  appointed  to  the  post  of  trus¬ 
tee  and  who  continued  the  duties  of  that  position  to  the  end. 

The  collective-exhibit  plan  undoubtedly  resulted  in  the  saving  of  a 
large  amount  of  money  to  the  exhibitors,  as  the  same  results  in  instal¬ 
lation  and  care  of  exhibits  could  not  have  been  attained  for  less  than 
double,  treble,  and  in  some  cases  quadruple  the  cost  of  the  collective 
exhibit.  Financially  the  plan  was  most  satisfactory.  The  scope  of 
the  collective  exhibits  was  very  great,  including  as  it  did  the  machin¬ 
ery  annex  at  Vincennes  and  many  other  collective  exhibits  not  of  as 
great  scope,  but  perhaps  fully  as  important  to  the  industries  of  the 
United  States. 

It  is  the  belief  of  the  director  of  affairs  that  the  best  possible  results 
can  be  obtained  by  enlarging  the  scope  of  the  collective-exhibit  plan 
to  its  utmost  limit. 


CATALOGUE. 

Each  nation  was  of  course  entitled  to  have  a  proper  list  of  its  exhib¬ 
itors  with  certain  lines  of  descriptive  matter  inserted  in  the  French 
official  catalogue  of  the  Exposition.  The  publishing  of  a  special  cata¬ 
logue  of  the  exhibits  of  the  United  States,  however,  was  desirable  and 
was  decided  upon,  and  was  allowed  by  the  French  Exposition  authori¬ 
ties  under  specified  regulations,  as  follows: 

Each  nation  may  print  and  publish  at  its  own  expense,  risk,  and  danger  a  special 
catalogue  of  the  exhibits  of  that  nation. 

The  management  of  the  Exposition  will  regulate  the  sale  of  such  catalogues  within 
the  Exposition  grounds  and  will  collect  a  royalty  on  such  sales. 

In  connection  with  the  above  regulations  general  rulings  in  relation 
to  advertising  made  it  impossible  for  a  nation  to  obtain  any  revenue 
from  the  printing  of  advertisements  in  its  catalogue,  as  the  entire 
advertising  privileges  were  reserved  by  the  French  Exposition  author¬ 
ities  to  the  French  company  which  had  the  contract  of  printing  the 
official  catalogue  of  the  Exposition. 

Much  consideration  was  given  to  this  subject  of  a  special  United 
States  catalogue,  and  many  conferences  were  held  as  to  whether  it  was 
desirable  for  the  Commissioner-General  to  directly  print,  publish,  and 
sell  such  catalogue  or  whether  it  would  be  better  to  grant  the  conces- 


362  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


sion  to  do  so  to  some  publisher,  on  a  basis  of  percentage  of  receipts, 
or  whether  it  was  better  to  pay  a  fixed  price  which  provided  for  the 
expense  of  the  catalogue,  giving  the  publisher  certain  rights  which 
would  enable  him  to  make  a  reasonable  profit  under  very  stringent 
restrictions  as  to  the  use  of  such  rights. 

Upon  investigation  of  this  subject  it  was  discovered  that  the  French 
company,  with  headquarters  in  Paris,  which  had  the  privilege  of 
printing  the  official  catalogue  of  the  Exposition,  was  for  many  reasons 
better  equipped  to  do  the  work  than  other  parties,  more  especially 
because  of  its  organization  having  been  perfected  for  this  purpose 
and  because  of  its  having  immediate  possession  of  the  information  for 
the  French  official  catalogue,  which  was  necessarily  the  basis  for  the 
special  catalogue. 

As  a  result  of  negotiations,  this  company  made  three  propositions  to 
the  Commissioner-General  in  relation  to  a  special  catalogue  for  the 
United  States,  which  may  be  epitomized  as  follows: 

First.  The  publisher  undertook  to  print  the  special  catalogue  of  the 
United  States  in  four  languages — English,  French,  German,  and  lius- 
sian;  to  keep  the  catalogue  on  sale  at  all  times  at  all  stands  where 
French  or  other  catalogues  were  sold  within  the  grounds,  the  price  of 
the  catalogues  to  be  fixed  by  agreement  between  the  Commissioner- 
General  and  the  publisher,  but  the  maximum  price  not  to  exceed  3 
francs;  and  as  compensation  for  such  publication  and  sale  the  pub¬ 
lisher  was  to  receive  the  exclusive  right  to  print  and  publish  adver¬ 
tisements  of  the  exhibitors  of  the  United  States  in  the  catalogue  itself. 

Second.  The  publisher  proposed  to  print  the  catalogues  in  the  four 
languages  above  specified,  the  Commissioner-General  to  pay  a  certain 
amount  per  sheet  for  each  edition  of  5,000  copies;  the  publisher  to 
keep  the  catalogues  on  sale  at  all  stands  where  the  French  or  other 
catalogues  were  sold,  and  to  charge  for  the  same  40  per  cent  of  the 
gross  receipts. 

Third.  The  publisher  would  undertake  to  print  the  catalogue  in  the 
four  languages  referred  to  and  issue  a  special  annex  volume  for  the 
advertisements,  in  which  all  the  exhibitors  of  the  United  States  and 
no  persons  except  exhibitors  of  the  United  States  should  be  entitled 
to  advertise,  at  equal  prices  to  all  alike,  in  which  last  event  the 
Commissioner-General  was  to  pay  a  fixed  sum  to  the  publisher  for 
the  publication,  the  publisher  assuming  all  risk  of  loss  and  all  oppor¬ 
tunities  of  profit. 

All  of  the  three  propositions  were  equally  subject  to  the  following 
conditions: 

1.  The  publisher  was  to  furnish  2,500  copies  in  English  to  the 
Commissioner-General  free  of  charge. 

2.  All  matter  inserted  in  the  catalogue  or  in  the  book  of  advertising 
was  to  be  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the  Commissioner-General. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  363 

3.  No  names  or  advertisements  of  persons  not  exhibitors  in  the 
U nited  States  sections  were  to  be  inserted  in  either  the  catalogue  or 
book  of  advertising. 

4.  The  catalogue  and  book  of  advertising  were  to  be  sewn  and  put 
in  paper  cover  in  handsome  colors,  the  design  to  be  approved  by  the 
Commissioner-General. 

5.  The  book  of  advertising  was  to  be  bound  in  cover  uniform  with  the 
catalogue  proper,  and  the  two  volumes  were  to  be  put  up  in  a  neat  box. 

After  much  consideration  the  third  proposition  was  accepted,  as  it 
was  thought  to  be  undignified  to  have  advertisements  scattered  through 
the  catalogue  proper,  which  was  the  objection  to  the  first  proposition; 
and  the  business  of  going  into  the  publishing  and  sale  of  catalogues 
was  one  not  only  followed  by  risk,  but  one  concerning  which  there  was 
some  doubt  in  the  Commissioner-General’s  mind  as  to  his  right  to 
undertake. 

By  the  provisions  of  the  contract  adopted  the  Lemercier  Company 
was  granted  the  exclusive  right  to  the  publication  of  the  special  cata¬ 
logues  of  United  States  exhibitors  under  the  official  recognition  of  the 
Commissioner- General.  The  Commissioner-General  was  to  furnish  in 
English  all  matter  to  be  inserted  in  the  catalogues,  and  the  Lemercier 
Company  was  to  guarantee  correct  and  satisfactory  translations  into 
each  of  the  other  languages  used,  to  print  all  proper  catalogue  matter 
furnished,  to  furnish  proof  sheets,  etc. 

The  Lemercier  Company  was  to  conform  to  the  regulations  of  the 
French  Exposition  authorities  and  to  pay  to  them  at  its  own  cost  what¬ 
ever  sums  might  be  required  as  ro}7alties  upon  sales. 

The  nature  of  the  entries  to  be  made  free  of  charge  to  exhibitors 
were  to  conform  in  terms  to  the  requirements  set  forth  by  the  French 
Exposition  authorities.  Supplementary  or  annex  volumes  were  to  be 
used  for  advertising  purposes  only,  a  copy  to  be  issued  with  each  vol¬ 
ume  in  a  case. 

The  Lemercier  Company  was  to  keep  copies  of  the  special  catalogues 
on  sale  at  all  their  kiosks  in  the  Exposition  and  in  the  United  States 
sections  thereof,  at  a  price  not  to  exceed  that  charged  per  volume  for 
the  general  official  catalogues  in  French,  and  in  no  case  to  be  more 
than  3  francs  (60  cents)  per  volume. 

Each  exhibitor  was  to  be  entitled  to  have  inserted  in  the  catalogue 
in  each  language,  free,  (1)  his  name  or  the  firm  name  or  the  name  of 
his  company;  (2)  his  complete  address;  (3)  two  lines  of  matter  descrip¬ 
tive  of  the  material  he  was  to  exhibit. 

Further  lines  were  to  be  paid  for  by  the  exhibitor  at  a  price  which 
was  to  be  the  same  in  each  case,  and  which  price  was  also  the  price 
allowed  to  be  charged  by  the  French  authorities  in  the  French  official 
catalogue;  but  such  additional  lines  were  to  be  edited  and  accepted  or 
rejected  by  the  Commissioner-General  before  they  should  be  inserted. 


364  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


The  Lemercier  Company  was  to  receive  $10,000  from  the  Commis¬ 
sion,  $5,000  to  be  paid  when  the  catalogues  were  completed  and  placed 
on  sale  and  a  like  sum  ($5,000)  to  be  paid  on  August  15,  1900.  This 
part  of  the  contract  was  afterwards  (March  28  to  31,  1900)  so  modified 
that  the  entire  sum  to  be  paid  to  the  Lemercier  Company  was  fixed  at 
$14,000,  the  additional  $4,000  to  be  paid  at  the  completion  of  the  work. 

In  case  of  unreasonable  delay  in  furnishing  proof  sheets  or  in  the 
issuance  of  the  catalogues  and  putting  them  on  sale,  the  Commissioner- 
General  was  authorized  to  abrogate  the  contract  upon  fifteen  days’ 
notice.  After  such  abrogation  the  Commissioner-General  was  not  to 
be  liable  for  any  pa}^ments  or  advances. 

It  was  further  agreed  that  the  Commissioner-General  might  cause  to 
be  printed  and  sold  a  specially  illustrated  catalogue  of  the  exhibits 
made  in  the  department  of  fine  arts,  this  department  being  also 
included  in  each  of  the  special  catalogues  provided  for  in  the  contract. 

By  the  terms  of  this  contract  the  Lemercier  Company  also  agreed  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  translation  required  in  preparing  the  copy  of 
the  special  catalogue.  At  the  same  time  the  Commissioner-General 
for  the  United  States  was  required  by  the  French  authorities  to  pre¬ 
sent  the*  matter  for  the  official  German  catalogue  in  the  French  lan¬ 
guage.  As  a  special  French  edition  of  the  catalogue  was  not  available 
for  this  purpose,  and  as  a  like  responsibility  rested  equally  upon  both 
the  Commissioner-General  and  the  publishing  company  in  the  connec¬ 
tion,  it  was  agreed  that  one  translation  should  be  made  under  their 
joint  supervision  and  that  the  expense  thereof  should  be  shared 
between  them.  Other  matters  of  minor  interest  were  arranged  at  the 
same  time.  The  Commissioner-General  also  secured  the  important 
concession  of  having  the  special  catalogues  in  English  and  German  (and, 
if  need  be,  in  Russian)  made  in  Chicago,  so  far  as  composition,  printing, 
folding,  and  stitching  were  concerned,  the  same  volumes  to  be  later 
sent  to  Paris  to  receive  covers  and  annex  volumes  and  to  be  put  in 
cases  ready  for  sale. 

Early  in  January,  1900,  it  was  determined  that  the  publication  of 
the  catalogue  in  the  Russian  language  would  be  of  comparatively  little 
benefit  to  the  exhibitors  of  the  United  States,  and  therefore  the  arrange¬ 
ment  with  the  publisher  was  modified  so  that  in  place  of  publishing  a 
special  catalogue  in  the  Russian  language  it  was  agreed  to  publish  in 
the  French  language  in  each  of  the  18  annex  volumes  of  the  French 
official  catalogue  16  pages  of  general  descriptive  matter  of  the  United 
States  and  its  industries.  The  number  of  pages  was  afterwards  volun¬ 
tarily  increased  by  the  French  publishers  to  22. 

The  catalogue  was  finally  issued,  its  publication  being  considerably 
delayed,  owing  to  the  hesitation  of  a  number  of  the  exhibitors  of  the 
United  States  in  deciding  to  exhibit  and  in  furnishing  the  necessary 
information,  which,  of  course,  had  to  be  revised  by  the  editor  and  stat- 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  365 


istician  of  the  Commission.  This  work  of  editing  the  catalogue  was 
intrusted  to  Dr.  Selim  H.  Peabody,  of  Chicago. 

Under  the  regulations  of  the  French  authorities  it  was  provided  that 
the  list  of  exhibitors  for  publication  in  the  catalogue  should  be  ren¬ 
dered  to  them  complete  by  March  20,  1900.  A  list  was  rendered  by 
the  Commissioner-General  to  them  at  that  date,  but  owing  to  the  dila¬ 
toriness  of  hundreds  of  the  exhibitors  it  was  imperfect  and  incomplete, 
nor  was  it  made  perfect  and  complete  for  man 3^  weeks  after  this  date. 
The  publishers  of  the  French  official  catalogue  represented  that  should 
they  at  this  late  date  revise  their  catalogue  and  publish  the  complete 
and  accurate  list  of  the  exhibitors  of  the  United  States  it  would  involve 
a  large  expense  on  their  part,  and  they  made  a  demand  for  a  large 
amount  of  money  for  making  the  catalogue  complete  and  perfect. 
After  much  discussion  and  negotiation  the  Commissioner-General 
made  an  arrangement  with  them  whereby  the  service  was  performed 
for  a  very  moderate  amount. 

Full  details  as  to  the  contents  of  the  catalogue  will  be  found  in  the 
report  of  the  editor  and  statistician. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  EXHIBITS. 

The  transportation  of  exhibits  to  the  Exposition  was  a  problem  and 
task  that  presented  many  difficulties  and  involved  innumerable  and 
complex  details.  The  duty  of  perfecting  the  arrangements  for  the 
successful  execution  of  this  important  work  was  intrusted  largely  to 
the  department  of  affairs.  The  F rench  authorities  had  issued  elaborate 
instructions  and  regulations  governing  the  shipping,  receiving,  han¬ 
dling,  and  reshipment  of  exhibits,  which  were  carefully  followed. 
Copies  of  these  instructions  and  regulations  in  full  will  be  found  at  the 
end  of  this  report. 

The  forwarding  of  such  exhibits  as  were  actually  under  the  charge 
of  the  Commissioner-General  and  the  expense  of  the  transfer  to  Paris 
of  which  were  to  be  paid  by  him  demanded  serious  consideration. 
Propositions  were  made  by  many  transportation  companies  for  the 
carrying  of  exhibits  from  the  United  States  seaboard  to  Paris  and 
return  to  the  point  of  departure,  and  propositions  were  also  received 
from  transportation  agents  to  undertake  the  care  of  such  exhibits. 

The  Commissioner-General  decided,  however,  that  it  would  not  only 
be  less  expensive,  but  that  in  view  of  the  moral  effect  it  would  be 
greatty  to  the  advantage  of  the  United  States  and  the  work  of  the 
Commission  if  a  United  States  cruiser  could  be  secured  for  the  serv¬ 
ice.  Upon  application  to  the  President  and  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
the  Prairie ,  one  of  the  largest  and  handsomest  of  the  United  States 
unarmored  cruisers,  was  detailed  for  this  purpose. 

The  special  exhibits  in  charge  of  the  Commissioner- Genera l  were 
gathered  at  New  York  and  Baltimore,  both  places  offering  advantages 


366  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


for  certain  consignments  from  adjoining  districts  of  the  country. 
From  these  points  they  were  taken  by  the  Prairie  to  France  in  two 
voyages. 

The  secretary  of  the  Commission  was  intrusted  with  the  loading 
and  dispatching  of  the  Prairie  from  the  United  States,  being  in  charge 
of  the  offices  in  New  York  and  close  to  the  points  of  departure. 

INDIVIDUAL  EXHIBITS. 

The  transportation  of  exhibits  and  material  belonging  to  individual 
exhibitors  of  the  United  States  was  an  entirely  separate  affair  from 
that  of  forwarding  those  for  which  the  Commissioner-General  was 
responsible  and  upon  which  he  had  to  pay  the  cost.  No  individual 
exhibits  were  dispatched  in  the  Prairie  except  in  cases  where  they 
belonged  to  collective  exhibits,  a  certain  proportion  of  the  expenses  of 
which  necessarily  fell  upon  the  Commissioner-General. 

The  Commissioner-General  did  not  undertake  to  transfer  any  indi¬ 
vidual  exhibits  or  to  prescribe  the  method  of  their  transportation. 
Information  was  accumulated  as  far  as  possible  and  disseminated  for 
the  assistance  of  the  exhibitors,  but  they  could  in  every  case  select 
such  method  as  they  chose  for  the  transportation  of  their  displays  to 
Paris. 

The  Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique,  operating  the  French  line 
of  steamers,  made  a  fixed  rate  from  New  York  to  Paris  and  return, 
covering  every  class  of  material,  which  was  largely  availed  of  by  indi¬ 
vidual  exhibitors. 

INSURANCE. 

Much  attention  was  given  to  the  question  of  insuring  material 
belonging  to  the  United  States  and  material  which  was  borrowed  by 
the  Commissioner-General  for  the  pupose  of  completing  the  exhibits. 
It  was  apprehended  that  the  difficulty  of  placing  specific  insurance 
separately  on  each  lot  of  such  material  would  be  very  great  and  would 
lead  to  considerable  confusion,  with  the  result  that  possibly  some  of  the 
material  might  be  overlooked  and  no  insurance  obtained.  After  much 
negotiation  with  various  parties  an  arrangement  was  finally  entered  into 
whereby  a  blanket  policy  of  $300,000  was  placed  at  the  rate  of  3  per 
cent,  which  covered  any  kind  of  goods  or  merchandise  for  use  in  con¬ 
nection  with  the  Exposition,  protecting  it  against  all  hazards,  u  includ¬ 
ing  the  risk  of  theft,  risk  of  craft  to  and  from  the  vessel,  loss  by  sink¬ 
ing,  burning,  stranding,  or  collision  of  the  vessel  or  conveyance,  and 
risk  of  theft  from  the  time  of  leaving  the  warehouse  or  point  of  ship¬ 
ment  in  the  United  States  to  Paris,  while  there,  and  thence  to  point  of 
final  destination  in  the  United  States,  with  privilege  to  transship  one  or 
more  times.” 

In  compliance  with  this  policy  it  was  necessary  that  each  separate  lot 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  367 


of  material  be  specified  to  the  company  placing  the  insurance,  with  its 
value  and  all  other  necessary  information.  A  special  certificate  was 
then  issued  under  the  general  policy  covering  that  particular  lot  of 
material. 

The  insurance  was  placed  early,  as  experience  has  demonstrated  that 
the  rate  of  insurance  for  expositions  rapidly  rises  just  before  the  time 
for  installation.  It  often  is  found  impossible  to  place  insurance  at 
all  late  in  the  operations  of  expositions,  the  contracting  companies 
generally  having  undertaken  by  that  time  all  the  risks  that  their  reg¬ 
ulations  will  permit  them  to  assume. 

The  amount  of  $300,000  specified  above  for  which  insurance  was 
secured  was  based  upon  estimates  made  by  the  various  directors  of 
exhibit  departments.  It  was  afterwards  found,  however,  that  the 
estimates  were  far  too  high.  As  the  entire  amount  had  been  con¬ 
tracted  for,  and  as  it  was  necessary  to  pay  the  premium,  the  directors 
were  instructed  to  allow  individual  exhibitors  who  desired  to  do  so  to 
avail  themselves  of  such  part  of  the  $300,000  policy  as  they  might 
desire.  In  this  way  the  entire  amount  was  placed,  the  Commission 
taking  $121,211  and  the  exhibitors  $178,759. 

Later,  it  being  found  that  some  further  insurance  was  needed  for 
the  Commission,  additional  certificates  to  the  extent  of  $19,245  were 
secured,  under  practically  the  same  form  as  previously,  though  it  was 
impossible  to  secure  a  rate  of  less  than  4  per  cent  for  this  insurance. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  was  special  marine  insurance  to  the 
amount  of  $40,595. 

There  were  losses  under  these  policies,  owing  to  the  sinking  of  the 
French  vessel  Pauilliac ,  amounting  to  $5,000,  the  insurance  on  which 
losses  was  fully  collected.  The  total  cost  of  the  insurance  placed  above 
was  $4,650.60.  A  considerable  loss  to  the  Commission  therefore  was 
avoided. 

Pictures,  statuary,  and  other  exhibits  in  fine  arts  department  were 
not  included  in  the  above  insurance.  Such  articles  were  invariably 
loan  exhibits  for  which  the  Government  was  responsible,  and  the 
insurance  on  them  was  placed  by  J.  B.  Cauldwell,  of  New  York  City, 
director  of  the  department  of  fine  arts.  The  total  amount  of  insurance 
secured  in  this  connection  was  $411,850,  on  which  the  premium  was 
$5,043.50. 

The  policy  covering  this  property  was  very  complete,  it  providing 
insurance  for  articles  66  while  being  unpacked  and  until  placed  upon 
public  exhibition  and  thereafter  during  the  continuance  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition,  during  their  preparation  for 
shipment,  and  during  their  return  journey  in  transit  to  point  of  final 
destination,  exactly  as  provided  for  in  case  of  shipment  to  Paris,  against 
loss  or  damage  by  accident,  collision,  derailment,  fire,  theft,  or  water, 
or  any  other  loss  of  any  kind  whatsoever;  but  all  liability  under  this 


368  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


policy  shall  terminate  on  January  1,  1901,  except  as  to  such  exhibits 
as  are  in  transit  at  that  date.” 

There  was  no  loss  under  this  insurance  in  the  fine  arts  department. 

LANDING  EXHIBITS  IN  FRANCE. 

Investigation  seemed  to  show  that  Havre  was  the  better  port  for 
discharging  the  exhibits  in  France.  Rouen,  higher  up  the  Seine,  was 
also  available,  though  it  seemed  to  offer  some  danger  of  grounding, 
owing  to  low  water.  More  direct  inquiries,  however,  in  which  the 
officers  of  the  steamship  Prairie  gave  their  assistance,  demonstrated 
that  it  was  safe  to  proceed  to  Rouen.  Landing  at  this  port  would 
place  the  exhibits  about  60  miles  nearer  to  Paris.  Moreover,  while 
the  harbor  of  Rouen  had  not  as  many  facilities  as  Havre,  it  was  much 
less  crowded,  and  offered,  on  the  whole,  the  possibility  of  a  more 
prompt  and  economical  discharge  of  cargo  than  Havre,  with  its  over¬ 
crowded  conditions.  The  arrangement  would  naturally  provide  also  a 
very  much  lower  freight  rate  from  the  point  of  discharge  to  Paris. 
It  was  decided,  therefore,  that  the  Prairie  should  make  her  last  trip 
to  Rouen,  which  was  done.  The  former  cargo  of  the  Prairie  was 
delivered  at  Havre.  The  great  bulk  of  individual  exhibits  was  landed 
at  Havre. 

CUSTOMS. 

A  large  amount  of  work  devolved  upon  the  department  of  affairs  in 
relation  to  the  customs  and  duties  under  the  regulations  of  the  United 
States  and  France.  This  work  was  placed  under  the  charge  of  L.  M. 
Howland,  of  the  United  States  Special  Treasury  Service,  who  was 
appointed  director  of  customs  by  the  Commissioner-General  on  Decem¬ 
ber  29,  1898,  a  certain  portion  of  the  task  being  afterwards  assigned 
to  E.  R.  Holmes,  of  Paris,  formerly  of  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

The  complicated  details  attending  the  passing  of  exhibits  through 
the  customs  ports  of  France  can  not  be  understood  except  through 
actual  experience.  Declarations  were  required  to  be  made  for  all 
material  of  every  character  which  was  taken  into  the  Exposition 
grounds,  in  order  that  when  the  material  was  returned  to  the  exhibiting 
country  it  might  all  be  accounted  for.  Any  material  unaccounted  for 
had  either  to  bear  duty  or  evidence  had  to  be  furnished  to  the  French 
authorities  that  it  had  been  destroyed  and  was  valueless.  This  was  a 
most  difficult  business  to  perform  satisfactorily,  and  developed  endless 
complications.  Especially  was  this  the  case  in  relation  to  the  material 
belonging  to  individual  exhibitors,  it  becoming  absolutely  necessary 
for  the  Commissioner-General  to  provide  an  organization  to  help  these 
exhibitors  execute  this  work,  as  the  French  authorities  held  the  for¬ 
eign  commissioners-general  responsible  for  all  exhibits  coming  from 
their  respective  countries. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  369 


It  was  imperative  to  have  in  charge  of  entering  and  withdrawing 
exhibits  through  the  French  ports  some  one  thoroughly  familiar  with 
the  French  language,  and  who  was  acquainted  with  the  complications 
of  the  custom-house  department  and  familiar  with  the  French  people 
and  their  habits. 

The  experience  gained  by  Director  Howland  as  special  treasury 
agent  for  several  years  in  France  made  him,  it  was  felt,  particularly 
fitted  for  this  service. 

A  more  detailed  report  of  the  department  of  customs  has  been 
rendered  by  Mr.  Howland,  and  is  embraced  in  the  Commissioner- 
General’s  report. 

RAILROAD  RATES — SHIPMENT  BY  RAIL  TO  PARIS. 

The  Railroad  de  l’Ouest  made  a  special  rate  from  Havre  and  Rouen 
on  all  material  from  the  United  States  intended  for  the  Exposition  of 
75  per  cent  of  regular  rate  from  the  port  of  entry  to  Paris  and  25  per 
cent  of  the  regular  rate  returning  from  Paris  to  the  original  port  of 
entry,  which  return  rate  applied  only  upon  such  goods  as  had  been 
shipped  in  over  that  railroad. 

Strong  efforts  were  made  to  have  the  Railroad  de  l’Ouest  make  one 
fixed  rate  which  would  apply  like  that  made  by  the  Compagnie  Gen¬ 
erate  Transatlantique  to  all  classes  of  material.  This  they  would  not 
do,  and  the  usual  classified  rates  with  the  reductions  mentioned  above 
were  applied.  This  led  to  an  enormous  amount  of  work  in  checking 
and  correcting  the  bills  of  the  railroad  for  transportation  charges, 
which  might  have  been  avoided  had  it  been  possible  to  induce  the  rail¬ 
road  to  make  a  blanket  rate  covering  all  classes  of  material. 

The  transfer  of  exhibits  from  the  receiving  ports  to  Paris  was 
attended  by  many  difficulties,  delays,  and  annoyances.  It  was  found 
that  at  first  there  were  often  loaded  in  the  same  car  exhibits  and 
material  intended  for  spaces  widely  separated.  This  led  to  extreme 
confusion,  delay,  and  expense  upon  the  arrival  and  unloading  of  the 
cars  upon  the  grounds.  To  correct  such  error  and  confusion  it  was 
necessary  to  incur  the  expense  of  sending  to  Havre  several  attaches  of 
the  Commission,  and  also  to  pay  forwarding  agents  and  stevedores  for 
sorting  material  before  loading  into  the  cars,  so  that  each  car  might 
contain  as  far  as  possible  only  material  intended  for  one  space.  This 
expense  was  considerable,  but  it  was  a  step  absolutely  necessary  to  be 
taken  in  order  to  provide  that  exhibits  and  materials  reach  their 
proper  space  and  be  installed  within  reasonable  time. 

Great  difficulty  was  also  experienced  in  having  the  cars  on  which 
the  material  for  the  United  States  sections  was  loaded  delivered  into 
the  grounds  promptly,  as  the  cars  were  sometimes  sidetracked  at  sta¬ 
tions  intermediate  between  the  port  of  entry  and  Paris  and  were  fre¬ 
quently  delivered  upon  the  wrong  track  within  the  grounds.  It 
S.  Doc.  232 - 24 


370  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


became  necessary  for  the  director  of  affairs  to  employ  a  considerable 
number  of  men  understanding  French,  whose  duty  it  was  to  seek  cars 
when  they  were  sidetracked  in  this  way,  notifying  the  director  of 
affairs,  often  twice  daily,  of  all  cars  discovered,  especial  efforts  being 
then  made  to  have  these  cars  switched  into  the  grounds.  Very  few 
packages  were  permanently  lost,  however,  though  many  were  much 
delayed. 

UNLOADING  AND  PLACING  EXHIBITS. 

A  contract  had  been  made  with  a  large  transportation  firm  in  Paris 
for  the  unloading  of  the  exhibits  from  the  cars  and  placing  them  on 
the  exhibit  spaces  for  which  they  were  designated.  This  firm  was 
large  and  competent  and  well  recommended.  It  developed,  however, 
that  it  was  not  the  company  which  was  officially  recognized  by  the 
French  Exposition  authorities  and  to  which  had  been  granted  the  offi¬ 
cial  contract  for  doing  this  work.  After  some  experience  it  was  found 
that  the  facilities  controlled  by  the  company  so  officially-  recognized, 
Puthet  &  Claret  by  name,  were  so  much  greater  than  those  of  any 
other  that  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  procure  a  release  of  the  contract 
referred  to  and  to  intrust  the  unloading  of  the  exhibits  to  this  com¬ 
pany  officially  recognized  by  the  French  authorities. 

The  congestion  on  the  grounds  inside  the  Exposition  inclosure  was 
beyond  description.  The  enormous  quantity  of  material  coming  in 
from  the  United  States  and  51  other  foreign  countries,  as  well  as  the 
delivery  of  the  material  by  exhibitors  of  France,  resulted  in  the  utmost 
confusion  and  its  accompanying  great  delay,  annoyance,  and  expense. 
In  view  of  these  conditions  the  arrangement  made  with  the  company 
above  proved  to  be  particularly  satisfactory  and  of  greater  aid,  we 
believe,  than  any  other  plan  that  could  have  been  entered  into. 

In  the  provisions  of  this  contract  with  the  company  having  the  offi¬ 
cial  contract  for  the  handling  of  material  within  the  Exposition  grounds 
was  included  the  unloading  of  all  material  belonging  to  indhidual 
exhibitors  which  was  not  promptly  taken  care  of  by  the  owners  them¬ 
selves.  The  price  made  by  this  company  for  such  work  was  about  55 
per  cent  of  the  prices  they  were  authorized  to  charge  under  their  con¬ 
tract  with  the  French  Exposition  authorities.  The  company,  however, 
refused  to  recognize  the  individual  exhibitors  or  to  collect  from  them, 
but  insisted  that  their  charges  for  this  work  be  made  against  the  Com¬ 
missioner-General.  As  it  was  believed  to  be  impossible  otherwise  to 
have  the  exhibits  installed  within  any  reasonable  time,  this  arrange¬ 
ment  was  finally  agreed  to.  All  bills  were  rendered  to  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  and  the  director  of  affairs  re-collected  from  the 
exhibitors  all  moneys  that  it  was  possible  to  collect  from  them  for 
this  service. 

The  work  of  making  out  and  collecting  these  bills  and  identifying 
the  material  was  very  complicated  and  involved  a  large  amount  of 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS  ROOM  AT  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT 


PARIS.  371 


e  ical  labor  and  expense.  It  was  found  absolutely  impossible  to 
identify  all  of  the  material  unloaded,  and  it  also  proved  to  be  impos¬ 
sible  to  collect  from  the  exhibitors  the  full  amount  which  they  should 
have  paid;  therefore  there  was  some  considerable  difference  between 
the  amount  finally  paid  the  contracting  company  and  the  amount  col¬ 
lected  from  the  exhibitors  and  amount  of  charges  for  handling  Com¬ 
mission  exhibits.  It  was  impossible  to  avoid  this  condition,  and  without 
making  such  an  arrangement  as  was  entered  into  the  completion  of  the 
exhibit  would  have  been  delayed  for  many  weeks,  if  not  months. 

his  shortage  was  therefore  a  necessary  expense  incurred  by  the 
Commissioner-Genera1  to  secure  the  prompt  completion  of  the  exhibit 
or  the  United  States. 

The  experience  seems  to  demonstrate  that  it  is  impossible  to  secure 
prompt  delivery  and  therefore  prompt  installation  of  all  exhibits  at  a 
foreign  exposition  if  the  matter  of  delivery  within  the  grounds  be  left 
entirely  to  the  individual  exhibitors  to  dispose  of  as  they  see  fit  with- 
out  reference  to  some  single  organization  which  shall  be  under  the 
authority  and  control  of  the  Commissioner- General 
The  director  of  affairs  states,  as  his  belief,  that' a  certain  sum  to 
cover  expenses  of  this  character,  which  shall  necessarily  be  incurred 
by  the  Commissioner-General,  should  in  each  case  be  deposited  by 
exhibitors  to  be  expended  and  accounted  for  at  the  close  of  the  instal¬ 
lation  work  This  amount  should  be  deposited  by  the  exhibitor  when 
his  space  is  finally  assigned  to  him,  and  assignments  of  space  should 
not  take  effect  until  such  amount  is  deposited. 

STORAGE  OF  EMPTY  PACKING  CASES. 

It  was  very  necessary  that  all  empty  packing  cases  belonging  to  the 

Commission  and  also  those  belonging  to  individual  exhibitors  should 
be  piomptly  taken  from  the  spaces  as  they  were  emptied,  stored 

C  r6tred  Vb°  01086  °f  the  ExP°*itl0"  ‘o  their  respective 
spaces  foi  repacking.  Contracts  were  made  for  this  work  at  varying 

prices,  viz,  4  francs  per  cubic  meter;  3  francs  per  cubic  meter,' and 
\  ,lanCi’  CUbl°  metel''  Th°  exhibitors  were  entitled  to  take 

»  C£w‘ ,t  "  to  for  ih* »"  «... 

J1.",;1*  tound  iu  this  case,  as  in  others,  that  the  company  which  was 
cmlly  authorized  to  do  this  class  of  work  by  the  French  Exposition 

vW  of  th  S61'ViCe’  th°Ugh  at  a  higber  prfee.  In 

view  of  the  experience  gained,  however,  it  is  believed  that  it  would 

have  been  better  for  the  Commissioner-General  to  have  rented  a  ware 

houseand  attended  to  the  storing  of  his  own  cases  and  perhaps  to  have 

taken  charge  also  of  such  cases  as  exhibitors  desired  to  have  Sored  for 

Had  such  a  warehouse  been  secured  in  which  to  store  the  cases,  the 


372 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


work  could  have  been  done  to  much  better  advantage.  Considerable 
confusion  and  expense  would  have  been  saved  at  the  close  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition  by  such  an  arrangement,  and  the  return  of  cases  to  the  spaces  as 
they  were  desired  rather  than  having  them  all  delivered  at  once  in 
considerable  confusion,  as  was  done,  would  have  been  secured. 

The  cases  would  also  have  been  better  cared  for,  whereas  (as  was  the 
case  under  one  contract)  a  number  of  those  stored  were  not  under 
cover  and  not  properly  protected  otherwise,  the  result  being  that  con¬ 
siderable  expense  in  repairing  them  preparatory  to  repacking  was 
incurred. 

There  are  so  many  exhibitors  who  have  no  representatives  to  care 
for  such  matters  that  some  arrangement  of  this  sort  should  invariably 
be  made. 

GUARDS. 

The  organization  of  the  guard  force  which  was  utilized  in  Paris  for 
watching  the  exhibits  of  the  United  States  was  also  intrusted  to  the 
director  of  affairs. 

After  many  conferences  between  the  Commissioner-General,  the 
director  in  chief  of  exhibits,  and  the  director  of  affairs,  it  was  decided 
that  a  large  number  of  these  guards  should  be  chosen  in  the  United 
States,  and  should  be  selected  from  among  young  men  who  were  well 
recommended  and  of  good  character  and  appearance.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  members  of  this  staff  should  be  able  to  speak  French  in 
order  that  they  might  intelligently  give  information  to  French  visitors 
at  the  various  United  States  exhibit  spaces. 

Numberless  applications  were  received  and  great  pressure  was 
brought  to  bear  for  these  appointments.  The  salary  was  very  mod¬ 
erate,  being  fixed  at  $600  per  annum,  with  expenses  to  Paris  and 
return.  This  remuneration  was  afterwards  increased  (it  developing 
that  the  duties  were  more  onerous  than  was  at  first  supposed  and  the 
expenses  of  living  in  Paris  very  high)  to  $720  per  annum.  A  careful 
selection  was  made  of  38  young  men  to  go  from  the  United  States,  all 
of  whom  had  submitted  written  recommendations,  photographs,  and 
other  necessary  information. 

It  being  found  necessary  to  have  60  guards  in  all,  the  remaining  num¬ 
ber  was  selected  in  Paris,  but  invariably,  whether  they  were  secured 
in  the  United  States  or  Paris,  the  appointees  were  United  States  citi¬ 
zens,  and  nearly  90  per  cent  of  them  were  able  to  speak  French. 

In  addition  to  the  compensation  above  noted,  their  uniforms  were 
purchased  by  the  Commissioner-General  and  furnished  to  them  free  of 
charge. 

The  guards  were  put  under  the  direction  of  P.  C.  Bowen,  who  was 
appointed  captain  under  date  of  January  9,  1900,  as  he  had  aided  the 
director  of  affairs  in  selecting  the  men  in  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Bowen  retained  his  captaincy  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition.  Under 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  373 

his  charge  the  38  guards  arrived  in  Paris  about  December  25  and  were 
immediately  made  useful  in  the  unloading,  unpacking,  and  general 
handling  of  exhibits  which  were  under  the  control  of  the  Commissioner- 
General.  The  manual  labor  performed  by  them  at  this  time,  the  intel¬ 
ligence  which  they  displayed,  and  their  general  usefulness  in  doing 
anything  which  was  asked  of  them  during  the  pre-Exposition  period 
can  not  be  too  highly  commended. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  the  captain  and  the  guard  force 
were  placed  under  the  direct  orders  of  the  Commissioner-General. 
It  being  found  that  there  was  more  or  less  conflict  of  interest  among 
the  various  directors  in  changing  and  posting  the  guards,  it  was  con¬ 
sidered  wise  to  refer  the  questions  which  arose  in  this  connection 
directly  to  the  head  of  the  Commission.  The  captain,  therefore, 
reported  personally  to  the  Commissioner-General  until  the  close  of 
the  Exposition,  though  instructions  were  often  conveyed  to  him 
through  the  director  of  affairs. 

The  United  States  was  the  only  foreign  nation  at  Paris  whose  guards 
were  citizens  of  the  country  represented,  and  they  attracted  much 
notice  because  of  their  neat  and  plain  uniform  (dark  blue  with  silver 
and  white  trimmings)  and  because  of  their  gentlemanly  bearing,  intel¬ 
ligence,  and  good  appearance.  The  maximum  guard  force  at  any  one 
time  was  61,  including  the  captain,  and  as  the  spaces  to  be  watched 
were  32  and  were  scattered  all  over  the  Exposition  grounds  there 
were  none  too  many.  The  number  might  have  been  increased  to  some 
extent  with  advantage. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  guard  force  on  duty  during  the  day  it 
was  necessary  to  have  the  spaces  and  exhibits  watched  at  night,  and 
for  this  purpose  night  watchmen  were  employed.  These  night  watch¬ 
men  were  usually  engaged  by  the  director  of  the  department  in  whose 
space  they  were  to  be  stationed,  although  through  the  department  of 
affairs  the  salaries  paid  were  made  to  harmonize.  The  night  guards 
were  not  in  uniform,  as  they  did  not  appear  before  the  public,  coming 
on  and  going  off  duty  at  hours  when  the  public  was  not  admitted  to 
the  spaces. 

PASSES. 

The  French  Exposition  authorities  had,  of  course,  provided  a  careful 
system  for  the  issuance  of  passes.  It  being  impracticable  for  each 
director  to  assume  absolute  charge  of  the  passes  for  his  department, 
this  work  also  fell  to  the  department  of  affairs,  and  was  intrusted  to 
William  E.  Cash,  assistant  director  of  affairs  in  Paris. 

Card  passes  were  issued,  good  for  two  weeks,  on  which  a  deposit  of 
10  francs  was  demanded,  which  sum  was  forfeited  if  the  passes  were 
not  returned  within  seven  days  after  the  expiration  of  the  pass.  A 
photographic  pass  was  also  issued,  which  was  good  for  the  entire 
term  of  the  Exposition.  A  very  large  proportion,  however,  of  those 


374  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


entitled  to  passes  from  the  United  States  Commission  never  took  the 
trouble  to  secure  photographs,  preferring  the  annoyance  of  exchanging 
card  passes  eveiy  two  weeks,  which  added  much  to  the  work  of  the 
pass  department. 

In  general  the  system  adopted  by  the  French  authorities  of  provid¬ 
ing  for  renewal  and  exchange  of  passes  every  two  weeks  demanded 
double  the  amount  of  work  required  by  monthly  exchange  such  as 
has  been  customary  at  expositions  held  in  the  United  States. 

RETURN  OF  EXHIBITS. 

When  the  time  arrived  for  preparing  to  take  the  exhibits  away 
from  the  Exposition  grounds  for  reshipment  to  the  United  States  the 
experience  of  the  spring  seemed  to  demonstrate  that  the  best  possible 
judgment  would  be  exercised  in  making  a  contract  with  the  same  offi¬ 
cial  contractors  who  originally  handled  the  material — to  take  charge  of 
it  after  it  was  packed,  remove  it  from  the  various  spaces,  and  deliver 
it  on  board  the  Prairie.  Negotiations  were  entered  into,  however, 
with  many  other  parties  and  bids  secured.  Finally  an  arrangement 
was  made  with  the  official  contractors  under  which  they  were  notified 
when  certain  material  was  packed  and  ready  for  delivery  to  them, 
upon  which  notice  they  took  the  material  from  the  space,  delivered  it 
on  the  Prairie  at  Havre  for  one  fixed  price,  agreeing  that  should  any 
material  not  be  so  delivered  on  the  Prairie  within  twelve  days  after 
the  last  notice  was  given  that  the  contractors  should  deliver  any  such 
delayed  material  in  New  York  or  Baltimore  without  extra  charge. 

The  return  of  individual  exhibits  was  looked  after  by  the  owners. 
In  connection  with  the  reshipment  of  goods  after  the  close  of  the 
Exposition,  the  rates  prevailed  which  were  contracted  for  when  the 
goods  were  sent  in,  as  recorded  in  transportation  agreement  already 
reported. 

CONCLUSION. 

It  is  impossible  in  a  fontlal  report  to  give  any  exact  idea  of  the 
duties  of  this  department  and  their  far-reaching  character.  The  many 
perplexing  questions  arising  from  day  to  da}^,  which  dealt  with  almost 
every  subject  with  which  the  Commissioner-General  had  to  do,  reach¬ 
ing  throughout  almost  every  department;  the  many  emergencies  aris¬ 
ing  from  da}T  to  day  which  had  to  be  dealt  with  decisively  and  immedi¬ 
ately,  and  the  organization  necessary  in  order  to  have  at  hand  informa¬ 
tion  bearing  upon  every  possible  subject  which  might  arise,  can  only 
be  known  to  those  who  had  business  with  the  department  from  day  to 
day  throughout  the  entire  term  of  the  service.  It  is  impossible  to 
conduct  the  work  of  the  Commissioner-General  at  an  Exposition  with¬ 
out  a  department  of  this  kind;  nevertheless  the  character  of  the  work 
performed  is  of  such  a  nature  that  it  does  not  become  prominent  at 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  375 

any  stage  of  the  enterprise.  The  public  as  a  whole,  and  by  far  the 
greater  number  of  exhibitors,  had  no  knowledge  even  that  such  a 
department  existed.  No  opportunity  is  offered  for  the  department  to 
make  itself  prominent,  as  is  the  case  with  exhibit  departments.  Its 
work  is  carried  on  almost  entirely  within  the  offices  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioner-General,  and  while  its  duties  are  so  intimately  associated  with 
those  of  every  exhibit  department  that  without  it  or  a  department  of 
a  similar  nature  the  entire  fabric  would  lack  harmony  and  coherence; 
it  nevertheless  attracts  little  attention,  is  little  known,  and  its  impor¬ 
tance  entirely  unappreciated  outside  the  offices  of  the  Commission. 

The  strenuous  nature  of  the  duties  to  be  performed  may  perhaps  be 
indicated  b y  the  fact  that  from  the  time  of  appointment,  July  22, 1898, 
until  December,  1900,  the  director  of  the  department  did  not  feel  justi¬ 
fied  in  asking  for  or  taking  a  vacation  and  was  not  absent  from  his 
post  longer  than  three  days  at  a  time,  except  when  called  away  upon 
duties  pertaining  to  the  work  of  the  Commissioner-General. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Paul  Blackmar, 

Director  of  Affairs. 

Paris,  November  7,  1900. 


The  following  is  a  translation  of  instructions  received  from  tne 
French  Exposition  authorities  bearing  upon  transportation* 

Regulations  for  the  Shipping,  Receiving,  Handling,  and  Reshipment  of  Arti¬ 
cles  Destined  to  Figure  or  Having  Figured  at  the  Universal  Exposition  of 

1900. 

The  Commissioner-General  of  the  International  Universal  Exposition  of  1900,  on 
the  proposition  of  the  Director-General  and  the  assistant  director-general  of  exploi¬ 
tation,  considering  the  decree  of  August  4,  1894,  containing  the  general  regulations 
of  the  Exposition,  and  specially  articles  41  and  46,  resolves: 

Article  I.  Certificate  of  admission. — Every  person  admitted  to  exhibit  works  or 
products  at  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  will  receive  a  certificate  of  admission 
bearing  a  serial  number.  This  certificate  will  be  sent  to  the  interested  parties  as 
follows: 

For  works  to  figure  in  the  French  contemporary  or  centennial  exhibits  of  Group 
II,  works  of  art,  or  at  the  retrospective  exhibit  of  French  art,  by  the  director  of 
fine  arts. 

For  industrial  or  agricultural  products  and  various  articles  of  the  French  contem¬ 
porary  or  centennial  exhibit  of  groups  other  than  Group  II,  by  the  President  of  the 
Commission  of  each  class. 

For  industrial  or  agricultural  products  or  various  articles  to  figure  in  exhibits  of 
French  public  administration  in  the  same  groups,  by  the  delegates  of  these  admin¬ 
istrations. 

For  the  work  of  art,  industrial  or  agricultural  products,  and  various  articles  com¬ 
ing  from  the  French  colonies  or  protectorates,  by  the  official  delegates  representing 
these  colonies  or  protectorates. 


876  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


For  work  of  art,  industrial  or  agricultural  products,  and  various  articles  of  foreign 
origin,  by  the  delegated  commissioner  of  each  country. 

Art.  II.  Labels. — Labels  to  be  affixed  to  the  packages  will  be  furnished  by  the 
general  direction  of  exploitation  on  request  of  the  interested  parties  and  through 
the  medium  of  the  persons  designated  in  the  preceding  articles  as  those  who  are  to 
give  out  the  certificates  of  admission. 

For  the  French  section,  contemporary  and  retrospective,  including  the  colonies 
and  protectorates,  the  labels  will  bear  a  diagonal  red  band. 

Those  of  the  centennial  exhibit  will  be  distinguished  by  a  red  star  in  one  of  the 
corners. 

For  the  foreign  sections  the  labels  will  bear  a  diagonal  green  band. 

The  designation  of  the  part  of  the  grounds  in  which  the  product  shall  be  placed 
will  be  printed  on  the  diagonal  band. 

The  labels  destined  for  works  or  products  which  are  to  be  shown  in  the  palaces  or 
pavilions  constructed  by  the  administration  of  the  exposition  will  bear  on  the 
white  portion  the  number  of  the  group  in  Roman  letters  and  that  of  the  class  in 
Arabic  figures  or  the  designation  of  the  special  exhibit. 

Labels  destined  for  works  or  products  to  be  exhibited  in  buildings  put  up  by  exhib¬ 
itors  will  bear  on  the  white  portion  the  mention  “Pavilion.” 

Art.  III.  Marks  and  addresses  of  packages. — Each  package  must  bear: 

1.  Two  labels  placed  on  opposite  sides. 

2.  The  letters  “E.  U.,”  surrounded  by  a  black  circle: 

3.  Mention  of  the  gross  weight  of  the  packages  in  kilograms.  The  exhibitor 
must  write  in  French  characters  upon  each  label  his  name  and  the  number  of  his 
certificate  of  admission. 

The  shipping  declaration  (way  bill,  receipt,  bill  of  lading)  will  repeat  the  serial 
number  of  the  certificate  of  admission  and  the  name  of  the  exhibitor. 

Art.  IV.  Dates' of  shipment. — Works  of  art  destined  for  the  international  contem¬ 
porary  exhibit,  for  the  centennial  French  exhibit,  and  the  retrospective  exhibit  of 
French  art  must  be  deposited  before  February  15  to  20,  1900,  in  the  palace  intended 
to  receive  them.  Industrial  or  agricultural  products,  and  miscellaneous  objects 
other  than  the  work  of  art,  will  be  taken  on  the  Exposition  grounds  between 
December  1,  1899,  and  February  28,  1900. 

Art.  V.  Shipping. — Reduced  rates  having  been  granted  by  the  Government  Rail¬ 
road,  French  and  Algerian  Trunk  Line  Railroad,  and  by  various  French  maritime 
navigation  companies  for  the  transportation  of  exhibited  articles  both  going  and 
returning,  every  shipper  can  demand  the  application  of  these  reduced  tariffs  in  the 
conditions  provided  both  by  the  agreements  made  between  the  Commissioner-Gen¬ 
eral  of  the  Universal  Exposition  and  the  various  railroad  companies  (see  Exhibit  B) 
and  by  the  table  of  reductions  granted  by  the  navigation  companies  (see  Exhibit  C). 

The  administration  moreover  will  not  interfere  in  any  manner,  either  on  the  in  or 
out  shipment,  in  the  relation  between  the  exhibitors  and  the  transportation  com¬ 
panies,  and  assumes  no  responsibility  on  the  subject. 

Art.  VI.  Transportation  within  Paris. — For  packages  arriving  by  water  or  by  dray 
transportation  within  Paris  is  left  entirely  to  the  interested  parties. 

For  packages  arriving  by  rail  the  shipper  can  either  provide  by  his  own  means  for 
the  drayage  in  Paris  or  claim  the  benefit  of  the  condition  provided  by  the  agree¬ 
ment  made  between  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900 
and  the  five  great  railroad  lines  terminating  at  Paris.  (See  Exhibit  B.) 

Art.  VII.  Unloading. — Packages  transported  from  the  terminal  station  by  the  rail¬ 
road  companies  under  the  conditions  provided  by  the  agreement  spoken  of  in  the 
preceding  article  will  be  delivered  by  the  companies  on  the  interior  of  the  Exposi¬ 
tion  grounds  at  the  points  nearest  their  destinations.  The  unloading  will  be  done 
under  the  conditions  provided  in  the  same  agreement. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  377 


Exhibitors  will  receive  packages  at  the  places  where  they  are  delivered  and  will 
have  done  without  delay  the  handling  and  removal  to  exhibit  space. 

Packages  which  have  been  sent  on  the  Exposition  grounds  by  other  means  than 
those  foreseen  in  the  agreements  cited  in  Article  VI  will  be  immediately  unloaded 
and  installed  by  and  at  the  expense  of  the  consignee. 

If  the  exhibitor  or  his  representative  is  not  present  to  receive  packages  addressed 
to  him  on  their  arrival  on  the  Exposition  grounds,  these  packages  will  be  immediately 
taken  away  again  for  storing,  either  in  the  station  or  in  a  public  warehouse,  at  the 
expense  of  the  said  exhibitor. 

Art.  VIII.  Unpacking  and  removal  of  packing  cases. — It  is  especially  forbidden  to 
allow  packages  or  empty  boxes  to  remain  on  the  .passages  reserved  for  circulation. 
Packages  must  be  unpacked  within  the  space  assigned  for  the  exhibit  of  the  products 
they  contain.  The  boxes,  as  soon  as  emptied,  must  be,  without  delay,  taken  away  out 
of  the  Exposition  grounds  by  the  exhibitor  or  his  representative. 

In  case  of  nonperformance  of  the  requirements  of  the  present  article,  either  the 
taking  away  of  the  empty  boxes  or  the  warehousing  of  packages  left  uncared  for 
will  be  performed  by  the  administration,  all  at  the  exhibitor’s  expense,  without  any 
responsibility  for  the  administration  and  without  any  requirement  of  previous  notifi¬ 
cation.  Exhibitors  must  provide  themselves  for  the  storage  and  preservation  of  their 
empty  boxes. 

Art.  IX.  Service  of  goods  handling  and  warehousing. — In  order  to  facilitate  the 
carrying  out  of  the  preceding  requirements  by  exhibitors  who  will  not  have  the 
necessary  means  and  can  not  procure  them  directly  the  administration  will  organize, 
by  letting  of  the  contract,  a  service  including  the  furnishing  of  manual  labor  and  the 
necessary  apparatus  for  the  receiving,  handling,  and  reshipment  of  packages,  as  well 
as  the  furnishing  of  warehouses  for  the  preservation  of  empty  boxes. 

The  administration  will  make  known  to  exhibitors  by  means  of  posters  the  maxi¬ 
mum  tariffs  that  the  contractor  will  be  authorized  to  collect  for  each  of  the  opera¬ 
tions  included  in  his  undertaking.  The  administration  assumes  no  responsibility  for 
the  acts  of  this  contractor,  whose  assistance  remains  optional  for  each  exhibitor.  (See 
at  Exhibit  D  the  extract  from  specifications  for  the  goods-handling  contract.)1 

Art.  X.  Reshipment. — On  the  outshipment  as  on  the  inshipment,  the  packing  and 
the  transportation  of  the  exhibited  products  are  at  the  expense  of  the  exhibitors, 
who  must  provide  themselves  for  all  the  operations  as  for  all  expenses  of  the  reship¬ 
ment  of  their  products. 

The  introduction  within  the  Exposition  grounds  of  empty  boxes,  packing  mate¬ 
rials,  drays,  and  other  transportation  implements  can  commence  from  the  morning  of 
November  6,  1900.  m 

The  tracks  of  the  Champ  de  Mars  will  be  again  put  in  shape  in  the  shortest  time 
possible  after  the  close  of  the  Exposition,  and  the  reshipment  by  railroad  will  begin 
as  soon  as  this  work  is  finished. 

Art.  XI.  Nonresponsibility  of  the  administration. — The  administration  is  not  in  any 
way  responsible  for  thefts  or  embezzlements  which  may  be  committed.  (Article  75  of 
the  general  regulations. ) 

Art.  XII.  Formalities  for  customs,  internal  revenue,  and  octroi. — Exhibitors  must  con¬ 
form  to  the  rules  established  by  Title  VI  of  the  general  regulations  as  to  the  regime 
established  for  the  Universal  Exposition  as  to  customs,  internal  revenue,  and  octroi 
duties. 

A.  Picard, 

Commissioner- General  of  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900. 

Paris,  September  12,  1899. 


1  Messrs.  Puthet  &  Claret,  22  Rue  Albouy,  Paris,  have  been  designated  as  con¬ 
tractors  for  goods  handling,  under  conditions  above  defined. 


378  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Exhibit  B.  I. — Agreement  with  Railroads. 

On  June  27,  1898,  agreement  was  entered  into  between  Commissioner-General 
Picard  and  representatives  of  the  railroads  of  France,  including  that  of  the  West  and 
that  of  the  North.  The  following  are  the  principal  provisions  of  this  agreement: 

Art.  I.  All  Exposition  exhibits,  except  animals,  objects  of  art,  and  valuable  papers, 
will  be  transported  between  their  shipping  points  and  the  main  line  terminal  stations 
in  Paris  at  the  following  rates: 

1.  Inshipments,  rates  of  general  or  special  tariffs  applicable  to  other  than  those  of 
the  Exposition’s  or  ordinary  competitive  fares,  with  reduction  of  25  per  cent. 

2.  Outshipments,  rates  of  general  and  special  tariffs  (other  than  those  of  the  Expo¬ 
sition’s  or  ordinary  competitive-fares) ,  with  reduction  of  75  per  cent. 

The  shipments  in  question  will  be  liable,  without  reduction,  to  all  accessory  charges 
of  which  the  collection  is  authorized  by  the  administration,  as  well  as  the  ordinary 
registration  and  the  stamp  tax  due  the  treasury  department.  They  will  be  subject 
to  all  conditions  of  general  or  special  tariffs  applicable  to  all  that  is  not  contrary  to 
what  precedes. 

The  companies  will  not  be  responsible  for  damages  en  route  arising  from  defects  in 
packing  or  bad  condition  of  packages. 

Cars  hauled  at  these  rates  can  not  carry  passengers. 

Art.  II.  Animals  destined  for  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1900  will  be  transported 
at  rates  and  under  conditions  of  special  grand  vitesse  (fast  freight),  tariff  No.  19,  and 
petite  vitesse  (slow  freight),  tariff  No.  29,  of  the  main  railroad  systems  applicable  to 
Exposition’s  and  ordinary  competitive  fares,  tariffs  which  provide  full  rates  going  and 
free  return  to  the  shipping  point. 

Art.  III.  The  transportation  of  objects  of  art  and  valuable  papers  will  be  effected 
at  rates  and  under  conditions  of  the  ordinary  tariffs  in  force  on  each  system. 

Art.  IV.  General  conditions. — The  shipment  of  articles  brought  for  transportation 
is  subject  to  the  proof  of  their  admission  to  the  Exposition.  Consequently  the  inter¬ 
ested  parties  must  exhibit  (on  going,  at  the  station  of  the  shipping  point,  on  return,  at 
shipping  station  in  Paris)  all  papers  necessary  to  prove  that  the  articles  are  to  figure 
or  have  figured  at  the  Exposition. 

All  shipments  to  the  Exposition  are  to  be  addressed  to  the  exhibitors  or  consignees 
and  received  by  them  or  their  representatives  who  will  be  accredited  to  give  receipt 
on  delivery.  Besides  this  address,  which  must  be  written  in  French  and  very  legibly, 
the  package  must  bear  the  labels  furnished  by  the  administration  of  the  Exposition 
and  indicating  the  destination  of  the  packages  within  the  grounds;  these  labels  will  be 
conformable  to  the  models  transmitted  by  the  administration  to  the  railroad  companies. 

On  the  French  Trunk  Line  System,  where  the  present  rules  are  applicable,  the 
freight  is  to  be  prepaid  at  the  shipping  point,  including,  when  the  goods  are  sent 
directly  within  the  Exposition  grounds,  the  rates  due  for  the  transportation  within 
Paris,  conformably  to  agreements  made  between  the  Commissioner-General  of  the 
Exposition  and  the  companies  forming  the  Belt  Line  syndicate;  on  the  outshipment 
the  shipments  will  be  made  C.  O.  D.  under  the  same  conditions. 

For  the  reshipment  of  articles  after  the  close  of  the  Exposition  the  preceding 
arrangements  will  be  applicable  only  during  a  maximum  delay  of  six  months,  count¬ 
ing  from  the  day  of  the  Exposition’s  closing. 

II.  Agreement  with  the  railroads  of  the  West,  of  the  North ,  and  other  railroads ,  made  by 
the  Commissioner-General,  June  27,  1898. 

Transportation  of  Exposition  goods  from  the  terminal  stations  to  and  into  the  Expo¬ 
sition  grounds  and  vice  versa  will  be  performed  either  by  the  exhibitors  or  their 
agents  or  by  the  railroad  companies. 

In  the  first  case,  the  packages  will  be  addressed  or  sent  to  the  railroad  terminal 
stations  in  Paris,  and  the  drayage  will  be  arranged  for  by  the  exhibitors. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  379 


In  the  second  case,  the  transportation  will  be  effected  by  the  companies  at  the 
rates  and  under  the  condition  given  below,  which  include  loading  and  unloading 
charges,  with  use  of  crane  if  there  is  need. 

Packages  weighing  singly  less  than  1,200  kilos  will  be  taken  on  dray.  Packages 
weighing  singly  1,200  kilos  and  over  will  be  taken  by  belt-line  railway  (ceinture), 
right  and  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  and  by  the  special  tracks  laid  to  the  Exposition 
grounds. 

Parts  of  a  single  shipment,  such  as  parts  of  a  machine,  when  some  weigh  more  and 
some  less  than  1,200  kilos,  will  be  put  together  in  one  shipment  and  taken  to  the 
Exposition  by  rail. 

Packages  transported  by  drays  will  be  unloaded  on  the  macadamized  roads  of  the 
Exposition  as  near  as  possible  to  the  space  assigned  to  each  exhibitor,  who  will 
receive  them  at  these  points.  The  further  moving  of  these  packages  will  be  attended 
to  by  the  exhibitors.  When  the  use  of  cranes  is  necessary  the  unloading  and  the 
delivery  will  take  place  at  the  crane  nearest  to  the  final  destination  of  the  package. 

Full  cars  coming  from  foreign  countries  and  sealed  in  bond  will  be  set  on  Exposi¬ 
tion  tracks  for  consignees  or  their  representatives,  who  will  have  to  provide  for  the 
unloading  and  distribution  of  the  contents  of  these  cars.  Unsealed  cars  will  be  taken 
on  the  special  Exposition  tracks  to  the  points  nearest  their  destination,  then  unloaded 
by  the  railroad  of  the  west  by  means  of  the  movable  cranes  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Exposition  administration.  In  default  of  available  movable  cranes  the  unloading 
will  be  done  by  the  nearest  fixed  crane. 

Under  these  conditions  the  transportation  rate  within  Paris  will  be  uniformly  10 
francs  a  ton. 

The  charges  will  be  per  indivisible  fraction  of  10  kilograms,  with  minimum  charge 
of  1  franc. 

The  packages  delivered  by  the  companies  on  the  Exposition  grounds  will  be 
received  by  the  exhibitors,  consignees,  or,  in  default,  by  representatives  who  will  be 
accredited  to  give  receipt  at  the  moment  of  their  delivery. 

If  the  consignee  or  his  agent  be  not  present  to  receive  the  packages  on  their  arrival 
at  the  Exposition  grounds,  the  companies  will  immediately  take  away  the  packages 
either  to  their  stations  or  to  a  public  warehouse.  They  will  collect  for  this  operation 
the  ordinary  fees  for  drayage  and  warehousing. 

(Requirements  as  to  labels  omitted.) 

The  rate  for  transportation  within  Paris  will  be  collected  on  the  departure  of  the 
packages  at  the  same  time  as  the  charge  from  the  shipping  point  to  the  Paris  railroad 
terminal  stations. 

The  rates  and  conditions  that  precede  will  be  applicable  after  the  close  of  the 
Exposition  to  the  transportation  within  Paris  of  exhibited  articles  which  the  exhib¬ 
itors  request  the  companies  to  undertake  the  reshipment  of  to  the  Paris  railroad  termi¬ 
nal  stations,  but  under  the  condition  that  this  reshipment  take  place  in  a  maximum 
delay  of  six  months  from  the  day  of  the  Exposition’s  closing. 

In  this  case  the  charge  for  transportation  within  Paris  will  be  added  to  the  charge 
from  the  railroad  terminal  station  to  the  point  of  destination,  the  shipment  being 
C.  O.  D. 

A  later  special  memorandum  will  be  added,  if  there  is  occasion,  for  the  Exposition 
annex  which  is  installed  in  the  Bois  de  Vincennes. 

III.  Agreement  of  the  Commissioner- General  with  the  railroads  of  the  west ,  the  north ,  and 
other  lines  as  to  rates  for  Vincennes  annex ,  made  July  11 ,  1899. 

The  rates  and  conditions  fixed  by  the  agreement  of  June  27,  1898,  will  be  applica¬ 
ble  to  shipments  from  the  railroad  terminal  stations  in  Paris  to  the  Exposition 
grounds  (Vincennes  annex)  of  articles  destined  to  be  exhibited  in  this  annex  or 
having  been  exhibited,  with  the  reservation  of  the  following  additions  and  modifica- 


380  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


tions:  The  company  of  the  east  will  effect,  in  its  special  station  installed  in  the  Bois 
de  Vincennes,  the  same  operations  as  those  with  which  the  company  of  the  west  is 
charged  by  virtue  of  the  aforesaid  agreement  on  the  tracks  situated  at  Paris  on  the 
Exposition  grounds. 

The  transportation  from  the  terminal  stations  in  Paris  to  the  grounds  of  the  Vin¬ 
cennes  annex  of  locomotives,  tenders,  and  cars  running  on  the  rails  will  he  performed 
at  the  following  uniform  rates: 


Francs. 

Locomotives . each . .  150 

Tenders . do _  75 

Cars  (passenger  or  freight) . per  axle..  10 


Exhibit  C. — Extracts  from  Contract  and  Specifications  for  Handling  Goods. 

Article  I.  Object  of  the  undertaking. — The  contract  has  for  object  the  interior  hand¬ 
ling  (unloading  and  loading)  of  articles  destined  to  figure  or  having  figured  at  the 
Exposition,  and  the  storage  of  empty  boxes. 

Art.  II.  Character  of  the  undertaking. — Article  9  of  the  regulations  for  the  shipping, 
reception,  unloading,  loading,  and  reshipment  of  articles  destined  to  figure  or  having 
figured  at  the  Exposition  of  1900  defines  in  the  following  manner  the  character  of 
the  undertaking  which  is  the  object  of  the  present  contract: 

“Art.  9.  Service  of  unloading ,  loading ,  and  storage. — In  order  to  facilitate  the  ful¬ 
fillment  of  preceding  requirements  by  exhibitors  who  have  not  personally  the  means 
necessary  and  would  not  be  in  a  position  to  procure  them  directly,  the  administra¬ 
tion  will  organize,  by  means  of  a  contract,  a  service  including  the  furnishing  of  the 
manual  labor  and  necessary  apparatus  for  the  reception,  unloading  and  loading,  and 
the  reshipment  of  packages,  as  well  as  the  furnishing  of  warehouses  for  the  storage 
of  empty  boxes.  The  administration  will  make  known  to  exhibitors  by  posters  the 
maximum  tariffs  that  the  contractor  will  be  authorized  to  charge  for  each  of  the 
operations  included  in  his  undertakings.  The  administration  assumes  no  responsi¬ 
bility  for  the  acts  of  this  contractor,  whose  assistance,  moreover,  is  optional  with 
each  exhibitor.” 

Consequently,  the  administration  will  refrain  from  recommending  officially  to 
exhibitors  any  other  goods-handling  contractors  than  those  designated  by  the  result 
of  the  award  of  this  contract.  On  the  other  hand,  each  exhibitor  will  remain  free 
to  provide,  either  by  himself  or  by  agents  or  intermediaries,  for  the  reception  of  his 
packages,  for  the  inspection,  for  the  unpacking  and  putting  in  place  of  their  contents, 
for  the  storage  of  empty  boxes,  and  the  reshipping  after  repacking,  on  condition  that 
he  conform  to  the  Exposition  regulations.  The  contractors  will  be  authorized  to 
collect  from  exhibitors  the  charges  for  remuneration  of  the  operations  performed  on 
their  account. 

These  charges  will  be  levied  on  the  conditions  determined  by  the  present  condi¬ 
tions  of  bids;  they  must  not  exceed  the  figures  of  the  maximum  tariff  attached. 

The  contractors  will  receive  besides  from  the  administration  of  the  Exposition,  as 
a  contribution  toward  the  expense  of  organizing  their  services,  a  subsidy,  of  which 
the  maximum  is  fixed  hereafter  for  each  lot.  It  is  upon  the  amount  of  this  subsidy 
that  the  reduction  of  the  contract  price  will  apply,  as  will  be  indicated  below. 

Art.  III.  Duration  of  the  concession. — The  undertaking  which  is  the  object  of  the 
present  conditions  of  bids  will  go  into  effect  from  October  15,  1899;  the  material 
necessary  for  the  service  should  be  from  that  time  fully  prepared.  It  will  be  fur¬ 
nished  progressively  and  installed  at  dates  determined  by  the  orders  of  service  of 
the  chief  engineer  of  goods  handling,  and  will  be  entirely  at  the  disposal  of  exhibit¬ 
ors  after  January  15,  1900.  The  undertaking  will  continue,  as  far  as  will  be  neces¬ 
sary,  during  the  time  of  the  Exposition,  and  will  conclude  after  the  total  reshipment 
of  the  exhibits,  if  need  be  even  after  the  expiration  of  the  delay  fixed  by  article  60 
of  the  general  regulations. 


ROOM  OF  THE  "AMERICAN  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  IN  PARIS,"  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  381 


II.  Material  to  be  furnished  by  contractors. 

Art.  VI.  Cranes. — The  contractors  undertake  to  be  provided  from  the  date  fixed 
by  Article  III  for  the  beginning  of  the  undertaking  with  all  fixed  and  movable 
material  and  with  large  and  small  tools  necessary  for  the  operations.  The  setting  up, 
the  temporary  taking  away  during  the  time  of  the  Exposition,  the  setting  up  again, 
and  final  removal  of  this  material  will  be  done  at  times  prescribed  according  to  needs 
by  service  orders  of  the  chief  engineer  of  goods  handling.  This  material  will  consist 
chiefly  of  cranes,  derricks,  winches,  pulleys,  jack  screws,  and  other  hoisting  appa¬ 
ratus,  portable  tramways  with  necessary  rolling  stock,  notably  the  tracks  and  small 
cars  of  the  Esplanada  des  Invalides  and  of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  the  wagons,  trucks, 
wheelbarrows,  levers,  and  other  means  of  transport  or  handling,  and,  in  general,  all 
the  tools,  machines,  and  apparatus  necessary  for  unloading,  unpacking,  handling, 
putting  in  place,  repacking,  and  reloading  of  packages  destined  for  the  Exposition  or 
coming  from  it. 

III.  Hoisting  devices — their  disposition ,  etc. 

Art.  8.  Cranes  rented  for  exhibitors — their  restoration  in  good  repair. — The  Exposition 
administration  has,  from  this  moment,  hired  a  certain  number  of  cranes  furnished 
by  the  builders  admitted  as  exhibitors.  The  description  of  these  will  be  made  known 
to  bidders  in  the  offices  of  the  general  direction  of  exploitation  (service  of  goods 
handling)  (manutention).  These  machines  will  be  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  con¬ 
tractor  of  the  lot  in  which  they  are  to  be  set  up,  and  will  serve  to  diminish  the 
minimum  number  of  cranes  to  be  furnished  by  him  according  to  the  preceding  article. 

These  cranes  will  operate  under  the  direction  and  responsibility  of  the  goods- 
handling  contractor.  However,  conformably  to  the  stipulations  of  the  aforemen¬ 
tioned  contracts,  the  machinery  of  the  steam  or  electric  cranes  will  be  operated  by 
specialists  in  the  service  of  the  buildings.  The  daily  indemnity,  corresponding  to  ten 
hours  of  work  for  the  expense  of  operation  and  care  of  this  apparatus,  as  well  as  extra 
hours  and  night  work,  will  likewise  be  paid  to  the  proprietors  of  these  cranes  by  the 
contractors. 

Art.  9.  Exception  of  large  hoisting  machines. — The  administration  has  granted  to 
various  exhibiting  builders  the  working  of  large  hoisting  apparatus,  and  this  work 
will  thus  remain  excluded  from  the  contract  for  handling  goods.  The  contractors 
will  have  the  right  to  apply  for  services  of  these  machines,  the  same  as  every  exhib¬ 
itor  or  agent  of  exhibitor,  under  conditions  determined  by  the  administration,  but 
without  any  privileges  or  priority  over  other  users. 

IV.  Ways  and  means  to  be  furnished  by  the  administration. 

Art.  12.  Use  of  elevators  according  to  tariff. — If  the  elevators  established  in  the 
palaces  of  the  Champ  de  Mars  and  of  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides  by  builders 
admitted  as  exhibitors,  to  connect  the  ground  floor  with  the  first  floor,  are  used  by 
exhibitors  as  freight  elevators  during  the  unloading  or  loading  periods,  the  con¬ 
tractors  will  enjoy  the  same  privilege  as  they.  The  use  of  the  elevators  will  be 
under  the  control  of  agents  of  the  administration,  who  will  especially  watch  that  no 
turn  or  favor  be  granted  outside  the  regular  order  of  inscription,  and  that  the  loads 
prescribed  in  the  contracts  entered  into  between  the  administrators  and  the  builders 
are  not  exceeded.  The  use  of  the  elevators  will  give  rise  to  a  charge  to  be  paid  by 
the  users  to  the  builders,  conformably  to  a  tariff  approved  by  the  administration. 

V.  Storage  of  empty  boxes  and  detained  packages. 

Art.  19.  Storage  and  conservation  of  empty  boxes. — The  contractors  must  furnish  a 
warehouse  of  dimensions  and  arrangements  permitting  the  storage  of  empty  boxes 
in  suitable  order  to  identify  and  remove  them  easily. 


382  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Art.  20.  Site  of  warehouses. — The  empty-box  warehouses  should  be  near  the  Expo¬ 
sition,  or  have  ample  and  rapid  means  of  communication  with  its  grounds. 

Art.  21.  Insurance. — The  contractors  must  make  with  French  insurance  companies 
accepted  by  the  administration  contracts  guaranteeing  in  case  of  fire  the  reimburse¬ 
ment  of  the  value  of  articles  stored.  The  policies  must  provide  that  the  indemnities 
to  be  paid  in  case  of  disaster,  representing  the  value  of  said  articles,  will  be  paid  to 
the  “caisse  des  depots  et  consignations”  (deposit  fund),  to  be  later  divided  among 
the  exhibitors  who  shall  establish  by  receipts  delivered  to  them  their  ownership  of 
the  objects  destroyed,  and  who  shall  prove  their  value. 

Art.  22.  Location  of  warehouses. — The  warehouses  must  be  provided  with  all  neces¬ 
sary  arrangements  to  fight  fire  rapidly  and  effectively. 

VI.  Exploitation. 

Art.  23.  Nature  of  various  operations. — The  contractors  must  provide  each  time,  if 
it  is  required  of  them,  the  following  operations:  On  arrival — (1)  Unloading  of  pack¬ 
ages  arriving  on  the  exposition  grounds  by  cartage  effected  by  exhibitors  or  con-, 
tractors  other  than  railroad  companies.  (2)  Unloading  of  sealed  cars  (unsealed  cars 
and  wagons  performing  the  drayage  of  railroad  companies  by  terms  of  their  agree¬ 
ments  with  the  Commissioner-General,  dated  June  27, 1898,  are  loaded  at  the  expense 
of  the  companies).  (3)  Reception  and  inspection  of  packages,  and  transportation 
to  exhibit  space.  (4)  Opening  and  unpacking  of  boxes.  (5)  Storage,  putting  in 
bonded  warehouse,  and  preservation  of  empty  boxes,  nailing  up,  numbering,  unload¬ 
ing,  classification,  transportation,  putting  in  warehouse,  insurance,  formalities  of  cus¬ 
tom  house,  and  octroi.  At  departure — (7)  Delivery  of  the  empty  boxes,  return 
transportation  to  the  Exposition.  (8)  Packing  of  the  merchandise  and  closing  of  the 
boxes.  (9)  Grouping,  weighing,  marking,  handling  of  packages  for  reshipment. 
(10)  Loading  packages  on  wagons  or  drays  of  exhibitors  or  contractors  other  than 
railroad  companies. 

Art.  25.  Free  use  of  cranes. — The  contractor  will  have  the  right  to  hire  to  persons 
having  labor  to  perform  within  the  Exposition  grounds  the  tools  or  apparatus  under 
conditions  stated  in  article  26  below,  but  they  will  be  under  obligations  to  put  the 
cranes  at  the  free  disposal  of  (1)  the  exhibitors,  furnishers,  and  concessionaires  of 
the  administration  or  agents  or  contractors  acting  for  them;  (2)  the  railroad  com¬ 
panies  on  which  fall  the  unloading  of  packages  under  conditions  of  the  agreement  of 
June  27, 1898.  However,  in  order  to  assure  the  safety  of  the  work  and  to  leave  intact 
the  responsibility  of  the  contractors  as  to  the  good  condition  and  stability  of  their 
material,  the  cranes  can  not  be  worked  except  by  workmen  in  their  service  charged 
by  them  with  such  work.  The  time  of  persons  charged  will  be  paid  to  the  contractors 
by  the  beneficiaries  of  the  work  done,  conformably  to  the  tariff  attached  to  the  present 
specification. 

Art.  27.  Tariff  of  the  operations. — The  operations  performed  in  carrying  out  the 
present  specifications  will  give  rise  to  the  collection  in  favor  of  the  contractors  for 
goods  handling  of  charges  which  can  not  exceed  those  specified  in  the  attached  tariff. 

Art.  28.  Private  contracts. — By  way  of  exception  to  the  preceding  article  the  opera¬ 
tions  concerning  (1)  works  and  objects  of  art,  and  (2)  valuable  merchandise  will  give 
rise  to  collection  of  supplementary  charges  of  which  the  amount  will  be  fixed  by 
private  contracts  between  the  interested  exhibitors  and  the  contractors.  It  will  be 
the  same  for  the  opening  of  packages,  unpacking,  repacking,  and  fastening  up  of  pack¬ 
ages  when  the  pieces  to  handle  exceed  the  weight  of  1,000  kilos.  The  contractors 
can  likewise  treat  privately  with  exhibitors  for  the  putting  in  shape  again  of  empty 
boxes,  for  the  hiring  by  the  day  or  the  hour  of  the  force  or  tools  of  which  the 
exhibitors  will  have  need  to  execute  for  themselves  or  have  executed  under  their  own 
direction  and  responsibility  the  various  operations  of  handling  their  exhibits. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  383 


Finally,  the  contractors  will  be  free  to  treat  privately  with  exhibitors  for  operations 
which  are  not  rated  in  the  attached  tariff,  and  especially  for  the  transportation  to 
palaces  or  pavilions  for  which  they  are  destined,  of  packages  delivered  by  carriers, 
either  in  another  part  of  the  Exposition  or  without  its  inclosure. 

Art.  29.  Application  of  the  present  conditions  to  furnishers  and  concessionaires  of  the 
Exposition. — All  the  obligations  of  contractors  specified  in  the  present  specifications 
are  applicable  to  their  relation  with  the  furnishers  and  concessionaires  of  the  adminis- 
tion  who  will  enjoy,  consequently,  the  same  rights  and  advantages  as  exhibitors 
themselves. 


No. 

Tariff  of  interior  loading  and  unloading  cost  operations. 

Price. 

1 

Discharge  of  boxes  arriving  on  Exposition  grounds  by  meam  of  cartage  effected  by  ex¬ 
hibitors  or  contractors  other  than  railroad  companies: 

Francs. 

0.80 

Per  fraction  of  100  kilos  above . 

.40 

2 

Discharging  of  sealed  cars,  cars  not  sealed,  and  wagons  effecting  cartage  of  the  railroad 
companies  according  to  the  terms  of  their  contract  with  the  Commissioner-General 
under  date  of  June  27, 1898,  are  to  be  discharged  by  the  company  at  their  expense: 

.80 

.40 

3 

Reception  and  inspection  of  packages;  transported  to  their  exhibit  space: 

3.00 

1.00 

4 

Opening  of  packages  and  unpacking: 

2.00 

Per  fraction  of  50  kilos  above . 

1.00 

Opening  of  packages  and  unpacking  of  merchandise  designated  as  fragile,  classified  as 
follows  and  not  more: 

Per  package  of  100  kilos  and  less . 

3.00 

Per  fraction  of  50  kilos  above . 

1.50 

5 

Storage,  warehouse,  and  conservation  of  empty  cases,  closing,  numbering,  unloading, 
classification,  transport,  placing  in  warehouse,  insurance,  customs  and  octroi  formali¬ 
ties  during  the  Exposition  period: 

Per  case  of  1  cubic  meter  and  less . 

3.50 

Per  cubic  meter  more  of  same  case,  without  fraction . 

1.50 

6 

(This  price  above  includes  insurance  against  fire  on  the  basis  of  22  francs  per  cubic 
meter  from  empty  cases.  Cases  belonging  to  the  same  exhibitor  can  be  put  one  inside 
the  other  and  the  cubage  of  the  exterior  case  only  will  be  reckoned;  in  this  case  the 
above  price  will  be  increased  by  25  per  cent. ) 

Warehouse  of  parcels  retained;  storing  in  premises  situated  outside  the  Exposition,  of 
parcels  not  taken  to  their  definite  space  at  the  time  of  their  arrival,  in  consequence 
of  the  receiver’s  absence  or  other  reason.  Discharging,  storing,  insurance,  transpor¬ 
tation,  customs  and  octroi  formalities: 

Per  month  and  per  parcel  weighing  at  least  500  kilos,  without  fraction . 

4.00 

Per  100  kilos  above . 

1.00 

Insurance  against  fire  per  1,000  francs,  and  per  month,  without  fraction . 

.40 

Transportation  both  ways  per  parcel  weighing  500  kilos  and  less . 

.50 

Per  500  kilos  above . 

.75 

No. 

Departure  operations. 

Price. 

7 

Delivery  of  empty  cases,  return  transportation  to  the  Exposition: 

Per  case  of  1  cubic  meter  and  less . 

Francs. 

1.00 

Per  cubic  meter  of  a  same  box,  without  fraction . 

.50 

8 

Packing  of  merchandise  and  closing  of  cases: 

Per  parcels  of  100  kilos  and  less . 

3.00 

Per  fraction  of  50  kilos  above . 

1.50 

9 

Packing  and  closing  of  cases  containing  fragile  merchandise,  classified  as  follows: 

Per  parcel  of  100  kilos  and  less . 

4.50 

Per  fraction  of  50  kilos  above . 

2.50 

10 

Collecting,  weighing,  marking,  and  loading  of  parcels  for  reshipping: 

Per  parcel  of  100  kilos  and  less . 

3.00 

Per  fraction  of  50  kilos . 

.50 

11 

Loading  of  parcels  on  drays  belonging  to  exhibitors  or  contractors  other  than  railroad 
companies: 

Per  parcel  of  100  kilos  and  less . 

1.00 

Per  fraction  of  50  kilos  above . . . 

.50 

Special  reduced  tariff  for  small  parcels  weighing  1  to  10  kilos  contract  price,  includ¬ 
ing  registering  transport,  storage,  and  transport  again  to  exhibit  space . 

1.00 

Goods  declared  into  bonded  "warehouse  of  the  Exposition  must,  before  all  removals 
from  the  pavilions  or  spaces  where  they  are  shown,  undergo  the  following  formalities’ 


384  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


RESHIPMENT  TO  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

Ordinary  shipments  (transit  ordinaire) :  Delivery  of  a  declaration,  Form  D  15  in 
duplicate,  signed  by  the  exhibitor  or  his  agent;  inspection  of  the  declared  goods; 
sealing  of  the  packages. 

International  shipments  (transit  international):  Declaration,  Model  D  15,  in  dupli¬ 
cate,  on  which  will  be  substituted  by  hand  the  words  “transit  international”  for  the 
words  “transit  ordinaire;”  inspection  of  the  goods;  sealing  of  the  cars;  delivery  to 
the  custom-house  by  the  agent  accredited  by  the  Company  of  the  West  for  the 
Exposition  of  Paris,  or  by  the  Company  of  the  East  for  Vincennes,  of  a  permit, 
Form  No.  30  (soumission  acquit-a-caution). 

The  goods  sent  by  dray  or  wagon  to  the  Paris  offices  for  reshipment  from  these 
offices  to  foreign  countries  can,  at  the  request  of  interested  parties,  be  made  simply 
the  object  of  orders,  Series  L  32,  delivered  by  the  customs  service  of  the  Exposition. 
To  these  blanks  will  be  joined  the  Declaration  D  15,  provided  for  in  paragraph  2 
above. 

These  transportations  will  take  place  under  escort,  with  exemption  from  sealing. 

But  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  this  method  of  shipment  the  interested  parties 
will  have  to  pay  to  the  cashier  of  the  Exposition  custom-house,  against  receipt,  an 
indemnity  of  5  francs  per  escort. 

The  loading  of  goods  on  drays,  wagons,  or  cars  can  take  place  only  in  the  presence 
and  under  the  control  of  customs  agents. 

GOODS  REMAINING  CONSUMED  IN  FRANCE. 

Parts  of  goods  not  reshipped  to  foreign  countries  must  be  declared  in  the  custom¬ 
house  on  Form  D  26  at  the  same  time  as  the  parts  declared  for  reexportation.  The 
quantities  of  goods  stated  in  these  declarations  must  form  the  balance  of  the  exhib¬ 
itor’s  account,  whether  they  be  re-presented  to  the  customs  service  at  the  moment  of 
deposit  of  said  declarations  or  not.  Duty  will  be  paid  at  the  minimum  tariff,  plus 
extra  tax  of  warehouse  or  of  origin,  if  there  be  occasion,  and  must  be  paid  without 
delay. 

Any  move  tending  to  put  fraudulently  into  consumption  goods  taken  out  of  ware¬ 
house  will  give  rise  to  penalties  provided  for  fraudulent  importation. 

Note. — Parts  of  Exposition  goods  for  which  duty  has  been  deposited  at  the  customs 
service  must,  at  the  time  of  their  reshipment  to  foreign  countries,  be  declared  on  D 
15  and  re-presented  to  this  service,  which  will  state  its  inspection  on  the  depositor’s 
receipt,  Model  M  23  C,  delivered  to  the  person  paying. 

Duty  pertaining  to  reexported  goods  will  be  refunded  by  the  custom-house  on  the 
return  of  the  documents  establishing  the  passage  of  said  gQods  into  a  foreign  country. 

Duty  pertaining  to  goods  not  reexported  will  be  inscribed  in  final  receipt  at  the 
time  of  the  settlement  of  the  account  of  the  said  Deposit  M  23  C. 

Customs  formalities  provided  for  above,  paragraphs  1  to  10,  can  be  fulfilled  only 
from  9  o’clock  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m. 

Departure,  under  escort,  of  drays  or  wagons  sent  by  virtue  of  orders  of  transporta¬ 
tion,  Series  L  32  (see  paragraphs  4  to  7),  to  Paris  offices  can  not  take  place  except 
until  3  o’clock  p.  m.,  except  in  cases  where  the  customs  service  of  the  Exposition 
may  deem  justified. 

No  packages  or  set  of  packages  will  be  allowed  to  go  out  of  the  Exposition  grounds 
not  accompanied  by  an  exit  ticket  (bulletin  de  sortie),  drawn  up  and  signed  by  the 
exhibitor,  contractor,  or  concessionaire,  and  which  must  be  given  up  on  going  out. 
These  tickets  will  be  distributed  by  the  persons  designated  below. 

They  may  be  viseed — 

1.  For  the  French  section  by  the  president  of  the  class  installation  committee  or 
his  delegate. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  385 


2.  For  the  foreign  sections  by  a  delegate  of  the  commissions  of  their  nations. 

3.  For  contractors,  by  a  delegate  of  the  director  concerned  (exploitation,  architec¬ 
ture,  highways): 

4.  For  concessionaires,  by  a  delegate  of  the  director  of  finances. 

This  exit  ticket  must  be  provided  with  the  visa  of  the  custom-house  and  of  the 
octroi. 

Exposition  gates  will  be  open  every  day  from  7  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m. 

Goods  can  not  go  out  except  from  8  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m. 

The  custom-house  offices  will  be  open  every  day  from  9  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m 

LIST  OF  BLANKS  TO  BE  USED. 

D  15.  Declaration  and  submission  for  ordinary  shipments  (transit  ordinaire) . 

D  30.  Submission  and  “expedition”  for  shipment  by  rail. 

D  26.  Declaration  and  certificate  of  inspection  (importation  par  les  frontieres  de 
terre) . 

M  23  C.  Deposit  receipt  for  customs  duty  (reconnaissance  de  consignation) . 

L  32.  Order  of  transportation. 

INSTRUCTION  BY  THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  OCTROI  AND  INTERNAL  REVENUE — 

FOREIGN  GOODS. 

All  exhibited  goods  liable  to  octroi  taxes  which  are  delivered  for  consumption  in 
Paris,  must  be  cleared  before  going  out  of  Exposition  grounds.  Those  of  these  goods 
destined  to  remain  in  France,  but  going  out  of  Paris,  will  be  escorted  outside  under 
the  bond  of  Bulletin  48  and  free  escort. 

Those  which  before  going  back  to  a  foreign  country  will  be  placed  under  the  bond 
of  reshipment  and  seal  of  the  custom-house,  will  give  rise  only  to  a  reshipment 
declaration. 

FRENCH  GOODS. 

All  exhibited  goods  liable  to  octroi  taxes  and  internal-revenue  taxes,  and  declared 
into  warehouse,  must  be  cleared  before  their  departure  from  Exposition  grounds  if 
they  are  destined  to  be  delivered  in  Paris.  Those  destined  to  be  reshipped  outside 
of  Paris  or  taken  into  bonded  warehouses  or  private  warehouses  or  uncontrolled 
establishments  will  be  placed  under  the  bond  of  Bulletins  48  and  escorted  free  to 
their  destination. 

Permit  to  remain. — Special  permits  will  be  delivered,  on  deposit  of  duty,  for  goods 
that  exhibitors  wish  to  keep  temporarily  in  Paris. 

Validity  of  permits  to  remain. — Discharge  of  these  documents  will  be  subject  to  their 
validity  as  concerns  the  time  of  their  stay,  which  will  be  stated,  and  to  the  verifica¬ 
tion  of  the  identity  of  the  goods  to  which  they  apply. 

Refunding  of  duty  on  permits. — Deposits  made  for  obtaining  these  permits  will  be 
refunded  either  by  the  octroi  receiver  of  the  post  where  they  were  paid,  if  it  concerns 
articles  coming  from  the  annex  of  Vincennes,  or  by  the  receiver  of  octroi  for  the  down¬ 
river  ports,  “ports  d’Aval,”  if  it  concerns  articles  coming  from  the  principal  Expo¬ 
sition,  on  production  of  the  permits  to  remain  regularly  discharged. 

Octroi  posts  at  the  Exposition. — Four  posts  of  octroi  and  internal  revenue  are  installed 
at  the  Exposition  at  the  places  indicated  hereafter,  namely: 

1.  Central  office,  Avenue  de  la  Bourdonnais,  22. 

2.  Champs  de  Mars  office,  quai  d’Orsay,  near  the  Mareorama. 

3.  Invalides  office,  on  the  rue  Fabert,  near  the  rue  de  l’Universite. 

4.  Trocadero  office,  near  the  avenue  d’lena  gate. 


S.  Doc.  232 - 25 


386  INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


INSTRUCTIONS  BY  THE  RAILWAY  COMPANIES  OF  THE  EAST  AND  OF  THE  WEST  RELATIVE 

TO  RAILWAY  SHIPMENTS. 

Article  1.  Conditions  of  application  of  reduced  railway  rates. 

In  order  to  take  advantage  of  the  reduced  railroad  rates  resulting  from  agreements 
entered  into  by  the  Commissioner-General  of  the  Exposition  of  1900  and  the  railway 
administrations  (agreements  previously  made  known  to  exhibitors),  goods  having 
figured  at  the  Exposition  must  be  sent  back  to  their  original  point  of  shipment. 

They  must  he,  besides,  accompanied: 

1.  By  a  shipping  declaration  of  special  form. 

2.  By  an  ordinary  shipping  declaration. 

3.  By  a  waybill  of  the  inshipment,  or,  in  default  of  this,  by  any  other  equivalent 
document,  such  as,  especially,  the  duplicate  of  the  shipping  declaration  for  departure 
delivered  by  the  shipping  station. 

Exhibitors  can  moreover  procure  the  shipping  declaration  of  special  form  in  the 
stations  at  the  Champ  de  Mars,  the  Invalides,  and  at  Reuilly,  and  in  the  offices  of  the 
manutention  of  the  Exposition. 

Art.  2.  General  rules  for  the  shipment  of  exhibited  goods. 

Transportation  in  the  interior  of  Paris,  from  the  Exposition  grounds  to  the  terminal 
stations  of  the  main  lines,  of  goods  having  figured  at  the  Exposition  and  to  be 
reshipped  by  rail,  must  be  made  by  the  exhibitors,  their  agents,  or  by  the  railway 
companies. 

In  the  first  case,  the  packages  accompanied  by  the  documents  mentioned  in  article 
1  above  will  be  delivered  by  the  exhibitors  or  their  agents  in  the  terminal  stations 
of  the  great  Paris  railway  lines. 

In  the  second  case,  the  packages,  likewise  accompanied  by  the  documents  men¬ 
tioned  in  article  1  above,  will  be  delivered  by  the  railway  company  within  the  Expo¬ 
sition  grounds,  and  will  be  transported  by  it  either  by  dray  or  by  rail  according  to 
circumstances,  at  the  priees  and  conditions  of  the  agreements  entered  into  by  the 
Commissioner-General  of  the  Exposition  and  the  five  great  railway  companies  termi¬ 
nating  in  Paris. 

The  articles  below  indicate  rules  applicable  to  this  second  case,  according  to  the 
different  classes  of  packages  concerned. 

Art.  3.  Shipment  by  rail — Departure  from  Exposition  of  uncleared  packages. 

Uncleared  packages  that  the  railway  companies  are  to  carry  by  rail  from  the  Expo¬ 
sition  grounds  to  the  terminal  stations  in  Paris,  to  be  shipped  from  there  by  rail  to 
their  original  point  of  shipment,  will  be  brought  by  the  exhibitors,  their  agents,  or, 
if  occasion  offers,  by  foreign  commissioners,  either  to  the  foot  of  fixed  or  traveling 
cranes,  when  the  loading  must  be  done  by  means  of  this  apparatus,  or  to  the  side  of 
cars  destined  to  receive  them. 

The  railway  agents  will  proceed  there  to  perform  the  operation  incumbent  upon 
them  in  conformity  with  agreements  entered  into  by  the  Commissioner-General  of 
the  Exposition  and  the  five  great  railway  lines  ending  at  Paris.  It  is  moreover  well 
understood  that  the  price  of  10  francs  per  ton,  fixed  by  these  agreements,  includes 
the  operation  of  loading,  except  in  cases  of  indivisible  masses  of  weight,  greater  than 
the  power  of  the  Exposition  apparatus. 

Art.  4.  Dray  age  by  the  companies  departing  from  the  Exposition. 

Packages  that  the  companies  must  dray  from  the  Exposition  grounds  to  the  ter¬ 
minal  stations  in  Paris,  in  order  to  reship  them  by  rail  to  their  final  destination,  are 
shipped  under  conditions  analogous  to  those  defined  by  article  3  above;  that  is  to  say, 
they  will  be  brought  by  the  exhibitors  to  the  points  to  which  drays  may  come  to 
take  them. 


BANQUET  ROOM  IN  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  PAVILION. 


INTERNATIONAL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS.  387 


Art.  5.  Transportation  of  cleared  packages. 

Packages  destined  for  a  foreign  country  can,  whatever  may  be  their  weight,  be 
shipped  by  all  rail  from  the  Exposition  grounds  in  full  cars  sealed  by  the  custom. 

Foreign  commissioners  must  perform,  under  required  conditions,  the  loading  of 
these  cars,  and  correct  at  their  expense,  if  they  do  not  pass  under  the  gauge  estab¬ 
lished  by  the  railway  administration. 

The  1‘oading  of  the  car  must  be  done  in  the  twenty -four  hours  following  the  deliv¬ 
ery  of  empty  rolling  stock. 

Railway  companies  making  the  shipments  will  be  exempt  from  all  responsibility 
from  loss,  accidents,  or  damages  that  may  result  from  defects  in  loading. 

After  having  fulfilled  the  necessary  custom  formalities,  the  foreign  commissioners 
will  deliver  the  cars  on  Exposition  tracks  to  the  railway  agent,  who  will  give  receipt 
for  them  after  verifying  in  presence  of  both  parties  (1)  the  exterior  conditions  of  the 
cars;  (2)  the  state  of  the  loads,  seals,  padlocks,  and  other  fastenings  authorized  by 
the  custom-house. 

The  foreign  commissioners  will  deliver  at  the  same  time  to  the  railway  companies 
(of  course  besides  the  documents  mentioned  in  article  1)  the  customs  documents 
which  must  accompany  the  cars. 

Art.  6.  Cars  to  be  used  for  the  loading  of  packages. 

In  all  cases  when  the  exhibited  goods  must  leave  the  Exposition  grounds  earlier, 
the  packages  which  contain  them  should  as  far  as  possible  be  loaded  on  cars  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  railway  companies  serving  the  place  of  their  final  destination. 

Art.  7.  Request  for  cars  necessary  for  loading. 

The  request  for  empty  rolling  stock  will  be  addressed  to  the  representative  of  the 
railroad  at  the  stations  of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  Invalides,  or  Reuilly,  according  as 
the  shipment  will  take  place  from  one  or  the  other  of  these  stations:  (1)  for  French 
exhibitors,  by  the  exhibitors  themselves  or  their  representatives;  (2)  for  foreign 
exhibitors,  by  the  commissions  of  each  section. 

These  requests  must  be  made  out  on  blanks  furnished  by  the  railway  company  and 
that  the  exhibitors  can  procure  at  the  station  of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  the  Invalides, 
and  Reuilly,  and  at  the  offices  of  the  manutention  of  the  Exposition. 

They  will  state  the  articles  to  be  taken  away,  their  location  in  palaces  or  annexes, 
their  dimensions  and  their  approximate  weight,  their  destination,  and  the  lines  they 
will  follow.  They  will  be  dated  and  must  be  accompanied  by  the  shipping  declara¬ 
tions  mentioned  in  article  1  above. 

There  will  be  as  many  requests  (bulletins  de  demande)  as  there  are  wagons  asked 
for.  These  bulletins  must  reach  the  railway  representative  indicated  at  the  beginning 
of  the  present  article  before  noon  of  at  least  the  date  before  the  day  when  the  rolling 
stock  should  be  delivered,  if  it  concerns  ordinary  cars.  If  it  concerns  special  cars 
destined  for  exceptional  shipments  or  foreign  cars,  these  cars  must  be  asked  for  as 
long  as  possible  in  advance. 

Art.  8.  Delivering  and  taking  away  of  empty  rolling  stock. 

For  the  application  measures  provided  for  in  the  preceding  articles  and  especially 
those  mentioned  in  article  3,  the  cars  will  be  brought  empty  by  the  railway  agent  to 
the  point  nearest  the  space  occupied  by  the  articles  to  be  shipped,  or  to  the  fixed  or 
traveling  crane  put  at  disposal  by  the  Exposition  administration  which  is  nearest, 
when  there  is  occasion  to  use  this  apparatus,  and  the  cars  will  be  received  loaded  by 
these  agents  at  the  same  points. 

No  exception  will  be  made  to  this  rule  except  for  cars  whose  dimensions  exceed 
those  suitable  for  the  turntables  of  the  Exposition  tracks;  or  in  case  of  congestion  of 
these  tracks. 


388  INTEEN  ATI  ON  AL  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  AT  PARIS. 


Art.  9.  Police  measures. 

In  order  to  avoid  congestion  once  the  interior  tracks  are  occupied,  cars  can  he 
taken  into  the  Exposition  grounds  only  in  number  equal  to  those  cars  which  are 
taken  out  loaded. 

In  case  the  number  of  cars  which  can  be  put  at  disposal  in  conformity  with  requests 
made  may  exceed  the  number  which  it  is  possible  to  take  into  the  grounds,  prefer¬ 
ence  will  be  given  to  shipments  of  most  distant  destinations. 

The  general  direction  of  exploitation  of  the  Exposition  will  always  have  the  right 
in  case  of  dispute,  as  also  in  cases  when  special  circumstances  may  require  its  inter¬ 
vention,  of  determining  the  order  in  which  the  delivery  of  empty  rolling  stock  shall 
be  made.  # 

PRIVATE  DRAYING. 

Exhibitors  who  will  take  away  their  goods  by  means  of  their  own  vehicles  or 
through  draying  contractors  other  than  those  of  the  railway  company  will  have  to 
conform  to  the  arrangement  put  forth  by  the  administration  of  the  customs,  the 
octroi,  and  the  internal  revenue,  reproduced  in  the  preceding  instructions. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Admission  price . . . .  76 

Admissions,  total  numbered  registered,  paid .  76 

Admission  tickets: 

Number  sold . _ . .  76 

Extra  number  on  special  days .  76 

Affairs,  department  of,  report  of  director . . .  353-388 

Agent,  disbursing,  report .  137-160 

Agriculture,  department  of,  receipts  and  expenses,  collective  exhibits .  328-329 

Ambassador  (United  States)  to  France: 

Services  of- .  78 

Thanks  to .  78 

Appropriations . : . .  359 

Of  States . 42 

National,  need  of  increase .  83-84 

Statement  to  Congressional  subcommittee . 84-86 

Additional  statement  to  Congress . .  86-88 

Act  of  Congress  approved  March  3,  1899 . 89 

Increase  by  act  approved  February  9,  1900 . 89 

Acts  of  Congress  providing  therefor . 140-141 

Lessened  by  specific  legislation . 144 

Architect: 

Report . 195 

Contents,  table  of . 199 

Letter  transmitting  report .  197 

French  associate,  appointment .  200 

Labors  in  Paris . 201 

Assistant  commissioner-general : 

Appointment  of .  25 

Report  of . 115-136 

Letter  transmitting  report  to  Commissioner-General . . .  117 

Representing  the  Commissioner-General .  120 

Attendance: 

Total  at  Exposition .  75 

Largest  day’s,  at  Exposition . . .  76 

Awards: 

Appeals  therefrom . 131 

Cuban,  list  thereof .  270-272 

Baseball . . .  236 

Bicycle  races .  235 

Bond  of  trustee .  320 

Buildings: 

Constructed  by  exhibitors,  approximate  cost  of .  159 

Dates  on  which  sites  were  transmitted  for .  127-128 


389 


390 


INDEX. 


Buildings — Continued.  Page. 

Exposition,  arrangement  of .  78 

Insurance  thereon .  128 

Number  constructed  by  the  United  States .  159 

Cost  and  how  paid  for . _ .  159 

Special .  55 

Publishers’  building,  agricultural  annex,  merchant  marine,  weather 

bureau  building,  architectural  features .  207-208 

Bids  for  construction .  128 

Agricultural  annex,  Champ  de  Mars .  55, 159 

Agricultural  machinery  building,  Bois  de  Vincennes .  55 

Bicycle  pavilion,  Bois  .de  Vincennes .  55 

Machinery  annex,  Bois  de  Vincennes .  55 

Publishers’  building,  Esplanade  des  Invalides . . . 56, 121, 159 

United  States  National  Pavilion — 

Decorating,  painting,  and  furnishing .  204-207 

v  Decoration,  subscriptions  to  expense .  203 

Constructions,  contracts,  and  payments,  accounts .  157, 158 

Description  of  interior  arrangement .  218 

Design . 199-207 

Furnishing  and  decorating . .  157 

Furnishing  and  decorating,  appointment  of  commission  on .  202 

Location,  etc . 58-60 

Mural  paintings,  artists .  203 

Obstructions  to  effectiveness . 124 

Receipts . .  157, 158 

Report  of  custodian .  215-221 

Salvage  thereon,  cost .  158, 159 

Cable,  reduction  in  rates .  121 

Catalogue  of  United  States  exhibitors: 

Description  of .  48, 49 

Arrangement  and  compilation  of .  309 

Entries,  instructions  to  exhibitors  as  to  forms  _ . . .  312, 313 

Imperative  demand  for  delivery  of  United  States  cataloguing  to  French 

Exposition  authorities .  308 

Number  of  copies  printed .  310 

Privileges,  instructions  to  exhibitors  regarding .  306 

Publication  of .  305 

Propositions  to  print .  361-364 

Sale  of . 305 

Supplement  or  annex  volume,  sale  thereof .  305 

Catalogues  of  foreign  nations  distributed  in  the  United  States . 132 

Celebration,  July  4,  1900 .  67 

Ceremonies;  visits  to  United  States  sections  by  President  of  French  Republic, 

dates  thereof .  132 

Championship  events,  records .  229 

Checks,  official,  forms .  320-323 

Chicago  offices  of  the  commission .  357 

Civil  engineering  and  transportation,  department  of,  receipts,  statements,  and 

expenses .  329 

Claims,  may  have  to  be  paid .  160 

Closing  on  Sunday .  60-62 

Collections .  323 


INDEX. 


391 


Commissioner-General:  Page. 

Address,  4th  of  July .  178 

Appendixes  to  Commissioner-General’s  narrative .  91-113 

Appointment  of  Ferdinand  W.  Peck  as .  24 

Conclusion  of  Commissioner-General’s  narrative .  69,  70 

Contents  of  narrative .  27 

Letter  transmitting  report  to  Commissioner-General .  9 

Letter  of  Commissioner-General  transmitting  report  to  President  McKin¬ 
ley  .  7 

Letter  of  President  McKinley  transmitting  report  to  Congress .  5 

Narrative .  27 

Staff,  names  of .  33 

Visit  to  Paris .  30 

Visit  to  Paris  with  staff .  45 

Commissioners,  United  States: 

Appointment  to  serve  during  year  1900  .  26 

Presented  to  President  of  France .  133 

Delegated  by  States,  names  thereof .  133, 135 

Commissioners,  foreign: 

Organization .  135 

List  of .  97-113 

Commissioner,  Hawaiian,  report  of .  272-274 

Commissions,  State .  42 

Concessions,  sale  of,  at  Exposition .  360 

Consul-general,  United  States,  services  rendered  by .  79 

Contracts,  forms  of  official .  320-323 

Contributions,  amounts  thereof .  157 

Cooperation  of  commercial  and  industrial  organizations .  38 

Corn  kitchen .  56 

Cuba . 249 

Report  on .  245-286 

Contents,  table .  249 

Letter  transmitting  report .  247 

Statistics . 122 

Customs : 

Report  on .  331-352 

Directions . 43 

Duties .  348,  349 

Formalities,  etc . 1 .  151-153 

Regulations,  general,  for  exhibitors,  blank  forms,  etc .  335-348 

Letter  transmitting  report .  333 

Decorations: 

List  of  persons  receiving .  71,  72 

Other,  for  citizens  of  the  United  States .  72 

Depository  for  funds .  320 

Directors  of  United  States  exhibit  departments .  33 

Disbursing  agent: 

Report .  137-160 

Appendix  to  report . 161-166 

Disbursements .  142-144, 324 

Editor  and  statistician: 

Report .  301-313 

Letter  transmitting  report . 303 


392 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Embassy’s  corps  of  assistants,  aid  rendered  by  Secretary  Vignaud .  79 

Esculator,  American .  121 

Estimates .  323,359 

Exhibitors: 

Expenses  of,  'method  of  collecting  and  expending  the  funds  thereof . 90-96 

Number  of  United  States  exhibitors  at  the  Exposition .  310 

Exhibits: 

Areas  for . * .  35 

Different  groups  of .  53 

Arrangement  of  groups .  52 

Authority  to  receive .  146 

Collecting,  shipping,  and  installing .  34 

Collective . 360 

Necessity  of . 36 

Agriculture,  receipts,  expenses .  328, 329 

Shipment  of .  44 

Commercial  exhibits,  consignment  of .  43 

Confusion  confronting  installation  of . .  48 

Cuban: 

Catalogue  of .  250-270 

Awards  given  to .  270-272 

Custody  of  exhibits,  and  report  thereon,  while  on  board  U.  S.  S.  Prairie.  161-166 

Declaration  of . 351 

Demands  of  admission  for .  129, 130 

Discharging  at  Havre  and  Rouen . 130,131 

Discharging  at  Havre,  contract  for  handling .  148-150 

Government  exhibits,  shipping  instructions  regarding .  147 

Government  and  individual,  shipment  of .  46 

Government,  number  of  cases  and  tonnage,  return  to  United  States .  153 

Groups  of  exhibits  as  allotted  in  departments .  53 

Hawaii: 

Report  on .  272-286 

Exhibits  of  sugar  and  sugar  industry .  276 

Installation  and  decorations .  51 

Instructions  relative  to .  151-153 

Landing  of,  in  France,  customs,  railroad  rates .  268-270 

Life-saving  apparatus . 58 

Material,  furniture,  etc.,  disposition  of . 155-157 

Number  of  cases  carried  by  U.  S.  S.  Prairie .  148 

Packing  of . 151-153 

Passing  of,  through  entry  ports  of  France  and  forwarding  to  Paris . 46, 47 

Receipt  of,  in  Exposition  grounds .  351 

Regulations  for  shipping,  receiving,  handling,  and  reshipping .  375-388 

Reshipment  of . 352 

Return  of .  68, 374 

System  of  placing  exhibits  of  similar  nature  in  one  group .  77 

Storage  of  empty  cases .  352 

Shipping  of .  151-153 

Spaces,  table  of .  54 

Transportation  of — 

To  Paris .  43 

By  U.  S.  S.  Prairie . 146 

Through  city  of  Paris . 350 


INDEX.  393 

Exhibits — Continued.  Page. 

Transportation  of — Continued. 

Under  direction  of  exhibitor .  351 

Method  of .  365 

Unloading  and  placing,  and  storing  empty  cases .  370-372 

Weight  of,  carried  by  U.  S.  S.  Prairie .  148 

Expenditures: 

Lafayette  Monument  Commission .  192, 193 

Method  of  making,  and  responsibility  connected  therewith .  145 

Recapitulation  of .  330 

Statement  of .  142, 143 

Trustees’ . 325-328 

Expense,  items  borne  by  exhibitors .  317 

Exploitation,  report  of  director  of .  287-300 

Letter  transmitting  report . 289 

Addresses  to  associations  and  others .  292-294 

Book  of  General  Information,  distribution  of .  294 

Efforts  of  director  of,  establishment .  295 

Prosperity  encountered  in  United  States .  298 

State  commissions  and  State  appropriations .  296 

Success  of  the  department .  300 

Exposition : 

Acts  of  Congress  providing  for  participation  of  United  States .  21-23 

Authorizing  of,  by  President  of  France .  11 

Closing  of .  68 

Interesting  United  States  manufacturers  in .  291, 292 

Invitation  to  the  United  States .  12 

Invitation  transmitted  by  President  Cleveland  to  Congress .  13 

Negotiations,  original .  29 

Opening  of .  50, 51 

Review  of,  brief .  72-75 

United  States  at,  space  occupied  by .  36 

Fire-extinguishing  competition .  234 

Finances . 39 

French  cabinet  officers  and  diplomatic  corps .  78 

Functions,  official  and  social .  135 

and  concerts,  names  of  participants,  dates,  etc . . 219,  220 

Furniture,  lumber,  etc.,  salvage  on .  154 

Furniture  and  material,  purchase  thereof .  358 

Golf .  236 

Guard : 

Captain’s  report .  239-243 

Increase  of .  242, 243 

Members,  list  thereof .  243 

Organization .  372 

Pay  of .  372,373 

Quarters  and  subsistence  of . .  241,  242 

Selection,  manner  of .  372,373 

Services,  special,  rendered  by .  242 

Uniforms . 242 

Hawaii . 245-286 

Report  thereon . 272 

Agricultural  features  of  the  islands _ _ _ _  279, 280 

Commerce . . . . .  280, 281 

S.  Doc.  232 - 26 


394 


INDEX. 


Hawaii — Continued.  Page. 

Exhibits,  educational .  282-286 

Statistics  on .  122 

Topography  of  the  islands .  275 

Illustrations,  key  and  titles  thereto .  27 

Insurance . 45 

Amount  of  policy  and  rate .  366-368 

Invitation  to  the  United  States  to  the  Exposition .  12 

Acceptance  by  Congress .  14 

Invoices,  official,  forms .  320-323 

Ireland,  Archbishop  John: 

Thanks  extended  to . : .  79 

Address  on  Fourth  of  July .  184-192 

July  4,  1900: 

Celebration  of,  in  Paris .  67 

Lafayette  monument  dedication  ceremonies,  speeches,  etc .  176-192 

Jurors  and  advisory  counsel,  appointment .  172 

Lafayette  monument: 

Acceptance  by  France . . .  170, 171 

Commission,  Report  of . • .  167-193 

Contents  of  report,  table .  169 

Dedication  of .  176 

Expenditures .  192, 193 

History  of  (brief) .  63-66 

Liabilities .  192, 193 

Location  of  monument .  122 

Organization  and  exploitation .  169, 170 

Poem,  dedication  ode .  182-183 

Secretary,  address  of,  July  4,  1900 .  180-181 

Space  for . 32 

Lafayette  souvenir  dollar: 

Appropriation  therefor .  173 

Presentation  of,  to  President  of  France .  173-175 

Legion  of  Honor,  United  States  citizens  receiving .  71,  72 

Library  and  offices  of  United  States  Commission .  357 

Life-saving  apparatus,  exhibit  of .  58 

Literature: 

Official,  translations  of .  126 

On  Exposition,  collecting,  translating,  and  transmitting  same  to  the 

Unitea  States .  127 

Loubet,  M.  Emile,  President  of  France,  address  on  occasion  of  dedication  of 

Lafayette  monument .  179 

Machinery  and  electricity,  department  of,  receipts  and  expenses. . .  325,  326 

Manning,  Mrs.  Daniel,  address  on  Fourth  of  July .  181 

Memorial  presented  to  the  French  administration  on  applying  for  increased 

amount  of  space .  81-83 

Pollok,  Anthony,  memorial  prize .  123 

Mining  and  metallurgy,  department  of,  receipts  and  expenses .  329 

New  York  offices  of  the  United  States  Commission .  139, 357 

Offices  of  the  United  States  Commission: 

Chicago .  357, 358 

New  York .  139,357,358 

Paris .  115, 120, 121, 131,  357, 358 

Organization .  356 

Of  staff  of  Commissioner-General .  33 

Insufficient  space  at  the  Exposition . 28 


INDEX. 


395 


Page. 

Pamphlets,  official .  126 

Paris  offices  of  the  Commission .  115, 120, 121, 131, 357,  358 

Passes: 

System  of  issuance .  373-374 

Number  of  persons  admitted  on .  76 

Porter,  Ambassador  Horace: 

Address,  Fourth  of  July .  177 

Thanks  to  and  services  of .  78 

Porto  Rico: 

Report  on .  245-286 

Statistics .  122 

Postal  station,  United  States: 

Report  of  Superintendent .  209-213 

Date  of  opening .  211 

Statement  of  receipts  and  business  transacted . . . 212,  213 

Prairie,  U.  S.  S.: 

Services .  44 

Date  of  sailing  from  Baltimore,  arrivaLat  Havre .  148 

Nature  of  cargo .  151 

Date  of  leaving  Havre,  arrival  at  New  York .  150 

President  McKinley: 

Expressions  of  appreciation  of  honor  conferred  by .  79, 80 

Letter  transmitting  report  to  Congress .  5 

Progress  of  work,  obstacles  to .  37 

Publications  relative  to  Exposition,  distributed  in  United  States .  133 

Railroad  terminal  facilities  in  Paris .  350 

Receipts: 

Lafayette  Monument .  192, 193 

Official,  forms  of .  320-323 

Recapitulation  of .  330 

Trustee .  325-328 

Reports .  324 

Report  of  committee  on  final  report. .  9 

Retrospective  exposition . 55 

Review  of  Exposition  (brief) .  72-75 

Salaries .  356 

Salvage  in  Paris . 154 

Salvage,  total  amount  received,  and  disposition  of .  157 

Sculptor  and  architect  for  Lafayette  Monument,  selection  of .  171 

Appointment  of .  26 

Secretary  and  disbursing  agent: 

Report  of .  137-166 

Appendix  to .  161-166 

Secretary  of  State,  extract  of  report  to  President .  13 

Shipping  directions .  43 

Souvenir  dollar  (Lafayette),  appropriation  for .  173 

Space: 

Accessions  in  the  main  exhibit  grounds,  date  of .  125-126 

Allotment,  conditions  of .  119-120 

Allotment  (final)  to  the  United  States . .  36 

Increase  of,  denied . 31 

United  States  Pavilion — 

Space  occupied .  36 

Space  for,  and  other  important  space  concessions  granted .  32 


396 


INDEX. 


Special  Commissioner  Cridler,  Thomas  W. :  Page. 

Appointment  of .  30 

Report  of . . .  20 

Letter  of  President  McKinley  transmitting  report  to  Congress .  21 

Special  Commissioner  Handy,  Moses  P. : 

Appointment  of . . .  14, 30 

Report  of .  14-18 

Letter  of  President  McKinley  transmitting  report  to  Congress .  19 

Sports  and  athletics . . . . . . .  57 

Report  of  director  of .  223-227 

Expenses  of  department .  237 

Records  of  prize  winners.  .1 .  229-232 

Staff  of  Commissioner-General,  names  of . 33 

State  commissions .  42 

Headquarters  for,  allotted  in  United  States  National  Pavilion .  206 

State  representation . 41 

States,  aid  afforded  by .  40 

Statistician,  report  of .  301-313 

Telegraphic  rates,  reduction  of .  121 

Trustee: 

Report  of . . .  315-330 

Letter  transmitting  report .  315 

United  States: 

Importance  of,  stated. : .  31 

Invitation  to  participate  in  Exposition .  12 

Space  occupied  by,  at  the  Exposition .  36 

Varied  industries  department,  receipts  and  expenses .  326-328 

Vincennes: 

Concession  for  United  States  annex  at .  125, 126 

Suggested  water  and  tram  connections  with .  63 

Vouchers,  forms  of  official . -. . .  320-323 

Yachting  races .  232,233 


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